Mathematical Definitions of Point, Line and Area Symbols in Cartography

The line cartographic symbol located on the boundary and the point cartographic symbol located by single point are the main body and stress of the map. The cartographic symbols are divided into point, line and area symbol in cartography and traditional educational books, but up to now there is only qualitative description about the three kinds of symbols, there are not the mathematical definitions of point, line and area symbols. This paper tries to solve the problem. The authors propose the mathematical definition about point, line and area cartographic symbol according to the theory of topology and expound their dependence relation.

Research on Monitoring Area Division of Quality Grade Changes in County Cultivated Land and Technology of Deploying Monitoring Point

It is an important means in management of improving both the quality and quantity of cultivated land to monitor grade changes in cultivated land quality. How to deploy monitoring network system and its point reasonably and roundly are the key to the technology of monitoring grade changes in cultivated land quality by monitoring grade changes in cultivated land quality dynamically in order to obtain the information to the index of cultivated land quality and its changes based on the existing achievements of farmland classification and grading. Spatial analysis method is used to demarcate monitoring area and deploy monitoring point according to ARCGIS,of which the result can meet the demand for monitoring grade changes in cultivated land.

Fractal Analysis on the Spatial Structure of Land Use Patterns in a Non-Point Source Polluted Area in Southern China

Based on the TM remote sensing interpretation of land use data of a non-point source polluted area in southern China in 2015, supported by ArcGIS and the fractal theory, this paper established the perimeter-area fractal equation of the spatial structure of land use types, quantitatively calculated the fractal dimension and stability index of various land use types in this non-point source polluted area in 2015, and analyzed the spatial structure characteristics of land use types. The results showed that the fractal dimension values of the different land use types in the research area ranged 1.141–1.657, and the whole fractal dimension of the research area was 1.206. To be specific, the fractal dimension values of unused land, grass land and rural residential land were high, and the fractal dimension values of dry land, paddy filed and waters were low, and the fractal dimension values of urban land, industrial traffic construction land and forest land were moderate. The area of the land use types whose stability index values were 0.2–0.4 accounted for 89.5% of total area, suggesting that the stability of the spatial structure of land use types of Beibei District in 2015 was not high generally. The rural residential land and urban land of the research area should be planned and managed more properly from now on.

Acupuncture at Waiguan(SJ5) and sham points influences activation of functional brain areas of ischemic stroke patients: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study

Most studies addressing the specificity of meridians and acupuncture points have focused mainly on the different neural effects of acupuncture at different points in healthy individuals. This study examined the effects of acupuncture on brain function in a pathological context. Sixteen patients with ischemic stroke were randomly assigned to true point group （true acupuncture at right Waiguan （SJ5）） and sham point group （sham acupuncture）. Results of functional magnetic resonance imaging revealed activation in right parietal lobe （Brodmann areas 7 and 19）, the right temporal lobe （Brodmann area 39）, the right limbic lobe （Brodmann area 23） and bilateral oc-cipital lobes （Brodmann area 18）. Furthermore, inhibition of bilateral frontal lobes （Brodmann area 4, 6, and 45）, right parietal lobe （Brodmann areas 1 and 5） and left temporal lobe （Brodmann area 21 ） were observed in the true point group. Activation in the precuneus of right parietal lobe （Brodmann area 7） and inhibition of the left superior frontal gyrus （Brodmann area 10） was observed in the sham group. Compared with sham acupuncture, acupuncture at Waiguan in stroke patients inhibited Brodmann area 5 on the healthy side. Results indicated that the altered specificity of sensation-associated cortex （Brodmann area 5） is possibly associated with a central mechanism of acupuncture at Waiguan for stroke patients.

Application of sequence stratigraphy to Triassic terrestrial strata in Tahe area of Tarim Basin

Based on a synthetic geological study of drilling,well logging and seismic data,core observations and geochemical analysis,it is recognized that Triassic sedimentary facies in the Tahe area of Tarim Basin include braided river deposits filling erosional valleys,and sublacustrine fan,canyon and delta facies.Braided river deposits filling erosional valleys are dominated by coarse-grained lithic quartz sandstone with oblique bedding,and represent the most important sedimentation type of sandstone in the study area.Sublacustrine fan and canyon facies are mainly distributed in the Middle Oil Member.Most delta sediments are deposited in highstand system tract(HST),Because of frequent changes in base level,delta sediments are commonly eroded and rarely preserved.Sedimentary cycles are clearly reflected by lithology,sedimentary structures and well logging data,and are closely related to the changes in lacustrine level.In accordance with the basic principle of sequence subdivision,seven type-I boundaries can be recognized in Triassic strata and six type-I sequences are subdivided correspondingly.In general,lowstand system tract(LST) is well developed within stratigraphic sequences and forms the main body of reservoir sandstone in this area;highstand system tract(HST) and transgressive system tract(TST) are often eroded by upper sequences or missed,Although various factors have different influences on terrestrial sequence stratigraphy,the classical sequence stratigraphy theory proposed by VAIL can be applied to terrestrial strata.

Control effects of the synsedimentary faults on the basin-marginal fans in the central part of the deep-water area of early Oligocene Qiongdongnan Basin, South China Sea

The synsedimentary faults and basin-marginal fans located in the central part of the deep-water area of the early Oligocene Qiongdongnan Basin have been investigated using seismic profiles,boreholes,and well-log data.Through the formations of the characterized paleogeomorphology,such as transverse anticlines,fault ditches,and step-fault belts,the synsedimentary faults are known to have controlled the development position,distribution direction,and extension scales of the basin-marginal fans.For example,at the pitching ends of two adjacent faults,transverse anticlines developed,which controlled the development positions and distributions of the fans.During the early Oligocene,the faults controlled the subsidence center,and fault ditches were formed at the roots of the faults.In the surrounding salient or low salient areas,which were exposed as provenance areas during early Oligocene,the fault ditches acted as the source channels and determined the flow paths of the clastics,where incised valley fills were obviously developed.The fault ditches which developed in the sedimentary basins were able to capture the drainage systems and influenced the distributions of the fans.The large boundary faults and the secondary faults generated two fault terraces and formed step-fault belts.The first fault terrace caused the clastics to be unloaded.As a result,fans were formed at the entrance to the basin.Then,the second fault terrace caused the fans to move forward,with the fans developing in a larger extension scale.The results obtained in this study will potentially be beneficial in the future prospecting activities for reservoirs and coalmeasure source rocks in the basins located in the deep-water areas of the South China Sea.

A method to determine the shell layout scheme for equipment battlefield damage tests under artillery fire

In this paper,a new method for determining the shell layout scheme is proposed,which can make the equipment damage data by the battlefield damage test resemble as close as possible the actual combat data.This method is based on the analysis of the impact point distribution and effective damage area of equipment.In order to obtain the position of the impact points,an impact point distribution model under artillery fire was established.Similarly,in order to obtain the effective damage area of equipment,the concepts of generalized damage area and task-based equipment functional damage probability were demonstrated,and the corresponding calculation model was established.Through case analysis,the shell layout scheme was effectively obtained,verifying the correctness of the proposed method.

Seismic sedimentology of conglomeratic sandbodies in lower third member of Shahejie Formation (Palaeogene) in Shengtuo area, East China

The sand-conglomerate fans are the major depositional systems in the lower third member of Shahejie Formation in Shengtuo area, which formed in the deep lacustrine environment characterized by steep slope gradient, near sources and intensive tectonic activity. This work was focused on the sedimentary feature of the glutenite segment to conduct the seismic sedimentology research. The near-shore subaqueous fans and its relative gravity channel and slump turbidite fan depositions were identified according to observation and description of cores combining with the numerous data of seismic and logging. Then, the depositional model was built depending on the analysis of palaeogeomorphology. The seismic attributes which are related to the hydrocarbon but relative independent were chosen to conduct the analysis, the reservoir area of the glutenite segment was found performing a distribution where the amplitude value is relatively higher, and finally the RMS amplitude attribute was chosen to conduct the attribute predicting. At the same time, the horizontal distribution of the sedimentary facies was analyzed qualitatively. At last, the sparse spike inversion method was used to conduct the acoustic impedance inversion, and the inversion result can distinguish glutenite reservoir which is greater than 5 m. This method quantitatively characterizes the distribution area of the favorable reservoir sand.

Reductions in non-point source pollution through different management practices for an agricultural watershed in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area

Non-point source water pollution generated by agricultural production is considered a major environmental issue in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area （TGRA） of China. The Annualised Agricultural Non-Point Source Pollution （AnnAGNPS） model was selected to assess the impact of the application of various management treats, including seven crops, five fertilizer levels and three-group management practice scenarios, on water quality from Heigou River Watershed in TGRA. The scenario subsets include conservation tillage practice （CTP）, conservation reserve program （CRP） and conversion of cropland into forestland program （CCFP）. Results indicated that tea can not be replaced by other crops because comparatively tea resulted in a higher sediment yield. CTP with no-tillage was more effective to reduce sediment yield, but could increased nutrient loss. CRP reduced sediment yield significantly, but slightly benefited on nutrient loss. CCFP reduced not only sediment yield but also the nutrient loss significantly. The conversion of cropland with a slope greater than 10° into forestland was found to be the best scenario as the sediment yield export is less than 5 tons/ha and nutrient loss is within the permissible limit.

Discussion on the Green Tax Stimulation Measure of Nitrogen Fertilizer Non-Point Source Pollution Control-Taking the Dongting Lake Area in China as a Case

A study on designing the tax of nitrogen fertilizer can provide a new method for controlling nitrogen fertilizer non-point source pollution. The tax design of nitrogen fertilizer was discussed by utilizing the external theory and the demand elasticity theory. The results indicated that the coefficient of price elasticity of nitrogen fertilizer demand is -0.21, which instructed that the market demand is in lack of elasticity in the short period and the impact of nitrogen fertilizer manufacturers is subtle. The 11 counties （cities and boroughs） in the Dongting Lake area in China, where the farmland nitrogen application surpassed the average ecological fertilization dosage, is listed to the taxation scope of nitrogen fertilizer tax. The environment loss will reduce 0.07 hundred million RMB yuan and the revenue will increase 0.89 hundred million RMB yuan in the country after levying on nitrogen fertilizer. The loss, which was brought by the decreasing food supplies production, will be 0.58 hundred million RMB yuan and the net social benefit will be 0.38 hundred million RMB yuan following revenue collection. The variation scope of the increasing expenditure of farmers will range from 0.95 to 1.49%. The variation scope of the income of farmers will range from -8.41 to 6.44%. The 5 areas, Yunxi Borough, Junshan Borough, Hanshou County, Jinshi City, and Ziyang Borough, had an increase in food supplies production after the revenue collection. The environment loss will reduce 0.01 hundred million RMB yuan and the revenue will increase 0.16 hundred million RMB yuan in the country after levying on nitrogen fertilizer. The economic benefits, which was brought by the increasing cereals production, will be 0.67 hundred million RMB yuan and the net social benefit will be 0.84 hundred million RMB yuan after revenue collection. The variation scope of the increasing expenditure of farmers will range from 0.95 to 1.06%. The variation scope of the increasing income of farmers will range from 0.69 to 6.44%. Considering the entire social welfare, taxation of nitrogen fertilizer will have more advantages than disadvantages in the Dongting Lake area.

Combination Operation for Neutral Point of 35 kV Power Grids in Mountainous Area

Based on a lot of measurement and analysis,this paper find that the unbalanced nature of 35 kV grids due to unsymmetrical capacitance values gives difficulty in neutral point operation in mountainous area.Improving compensation of Petersen coil can rectify imbalance of voltage but bring up new problem that Petersen coil can not extinguish grounding arc effectively in fault.To put down contradiction mentioned above,this paper proposes a combination operation for neutral point of 35 kV grids as neutral point insulated in routine operation and grounding through Petersen coil in fault,then EMTP simulation is carried out.Simulation indicates that new neutral operation method can improve lightning withstand level and decrease trip-out rate of grids.

Sedimentary Features and Distribution of High-Quality Reservoirs in the Ledong Area, Yinggehai Basin

The Ledong-30 area is located in the southern part of the central depression of the Yinggehai basin, where the exploration activity aims to gas in the middle and deep strata is started lately. The previous studies on the sedimentary system and main controlling factors of reservoir formation are mainly focused on the middle and shallow strata above the Huangliu Formation. Based on a fine interpretation of seismic data, the sedimentary characteristics, internal structures, and distribution rules of submarine fans and gravity flow channels in the Ledong-30 area are analyzed in this paper. In addition, the dynamic migration processes of their planar distribution and the vertical evolution law (vertical sequence combinations and superposition features of turbidity events) are also addressed. At last, the internal structural characteristics of the gravity flow system and comprehensive formation mechanisms of the large-scale gravity flow sediments (turbidities fans) are also been analyzed, which is helpful for the prediction of favorable reservoir distribution. The results can be used directly to guide oil and gas exploration in the Ledong area of the Yinggehai basin.

SOME REMARKS ABOUT THE AREA-PRESERVING CONVEX CURVE FLOW IN THE PLANE

Using Picard's theorem and the Leray-Schauder fixed point theorem to reinvestigate the area-preserving convex curve flow in the plane which is considered as a coupled system and thus different from the setting handled by Gage.

Effect of Lumbar Spinal Point Injection on Sitting Function in Children with Cerebral Palsy

Objective: To observe the effect of lumbar spinal point injection on sitting function in children with cerebral palsy. Method: Sixty-two children with post-confirmed cerebral palsy were randomly divided into control group and treatment group, 31 each. The control group was given conventional rehabilitation treatment, and the treatment group was given lumbar chiropspinal acupoint injection on the basis of the treatment method of the control group. After 3 consecutive courses of treatment, the sitting score of the two groups before and after treatment (GMFM88) was used to evaluate the sitting score before and after treatment. Outcome: Before treatment, the two groups were evaluated and the differences were not statistically significant (p > 0.05), which was comparable. The two groups (GMFM88) after treatment had significantly increased the differential values, and the difference was statistically significant compared with the same group before treatment (p Conclusion: Conventional rehabilitation combined with lumbar spinal point injection can effectively improve the sitting motor function of children with cerebral palsy.

小型玉米收获机车身调平系统研究

为了提高小型两行轮式玉米收获机在复杂地形的作业能力,设计了一种三点调平装置,建立了调平模型并对其进行了理论分析,并设计了调平控制系统。在此基础上,设计并制造了试验用车,对倾角信号进行滤波处理后,进行了调平试验。试验结果表明:车身左倾最大调平角度是15°,右倾最大调平角度是17.5°,前倾最大调平角度是12.5°,后倾最大调平角度是17.5°,验证了自动调平机构和控制系统的可靠性和实用性。设计的针对4YZ-2玉米收获机的三点调平装置和调平控制系统可为玉米收获机自适应调平提供了研究基础,并为其他行走农业机械的调平设计提供了新思路。

秦岭南麓小流域乡村聚落空间集聚PSR评价研究——以乾佑河流域柞水段为例

小流域是山地区域乡村聚落广泛存在的空间载体,随着新型城镇化建设、乡村振兴战略的实施,这里的聚落也开始发生剧烈变动,开始了更为集约的收缩型集聚。为了更好地发现其变化集聚的状态与趋势,对聚落发展提出合理的优化建议与引导,急需合适的评价工具与方法。因此,针对秦岭南麓小流域内聚落斑块零散存在的现实情况,借助“压力-状态-响应”评价模型,提出了聚焦小流域乡村聚落社会-生态健康发展的PSR评价方法以及聚焦关键问题的研究思路;进而以乾佑河柞水段的七条典型小流域为对象,借助核密度估算工具,进行内部聚落空间集聚特征的总结,建构起可进行比较的核点集聚区域、点轴集中区概念;并通过评价参数的筛选,明确了小流域、核点集聚区域双层级PSR评价体系,结合实践提出相关优化建议,也为小流域乡村聚落合理建设探索更科学的研究基础。

基于点云配准的航空发动机数字孪生模型构建

点云配准是实物和场景数字孪生模型构建的关键技术。为了适应航空工业高效、精确的虚实结合工业模式,提出了基于快速点特征直方图FPFH(Fast Point Feature Histogram)特征识别配准算法的数字孪生模型构建方法。该方法在保障精确性的前提下,通过数字化检测、信息采集、数据处理与融合,构建物理与虚拟高效互通的数字孪生模型。最后,以燃气涡轮式航空发动机中尾喷管风扇类零件为实例,验证该方法应用于该类发动机零件用于构建数字孪生模型的可行性,并最终将该方法作用于整个涡扇发动机。

基于扇块化阈值判定的机载激光雷达可通行区域在线检测方法研究

激光受扫描区域与摄像点间角度、方向以及间隔距离等因素影响,导致激光可覆盖区域有限,从而影响可通行区域在线检测的准确性。为此,提出一种基于扇块化阈值判定的机载激光雷达可通行区域在线检测方法。扇块化阈值包括最大扫描距离阈值和畸变系数阈值,利用其判定机载激光雷达扇形块区域;采用最大熵值预测模型与调节系数处理扇形块区域数据,结合小波变换实现机载激光雷达可通行区域在线检测。实验结果表明,所提方法不仅检测到在4、6、7检测点处,道路宽度信息发生了变化,而且可以有效检测出区域内的障碍物,从而提高可通行区域的检测准确性,具备较好的检测效果。

基于黄金分割搜索的电压暂降域快速识别方法

针对大型复杂电网中敏感负荷的电压暂降域难以准确识别的问题,提出一种基于黄金分割搜索的电压暂降域快速识别方法。首先,求得网络中发生各类短路故障时敏感负荷节点的电压暂降幅值解析式,并引入节点判定向量和线路关联向量,以及相应的判定准则,实现对所有线路临界点的快速分类计算;接着详细阐述了传统插值法存在的问题,并提出一种由黄金分割搜索改进的插值法,以期为正割迭代提供更优的初值点,提高临界点计算的准确度;因考虑到拟合的二次曲线难免存在偏差,故使用故障点法作为补充算法,用以计算有求解困难的线路;最后,以IEEE30节点标准测试系统为例,验证了该方法能在保证计算精度的前提下,简化电压暂降域的求解过程,提高算法的收敛速度,并广泛适用于大型复杂电网。