Effects of Far-Infrared Irradiative Heating Pasteurization on Fungi

The effect of far-infrared (FIR) irradiation pasteurization on fungi was quantitatively evaluated and compared with the effect of thermal conductive heating. After the bulk temperature of the sterile saline irradiated by FIR reached a steady given temperature, yeast cells (Candida albicans NBRC 1950 and Saccharomyces cerevisiae NBRC 1067) or fungal spores (Aspergillus niger NBRC 4781) were inoculated and FIR heating was conducted. A mullite cylinder FIR heater, with a main wavelength of 4 - 7 μm, was used for FIR heating. Death of fungi by FIR heating and by thermal conductive heating both followed first-order reaction kinetics, and the apparent death rate constants under different temperature conditions were obtained. For the same bulk temperatures, pasteurization by FIR heating was more effective than thermal conductive heating. The activation energy for the death of fungi by FIR irradiation was slightly lower than thermal conductive heating, indicating differences in the mechanism of action.

Effect of Particle Size Distribution on Radiative Heat Transfer in High-Temperature Homogeneous Gas-Particle Mixtures

The weighted-sum-of-gray-gas(WSGG)model and Mie theory are applied to study the influents of particle size on the radiative transfer in high temperature homogeneous gas-particle mixtures,such as the flame in aero-engine combustor.The radiative transfer equation is solved by the finite volume method.The particle size is assumed to obey uniform distribution and logarithmic normal(L-N)distribution,respectively.Results reveal that when particle size obeys uniform distribution,increasing particle size with total particle volume fraction fvunchanged will result in the decreasing of the absolute value of radiative heat transfer properties,and the effect of ignoring particle scattering will also be weakened.Opposite conclusions can be obtained when total particle number concentration N0 is unchanged.Moreover,if particle size obeys L-N distribution,increasing the narrowness indexσor decreasing the characteristic diameter Dˉwith the total particle volume fraction fvunchanged will increase the absolute value of radiative heat transfer properties.With total particle number concentration N0 unchanged,opposite conclusions for radiative heat source and incident radiation terms can be obtained except for radiative heat flux term.As a whole,the effects of particle size on the radiative heat transfer in the high-temperature homogeneous gas-particle mixtures are complicated,and the particle scattering cannot be ignoring just according to the particle size.

Effect of Particle Shape on Dust Shortwave Direct Radiative Forcing Calculations Based on MODIS Observations for a Case Study

Assuming spheroidal and spherical particle shapes for mineral dust aerosols,the effect of particle shape on dust aerosol optical depth retrievals,and subsequently on instantaneous shortwave direct radiative forcing（SWDRF） at the top of the atmosphere（TOA）,is assessed based on Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer（MODIS） data for a case study.Specifically,a simplified aerosol retrieval algorithm based on the principle of the Deep Blue aerosol retrieval method is employed to retrieve dust aerosol optical depths,and the Fu–Liou radiative transfer model is used to derive the instantaneous SWDRF of dust at the TOA for cloud-free conditions.Without considering the effect of particle shape on dust aerosol optical depth retrievals,the effect of particle shape on the scattering properties of dust aerosols（e.g.,extinction efficiency,single scattering albedo and asymmetry factor） is negligible,which can lead to a relative difference of at most 5% for the SWDRF at the TOA.However,the effect of particle shape on the SWDRF cannot be neglected provided that the effect of particle shape on dust aerosol optical depth retrievals is also taken into account for SWDRF calculations.The corresponding results in an instantaneous case study show that the relative differences of the SWDRF at the TOA between spheroids and spheres depend critically on the scattering angles at which dust aerosol optical depths are retrieved,and can be up to 40% for low dust-loading conditions.

Effects of Ocean Particles on the Upwelling Radiance and Polarized Radiance in the Atmosphere–Ocean System

Based on a vector radiative transfer model of the atmosphere–ocean system,the influence of oceanic components on radiation processes,including polarization effects,was investigated in the wavelength region ranging from 0.380 to 0.865 μm.The components considered were phytoplankton,inorganic suspended material（sediment）,and colored,dissolved organic matter.Due to their important roles in oceanic radiation processes,the sensitivity of the bidirectional reflectance to the rough ocean surface,represented by the wind velocity 10 m above the ocean surface,and aerosol,were taken into account.The results demonstrated that both radiance and polarized radiance just below the ocean surface were sensitive to the change of the concentrations of the considered components,while the dependence of polarized radiance on the observation geometry was more sensitive than radiance.Significant differences in the specular plane existed between the impacts of the phytoplankton and sediment on the degree of polarization just above the ocean surface at 670 nm.At the top of the atmosphere（TOA）,polarization was relatively insensitive to changing concentrations of ocean particles at longer wavelengths.Furthermore,the radiance at the TOA in the solar plane was more sensitive to the aerosol optical thickness than wind velocity.In contrast,wind velocity strongly influenced the radiance at the TOA in the sun glint region,while the polarization degree showed less dependence in that region.Finally,a nonlinear optimal inversion method was proposed to simultaneously retrieve the aerosol and wind velocity using radiance measurement.

Radiative properties of alumina/aluminum particles and influence on radiative heat transfer in solid rocket motor

The thermal radiation of micron-sized condensed phase particles plays a dominant role during the heat transfer process in aluminized Solid Rocket Motors(SRMs).Open research mainly focuses on the radiative properties of alumina particles while the study considering the presence of aluminum is lacking.In addition,the thermal radiation inside the SRM with consideration of the participating particles is seldom studied.In this work,the multiscale method of predicting the thermal environment inside SRMs is established from the particle radiation at microscale to the twophase flow and heat transfer at macroscale.The effective gray radiative properties of individual particles(alumina,aluminum,and hybrid alumina/aluminum)and particles cloud are investigated with the Mie theory and approximate method.Then a numerical method for predicting the thermal environment inside SRMs with considering particle radiation is established and applied in a subscale motor.The convective and radiative heat flux distributions along inner wall of motor are obtained,and it is found that the heat transfer in the combustion chamber is dominated by thermal radiation and the radiative heat flux is essentially a constant of 5.6–6.8 MW/m^(2).The convective heat transfer plays a dominant role in the nozzle and the heat flux reaches the maximum value of 11.2 MW/m^(2) near the throat.As the combustion efficiency of aluminum drops,the radiative heat flux remains unchanged in most regions and increases slightly along the diverging section wall of the nozzle.

Application of Light Reflectance-Transmittance Measurement Method to Reconstruct Geometrical Morphology of Particle Fractal Aggregates

Particles,including soot,aerosol and ash,usually exist as fractal aggregates.The radiative properties of the particle fractal aggregates have a great influence on studying the light or heat radiative transfer in the particle medium.In the present work,the performance of the single-layer inversion model and the double-layer inversion model in reconstructing the geometric structure of particle fractal aggregates is studied based on the light reflectancetransmittance measurement method.An improved artificial fish-swarm algorithm(IAFSA)is proposed to solve the inverse problem.The result reveals that the accuracy of double-layer inversion model is more satisfactory as it can provide more uncorrelated information than the single-layer inversion model.Moreover,the developed IAFSA show higher accuracy and better robustness than the original artificial fish swarm algorithm(AFSA)for avoiding local optimization problems effectively.As a whole,the present work supplies a useful kind of measurement technology for predicting geometrical morphology of particle fractal aggregates.

聚合物基辐射制冷材料的研究进展

在粮食仓储过程中,采用低温储粮技术可有效减少储藏环节的粮食损耗、保证粮食品质,对于保障粮食供应具有重要意义。辐射制冷材料作为一种无能耗制冷新技术,通过将热量以电磁波的形式辐射到外太空而实现降温制冷,可以解决传统制冷方式带来的高能耗、高化学需氧量排放等问题,将为低温储粮提供一种绿色环保新思路。阐述了聚合物基辐射制冷材料的工作原理、体系组成及筛选依据,根据结构特点对其进行了分类总结,分析了不同结构辐射制冷材料存在的问题及研究方向,为辐射制冷材料应用于粮仓建筑实现低温储粮提供参考。

静止颗粒群热辐射吸收性能的蒙特卡罗法二维数值研究

在粒子式太阳能接收器中吸热效率与出口温度难以兼顾,而颗粒群热辐射吸收性能决定其热效率及升温上限,基于蒙特卡罗法建立了外部平行辐射投射下的静止颗粒群辐射传递模型,探究颗粒群几何构型、颗粒粒径、颗粒辐射物性、辐照条件等因素对热辐射传输的影响。结果表明:颗粒群吸热时间与粒径、空间构型无关;但与体积分数成正比,且随外部辐射强度或颗粒表面吸收率的增大而缩短。对给定颗粒群,平衡温度主要依赖于外部辐射强度;总体吸收率主要取决于颗粒表面吸收率。给定空间构型下,二者均与颗粒粒径正相关,且随体积分数的增大具有相似的变化规律。不同空间构型下,颗粒体积分数的增大均在强化吸收外部辐射的同时增大了自发辐射的逸出。现有构型中,棋盘交错型、扇型与随机型下的总体吸收率随体积分数的增大有峰值存在。扇型与随机型达到最高平衡温度和效率所需的颗粒浓度最小。根据计算结果提出了颗粒群总体吸收率经验关联式,其中有82.9%的计算结果与定义式计算值相对误差小于15%。该研究结果可为运动颗粒群辐射传递的计算、粒子式太阳能吸收器的设计提供参考。

基于VRT的气象粒子群时域回波仿真研究

随着雷达使用频段提升,降雨、云雾等气象因素对雷达探测的影响逐渐不可忽视。为研究气象粒子群对雷达探测工作产生的影响,文章总结了电磁波在不同类型气象粒子群下的谱分布与衰减特性;再根据粒子谱方程给出气象粒子群的模型信息;最后基于矢量辐射传输方法,提出了一种改进的气象粒子群时域回波快速仿真的方法,包括分区加速、传播路径判断的优化,在大体量粒子群回波建模中的优化效果可达到普通方法的20倍左右。结果表明,雨粒子群对雷达探测工作会造成较大的杂波,其杂波幅值约为发射功率的10-4倍;云粒子群的时域结果存在较强的随机性;雾粒子群时域结果均匀且幅值较低。文章针对不同类型气象粒子群时域回波的仿真结果与分析,对雷达的精准探测研究具有一定参考价值。

固体火箭发动机内部燃烧产物辐射特性预示方法及分布规律

介质辐射传热对含金属推进剂固体火箭发动机内部热环境影响显著。建立精确、高效的参与介质辐射特性预示方法是对发动机内部热环境进行精细数值预示的重要前提。针对发动机内的熔融氧化铝颗粒和多组分燃气,分别基于Mie理论和逐线计算法建立了其辐射特性精细计算方法,结合数据插值方法和普朗克平均吸收系数总体模型构建了固体火箭发动机燃烧产物辐射特性快速预示方法。计算得到了HIPPO喷管内部燃烧产物辐射特性参数的一维分布特性,研究了燃烧温度、压强及推进剂铝含量对喷管内燃烧产物辐射特性的影响规律。结果表明:在燃烧室和喷管喉部之间颗粒对燃烧产物吸收系数的贡献占主导地位,而燃气的贡献可忽略;在喷管扩张段,燃气对吸收系数的贡献逐渐显著;在喷管出口处,燃气对吸收系数的贡献不可忽略;燃烧室温度和推进剂铝含量的升高、燃烧室压强的降低均会导致燃气对辐射传热贡献比例的减小。

相对湿度对大气气溶胶粒子短波辐射特性的影响

利用Ｍｉｅ散射原理和重庆实测气溶胶资料，详细计算了边界层内单个气溶胶粒子的光学特性参量，气溶胶粒子群体的散射、吸收、消光系数及不对称因子、散射比、光学厚度；进而采用二流近似和累加法计算了边界层内太阳短波辐射增温率。目的在于研究相对湿度对以上各特性参量的影响。结果表明，相对湿度在６５％～９５％之间变化时，对气溶胶粒子群体光学特性参数和太阳增温率的影响在量级上可与气溶胶粒子浓度成倍变化的影响相比拟。

采用DDA方法分析非球形粒子辐射特性

利用离散偶极子近似法(DDA)计算了三种几何形状、不同尺度参数、不同复折射率的非球形粒子随机取向时的衰减因子、反照率和散射相函数等辐射特性参数,并与等体积球形粒子进行了比较.分析结果表明:非球形粒子的辐射特性与等效球形粒子的辐射特性存在着差别,这种差别随着粒子的形状、尺度参数和复折射率等参数的变化而变化,并且具有一定的规律,同时存在一个临界尺度参数,此时非球形粒子与等效球形粒子的辐射特性差别可忽略不计.

远红外纳米氧化钛粉的制备

简单介绍了远红外超细粉末的优异性能及开发应用前景,并利用水解法制备了TiO_2纳米粉体。实验结果表明:TiO_2晶体尺寸随着TiCl_4溶液浓度的提高而增大,且溶液从澄清到再次出现白色沉淀的温度也升高;初步探讨了保温时间对TiO_2晶粒粒径的影响,并确定了实验室制备远红外氧化钛粉体的最佳条件。

气化炉与辐射废锅接口的数值模拟

建立了多相流动和传热耦合数学模型,以实验室规模气化装置对模型进行了验证,发现计算值与实验值吻合较好。再通过该模型对气化炉与辐射废锅的接口进行了数值模拟,结果发现:气化炉底部锥体壁面有大量灰渣颗粒积聚,并在锥体上形成热阻较大的熔渣流;废锅拱顶存在长约4 m的回流区,部分颗粒被卷吸回流;此外,增加直段高度、加长冷却管和降低耐火砖厚度都将使接口工作温度下降;提高气化温度和操作负荷则会使接口工作温度上升,且气流流速也将随产气量的增加而提高。

一个简单的雪晶辐射参数化方案及雪晶辐射对中尺度降水的影响

文章提出一个简单的雪晶辐射性质参数化方案,并利用1998年6月8日华南暴雨资料研究了雪晶的辐射性质对于中尺度降水的影响。结果表明:雪晶的辐射性质对中尺度降水的影响是不可忽略的,白天尤为显著;它能够明显地改变中尺度降水的局部特征,特别是降水中心的强度和位置,而对降水的分布影响不大。因此,建立独立的雪晶辐射参数化对提高中尺度模式对中尺度降水的预报能力是必要的。

FY-2C静止气象卫星红外通道辐射特性研究

FY-2C静止气象卫星中红外通道(3.5～4.0μm)比较特殊,在该通道,地球长波辐射和太阳短波入射辐射的强度基本相同,因此在应用时需要同时考虑大气的散射和热发射两种过程。作者对这两种过程进行了分析,用SBDART辐射传输模式模拟计算了FY-2C中红外通道接收的总辐射、热辐射及散射辐射,分析了它们的特性及对云滴粒子有效半径的敏感性,并提出从该通道接收总辐射中扣除地面及云热辐射贡献项的经验关系式。

黑碳团簇气溶胶混合生长的红外吸收特性及长波辐射效应

黑碳气溶胶是当前气溶胶辐射强迫评估中最不确定的因子.本文通过构建黑碳的微物理模型,分别模拟了新鲜状态的黑碳气溶胶和混合生长(老化)后被硫酸盐包裹的黑碳气溶胶,利用叠加T矩阵方法计算获得了具有团簇形态和多成分混合的黑碳气溶胶红外吸收特性,通过大气辐射传输模型模拟了黑碳气溶胶的长波辐射强迫,分析了典型理化参数的敏感性.发现黑碳混合生长可以显著增强其大气层顶的长波辐射强迫,最高可达3倍.而且,包裹黑碳的硫酸盐半径越大,将明显增强大气层顶的黑碳长波辐射强迫.这些发现将有助于降低黑碳气溶胶气候效应评估的不确定性.

遮光剂对SiO_2气凝胶热辐射特性影响的理论研究

为研究添加遮光剂对SiO2气凝胶热辐射特性的影响,分别采用考虑基质吸收的改进的Mie散射理论和经典的Mie散射理论计算了气凝胶基质中单个粒子的热辐射特性和遮光气凝胶总的热辐射特性,并将两种方法的计算结果与已有实验数据进行了对比。分析了遮光剂粒子尺寸、分布规律对遮光气凝胶热辐射特性的影响,计算了遮光气凝胶的辐射热导率和不同温度下的最优粒径。结果表明:气凝胶基质的吸收作用对基质内的粒子散射影响较小,在计算遮光气凝胶热辐射特性时可以忽略。采用TiO2均一粒子系作为遮光剂,温度为300、500、700、900 K时的最优粒子半径分别为1.4、1、0.75、0.6μm。

采用GMM方法分析聚集粒子的辐射特性

采用广义多粒子M ie理论(GMM)研究了由球形微粒组成的聚集粒子的衰减因子、散射因子、散射相函数等辐射特性参数,考虑单元粒子之间的相互作用,与M ie理论计算的辐射特性参数(不考虑单元粒子之间的相互作用)进行分析比较.结果表明:考虑相互作用与不考虑相互作用所得的聚集粒子辐射特性存在着差异,这种差异随着粒子间的距离、尺度参数的变化而改变,并且具有一定的规律.同时,分析了聚集粒子与等效(等体积或等面积)单粒子之间的辐射特性差异对辐射传输计算的影响,研究发现:考虑相互作用的聚集粒子组成的粒子系与等效球粒子系的温度场之间有明显的差异,相对偏差的最大值约20%,因此,在计算聚集粒子组成的粒子系的温度场时不能忽略粒子间的相互作用.

球形微粒子近场辐射换热研究

从偶极辐射理论出发,结合普朗克黑体辐射分布,推导出近场区热辐射分布。采用MC法模拟了两个纳米球形 村子的辐射换热,考察相天参数对近场辐射换热的影响。表明其辐射热流可比黑体辐射高8个数量级。其热流随间距的增 大急剧减小。小研究对于纳米粒子群的传热研究有积极意义。