Right to Family Life:Convergent Interpretation between Chinese Mainland and Hong Kong&Macao SARs

In the course of implementing the Constitution and theBasic Law in the Chinese mainland and the Hong Kong and MacaoSpecial Administrative Regions, the core content of “family life” (especiallythe part involving the parent-child relationship), which is abasic right at the constitutional level, has finally been recognized bythe competent authorities as “close ties between family members.”The convergent interpretation of basic rights by competent authoritiesin the Chinese mainland and the two special administrative regions,at least in terms of “family life,” is fundamentally due to the fact thatunder similar social, economic and population conditions, they havereached a consensus on understanding the core content of basic rightsunder the influence of international human rights law. On the basis ofthis convergent interpretation, there should be no longer significantdifferences in the basic rights enjoyed by Chinese citizens in the Chinesemainland and Hong Kong & Macao.

Family Lifestyle and Housing Preferences during the Process of Globalization： The Case of Turkey

Although the fundamental physical role of housing is safety and sheltering for individuals, it is in fact the collection of places that hold the family together. Due to globalization and changes in the world, housing is no longer only a structure that provides sheltering but is also a factor that provides mutual interaction in formation of life style and quality. The elements such as the increase in the effect of consumption preferences and life style on selections, the changes in family structure, and urban structures also influence the residences used and housing preferences. The purpose of this study is to determine the general situation of housing preferences while taking into account the family life style in Turkey and at the same time to make an evaluation based on international publications.

Earwig mothers consume the feces of their juveniles during family life

Many animals consume the feces of their conspecifics.This allo-coprophagy can have benefits,such as access to nutrients and symbionts,but also risks for consumers,mainly due to direct contact with pathogens that develop on feces.In the European earwig Forficula auricularia,mothers and juveniles live in nests lined with their feces.This surprising habit allows juveniles to consume the feces of their siblings during family life and provides them with nutritional benefits when mothers provide low care.However,it was unclear whether earwig mothers also practice allo-coprophagy,and whether this behavior is motivated by their nutritional needs.Here,we set up four types of experimental families in which we manipulated the nutritional needs of mothers and/or juveniles and measured the effects on the production of feces by the juveniles,and the consumption of these feces by the mothers.Our results first show that fed juveniles produced more feces pellet in presence of fed compared to food-deprived mothers.We also found that,overall,about 50%of the mothers consumed juveniles feces.This consumption was both more likely and larger when the feces were produced by fed compared to food-deprived juveniles,while the proportion of feces pellets eaten was larger in food-deprived compared to fed mothers.Overall,our results reveal that allo-coprophagy involves every family member and suggest that it can have both nutritional and non-nutritional benefits for earwig mothers.Allo-coprophagy could thus favor the maintenance of mothers in the nest and,more generally,promote the early evolution of family life.

Roles and Hopes of Family Members Living with SMID Children in Japan

The number of children with Severe Motor and Intellectual Disabilities (SMID) receiving medical treatment/recovering at home is rising yearly. Although benefits of this care are emphasized, the stress and duties of family members in the household are extremely great, especially because Japan is becoming a society of nuclear families. In this study, we described the lifestyles of nuclear families providing in-home medical care for children with SMID, focusing on family members’ roles. Roles of mothers, fathers, and siblings of children with SMID were summarized from semi-structured inter-views. As a result, for “the roles of each family member living with a child with SMID”, mothers had five roles, fathers seven, and siblings five. For “the hopes of each family member living with a child with SMID”, parents desired the whole family collaboration in care for children with SMID, and as caregivers, parents’ common thoughts included wanting siblings in order to help care for the child with SMID and wanting siblings to treasure their own lives. Siblings wanted their mother to have some time for rest and expected their fathers to have two main roles. They also expected their grandparents and other siblings to fulfill roles.

Jinglun Family Science Center Social Workers Educate the People About Life Issues

IN July 1993, instead of going on vacation, nearly 200 students from the Beijing No.25 Middle School attended a special class just for them. The three-day session made the girls eager for more knowledge. When the session ended, the students who had been to this classroom told their companions that they had been to a wonderful world.

“Family-bound”or“Pulled by Work”?—A Study of Chinese Women’s Social Participation and the Factors Influencing It

On the basis of an analysis of data from the Chinese Social Survey(CSS)2015,and with male social participation as the reference,we undertook an empirical study of Chinese women’s current social participation and the factors affecting it along the two dimensions of“marriage and family life”and“employment and income status,”as well as the basic characteristics of individuals.Our findings show that in general women display a lower level of social participation than men.In terms of type of social participation,women are more likely to take part in policy-supported activities or serve as volunteers for public interest activities but less likely to participate in the activities of particular“action organizations”or the expression of opinion.Women’s social participation is affected by many factors,including basic individual characteristics,marital status and family life,and employment and income status.A further gender comparison finds that female social participation tends to be more affected by marriage and family life,whereas male social participation is more closely related to employment and income status.We conclude that although more Chinese women have stepped out of the bonds of“home and family,”their social participation“outside the family”is family-bound in a way that is quite different that of men.Hence if we are to pursue gender equality at the level of social participation,it remains necessary to give women greater assurances in terms of marriage and family life by encouraging the realization of their self-worth and facilitating their social development,so as to coordinate and alleviate the double pressures of family and work,thus making women’s social participation an important force and enhancing their all-round development.