Under the quadratic approximation of the Rytov＇s phase structure function, this paper derives the general closed-form expressions for the mean-squared width and the angular spread of partially coherent beams in turbu...Under the quadratic approximation of the Rytov＇s phase structure function, this paper derives the general closed-form expressions for the mean-squared width and the angular spread of partially coherent beams in turbulence. It finds that under a certain condition different types of partially coherent beams may have the same directionality as a fully coherent Gaussian beam in free space and also in atmospheric turbulence if the angular spread is chosen as the characteristic parameter of beam directionality. On the other hand, it shows that generally, the directionality of partially coherent beams expressed in terms of the angular spread is not consistent with that in terms of the normalized far-field average intensity distribution in free space, but the consistency can be achieved due to turbulence.展开更多
A new estimation method of maximum intensity, such as I spta in CW and I sppa in PW, in high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) field for surgery was developed based on the measurements of acousic power and radical d...A new estimation method of maximum intensity, such as I spta in CW and I sppa in PW, in high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) field for surgery was developed based on the measurements of acousic power and radical distribution of the relative acoustic pressure in the focal plane of the field. The acoustic power is measured by the radiation force balance or by the calorimetry. Using a miniature hydrophone to scan along several radial directions with the same angle intervals through the acoustic axis in the focal plane, several radial relative pressure distribution curves can be measured and thus the special cross section area related to the maximum intensity and be calculated. The quotient of the measured acousitc power to the special cross section area is the maximum acoustic intensity in the field. finally as an example, the acoustic field distribution of a CW system was measured and the maximum acoustic intensity estimated was given.展开更多
With the help of the extended Huygens-Fresnel principle and the short-term mutual coherence function, the analytical formula of short-term average intensity for multi-Gaussian beam （MGB） in the turbulent a^mosphere ...With the help of the extended Huygens-Fresnel principle and the short-term mutual coherence function, the analytical formula of short-term average intensity for multi-Gaussian beam （MGB） in the turbulent a^mosphere has been derived. The intensity in the absence of turbulence and the long-term average intensity in turbulence can both also be expressed in this formula. As special cases, comparisons among short-term average intensity, long-term average intensity, and the intensity in the absence of turbulence for flat topped beam and annular beam are carried out. The effects of the order of MGB, propagation distance and aperture radius on beam spreading are analysed and discussed in detail.展开更多
Arrays of large immobile boulders,which are often encountered in steep mountain streams,affect the timing and magnitude of sediment transport events through their interactions with the approach flow.Despite their impo...Arrays of large immobile boulders,which are often encountered in steep mountain streams,affect the timing and magnitude of sediment transport events through their interactions with the approach flow.Despite their importance in the quantification of the bedload rate,the collective influence of a boulder array on the approach timeaveraged and turbulent flow field has to date been overlooked.The overarching objective is,thus,to assess the collective effects of a boulder array on the time-averaged and turbulent flow fields surrounding an individual boulder within the array,placing particular emphasis on highlighting the bed shear stress spatial variability.The objective of this study is pursued by resolving and comparing the timeaveraged and turbulent flow fields developing around a boulder,with and without an array of isolated boulders being present.The results show that the effects of an individual boulder on the time-averaged streamwise velocity and turbulence intensity were limited to the boulder's immediate vicinity in the streamwise(x/d c < 2-3) and vertical(z/d c < 1) directions.Outside of the boulder's immediate vicinity,the time-averaged streamwise velocity was found to be globally decelerated.This global deceleration was attributed to the form drag generated collectively by the boulder array.More importantly,the boulder array reduced the applied shear stress exerted on theindividual boulders found within the array,by absorbing a portion of the total applied shear.Furthermore,the array was found to have a "homogenizing" effect on the near-bed turbulence thus significantly reducing the turbulence intensity in the near-bed region.The findings of this study suggest that the collective boulder array bears a portion of the total applied bed shear stress as form drag,hence reducing the available bed shear stress for transporting incoming mobile sediment.Thus,the effects of the boulder array should not be ignored in sediment transport predictions.These effects are encapsulated in this study by Equation(6).展开更多
为解决HID灯的老化及灯的伏安特性变化引起的功率漂移问题,基于Buck降压变换器的平均电流控制模式,设计并制作了一款具有恒功率控制能力的数字控制电子镇流器驱动电路,包含两个控制环路:内电流环路用于维持稳定驱动,外功率环路用于维持...为解决HID灯的老化及灯的伏安特性变化引起的功率漂移问题,基于Buck降压变换器的平均电流控制模式,设计并制作了一款具有恒功率控制能力的数字控制电子镇流器驱动电路,包含两个控制环路:内电流环路用于维持稳定驱动,外功率环路用于维持灯在其使用期间的功率恒定,并根据Buck降压变换器DCM模式下的小信号模型,以PI算法作为数字补偿器,完成补偿环路设计,保证电路输出稳定性。为抑制声共振,该电路结构采用三级式结构的电子镇流器,以低频方波驱动。设计和测试结果表明,该电子镇流器驱动电路可实现450 W的恒功率控制,误差值小于3%。该电子镇流器驱动电路结构简单,可靠性高,可适用于450 W HID灯驱动。展开更多
为探究全光纤电流互感器(fiber optical current transformer,FOCT)调制回路故障对探测器输出信号影响,便于故障预测与故障诊断,文中首先建立包含光电回路相位延迟的正弦波调制FOCT输出信号数学模型,给出调制深度与驱动电压、二次谐波...为探究全光纤电流互感器(fiber optical current transformer,FOCT)调制回路故障对探测器输出信号影响,便于故障预测与故障诊断,文中首先建立包含光电回路相位延迟的正弦波调制FOCT输出信号数学模型,给出调制深度与驱动电压、二次谐波、四次谐波的数学关系式,分析定目标值调制器闭环调制、解调的基本方法。在此基础上通过建立数学模型分析调制深度对探测器输出光强峰值、平均光强、二次谐波、四次谐波的影响。据此提出发生调制回路故障时调制深度降低是导致探测器输出信号异常的关键因素,探测器输出平均光强增大、四次谐波降低、二次/四次谐波比值增加应作为调制回路故障的典型特征。最后开展实际FOCT模拟试验证明理论研究的有效性。展开更多
正弦波调制全光纤电流互感器(fiber optical current transformer,FOCT)因具备动态范围大、不与一次主回路连接、绝缘性能好、无铁磁饱和等优点,成为特高压换流站重要的测量设备。但在实际运行过程中,FOCT故障率远高于电磁互感器,而光...正弦波调制全光纤电流互感器(fiber optical current transformer,FOCT)因具备动态范围大、不与一次主回路连接、绝缘性能好、无铁磁饱和等优点,成为特高压换流站重要的测量设备。但在实际运行过程中,FOCT故障率远高于电磁互感器,而光回路故障是最为常见的故障类型。针对此,首先建立FOCT数学模型,提出二次谐波、光强峰值、平均光强应作为重要监测量;在此基础上分析光回路故障对探测器输出信号的影响,提出基于驱动电流及探测器输出信号变化的光回路故障预警方法,通过阈值设置及平均光强趋势判断等辨识真实的光回路故障。最后开展现场试验验证,证明该预警方法的有效性。展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 60778048)
文摘Under the quadratic approximation of the Rytov＇s phase structure function, this paper derives the general closed-form expressions for the mean-squared width and the angular spread of partially coherent beams in turbulence. It finds that under a certain condition different types of partially coherent beams may have the same directionality as a fully coherent Gaussian beam in free space and also in atmospheric turbulence if the angular spread is chosen as the characteristic parameter of beam directionality. On the other hand, it shows that generally, the directionality of partially coherent beams expressed in terms of the angular spread is not consistent with that in terms of the normalized far-field average intensity distribution in free space, but the consistency can be achieved due to turbulence.
基金National Natural Science Foundation ofChina (No.3 9970 2 0 9)
文摘A new estimation method of maximum intensity, such as I spta in CW and I sppa in PW, in high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) field for surgery was developed based on the measurements of acousic power and radical distribution of the relative acoustic pressure in the focal plane of the field. The acoustic power is measured by the radiation force balance or by the calorimetry. Using a miniature hydrophone to scan along several radial directions with the same angle intervals through the acoustic axis in the focal plane, several radial relative pressure distribution curves can be measured and thus the special cross section area related to the maximum intensity and be calculated. The quotient of the measured acousitc power to the special cross section area is the maximum acoustic intensity in the field. finally as an example, the acoustic field distribution of a CW system was measured and the maximum acoustic intensity estimated was given.
文摘With the help of the extended Huygens-Fresnel principle and the short-term mutual coherence function, the analytical formula of short-term average intensity for multi-Gaussian beam （MGB） in the turbulent a^mosphere has been derived. The intensity in the absence of turbulence and the long-term average intensity in turbulence can both also be expressed in this formula. As special cases, comparisons among short-term average intensity, long-term average intensity, and the intensity in the absence of turbulence for flat topped beam and annular beam are carried out. The effects of the order of MGB, propagation distance and aperture radius on beam spreading are analysed and discussed in detail.
基金supported by the United States National Science Foundation (Grant No. CBET1033732)
文摘Arrays of large immobile boulders,which are often encountered in steep mountain streams,affect the timing and magnitude of sediment transport events through their interactions with the approach flow.Despite their importance in the quantification of the bedload rate,the collective influence of a boulder array on the approach timeaveraged and turbulent flow field has to date been overlooked.The overarching objective is,thus,to assess the collective effects of a boulder array on the time-averaged and turbulent flow fields surrounding an individual boulder within the array,placing particular emphasis on highlighting the bed shear stress spatial variability.The objective of this study is pursued by resolving and comparing the timeaveraged and turbulent flow fields developing around a boulder,with and without an array of isolated boulders being present.The results show that the effects of an individual boulder on the time-averaged streamwise velocity and turbulence intensity were limited to the boulder's immediate vicinity in the streamwise(x/d c < 2-3) and vertical(z/d c < 1) directions.Outside of the boulder's immediate vicinity,the time-averaged streamwise velocity was found to be globally decelerated.This global deceleration was attributed to the form drag generated collectively by the boulder array.More importantly,the boulder array reduced the applied shear stress exerted on theindividual boulders found within the array,by absorbing a portion of the total applied shear.Furthermore,the array was found to have a "homogenizing" effect on the near-bed turbulence thus significantly reducing the turbulence intensity in the near-bed region.The findings of this study suggest that the collective boulder array bears a portion of the total applied bed shear stress as form drag,hence reducing the available bed shear stress for transporting incoming mobile sediment.Thus,the effects of the boulder array should not be ignored in sediment transport predictions.These effects are encapsulated in this study by Equation(6).
文摘为解决HID灯的老化及灯的伏安特性变化引起的功率漂移问题,基于Buck降压变换器的平均电流控制模式,设计并制作了一款具有恒功率控制能力的数字控制电子镇流器驱动电路,包含两个控制环路:内电流环路用于维持稳定驱动,外功率环路用于维持灯在其使用期间的功率恒定,并根据Buck降压变换器DCM模式下的小信号模型,以PI算法作为数字补偿器,完成补偿环路设计,保证电路输出稳定性。为抑制声共振,该电路结构采用三级式结构的电子镇流器,以低频方波驱动。设计和测试结果表明,该电子镇流器驱动电路可实现450 W的恒功率控制,误差值小于3%。该电子镇流器驱动电路结构简单,可靠性高,可适用于450 W HID灯驱动。
文摘为探究全光纤电流互感器(fiber optical current transformer,FOCT)调制回路故障对探测器输出信号影响,便于故障预测与故障诊断,文中首先建立包含光电回路相位延迟的正弦波调制FOCT输出信号数学模型,给出调制深度与驱动电压、二次谐波、四次谐波的数学关系式,分析定目标值调制器闭环调制、解调的基本方法。在此基础上通过建立数学模型分析调制深度对探测器输出光强峰值、平均光强、二次谐波、四次谐波的影响。据此提出发生调制回路故障时调制深度降低是导致探测器输出信号异常的关键因素,探测器输出平均光强增大、四次谐波降低、二次/四次谐波比值增加应作为调制回路故障的典型特征。最后开展实际FOCT模拟试验证明理论研究的有效性。
文摘正弦波调制全光纤电流互感器(fiber optical current transformer,FOCT)因具备动态范围大、不与一次主回路连接、绝缘性能好、无铁磁饱和等优点,成为特高压换流站重要的测量设备。但在实际运行过程中,FOCT故障率远高于电磁互感器,而光回路故障是最为常见的故障类型。针对此,首先建立FOCT数学模型,提出二次谐波、光强峰值、平均光强应作为重要监测量;在此基础上分析光回路故障对探测器输出信号的影响,提出基于驱动电流及探测器输出信号变化的光回路故障预警方法,通过阈值设置及平均光强趋势判断等辨识真实的光回路故障。最后开展现场试验验证,证明该预警方法的有效性。
