Two stages power generation test of the hot dry rock exploration and production demonstration project in the Gonghe Basin,northeastern Qinghai-Tibet plateau,China

The Hot Dry Rock(HDR)is considered as a clean and renewable energy,poised to significantly contribute to the global energy decarbonization agenda.Many HDR projects worldwide have accumulated valuable experience in efficient drilling and completion,reservoir construction,and fracture simulation.In 2019,China Geological Survey(CGS)initiated a demonstration project of HDR exploration and production in the Gonghe Basin,aiming to overcome the setbacks faced by HDR projects.Over the ensuing four years,the Gonghe HDR project achieved the first power generation in 2021,followed by the second power generation test in 2022.After establishing the primary well group in the initial phase,two directional wells and one branch well were drilled.Noteworthy progress was made in successfully constructing the targeted reservoir,realizing inter-well connectivity,power generation and grid connection,implementing of the real-time micro-seismic monitoring.A closed-loop technical validation of the HDR exploration and production was completed.However,many technical challenges remain in the process of HDR industrialization,such as reservoir fracture network characterization,efficient drilling and completion,multiple fracturing treatment,continuous injection and production,as well as mitigation of induced seismicity and numerical simulation technology.

Deep gold mineralization features of Jiaojia metallogenic belt,Jiaodong gold Province:Based on the breakthrough of 3000 m exploration drilling

Recently,continuous breakthroughs have been made about deep gold prospecting in the Jiaodong gold province area of China.Approximately 5000 t of cumulative gold resources have been explored in Jiaodong,which has thus become an internationally noteworthy gold ore cluster.The gold exploration depth has been increased to about 2000 m from the previous<1000 m.To further explore the mineralization potential of the Jiaodong area at a depth of about 3000 m,the Shandong Institute of Geological Sciences has drilled an exploratory drillhole named“Deep drillhole ZK01”to a depth of 3266 m.Hence,as reported herein,the mineralization characteristics of the Jiaojia metallogenic belt have been successfully documented.ZK01 is,to date,the deepest borehole with an gold intersect in China,and constitutes a significant advance in deep gold prospecting in China.The findings of this study further indicate that the depth interval of 2000 m to 4000 m below the ground surface in the Wuyi Village area incorporates 912 t of inferred gold resources,while the depth interval of 2000 m to 4000 m below the surface across the Jiaodong area possesses about 4000 t of inferred gold resources.The Jiaojia Fault Belt tends to gently dip downward,having dip angles of about 25°and about 20°at vertical depths of 2000 m and 2850 m,respectively.The deep part of the Jiaojia metallogenic belt differs from the shallow and moderately deep parts about fracturing,alteration,mineralization,and tectonic type.The deep zones can generally be categorized from inside outward as cataclastic granite,granitic cataclasite,weakly beresitized granitic cataclasite,beresitized cataclasite,and gouge.These zones exhibit a gradual transitional relation or occur alternately and repeatedly.The mineralization degree of the pyritized cataclastic granite-type ore in the deep part of the Jiaojia metallogenic belt is closely related to the degree of pyrite vein development;that is,the higher the pyrite content,the wider the veins and the higher the gold grade.Compared to the shallow gold ores,the deep-seated gold ores have higher fineness and contain joseite,tetradymite,and native bismuth,suggesting that the deep gold mineralization temperature is higher and that mantle-sourced material may have contributed to this mineralization.ZK01 has also revealed that the deep-seated ore bodies in the Jiaojia metallogenic belt are principally situated above the main fracture plane(gouge)and hosted within the Linglong Granite,contradicting previous findings indicating that the moderately shallow gold ore bodies are usually hosted in the contact zone between the Linglong Granite and Jiaodong Group or meta-gabbro.These new discoveries are particularly significant because they can help correct mineralization prospecting models,determine favorable positions for deep prospecting,and improve metallogenic prediction and resource potential evaluation.

Evaluation of the oil and gas preservation conditions, source rocks, and hydrocarbongenerating potential of the Qiangtang Basin: New evidence from the scientific drilling project

The Qiangtang Basin of the Tibetan Plateau,located in the eastern Tethys tectonic domain,is the largest new marine petroliferous region for exploration in China.The scientific drilling project consisting primarily of well QK-1 and its supporting shallow boreholes for geological surveys(also referred to as the Project)completed in recent years contributes to a series of new discoveries and insights into the oil and gas preservation conditions and source rock evaluation of the Qiangtang Basin.These findings differ from previous views that the Qiangtang Basin has poor oil and gas preservation conditions and lacks high-quality source rocks.As revealed by well QK-1 and its supporting shallow boreholes in the Project,the Qiangtang Basin hosts two sets of high-quality regional seals,namely an anhydrite layer in the Quemo Co Formation and the gypsum-bearing mudstones in the Xiali Formation.Moreover,the Qiangtang Basin has favorable oil and gas preservation conditions,as verified by the comprehensive study of the sealing capacity of seals,basin structure,tectonic uplift,magmatic activity,and groundwater motion.Furthermore,the shallow boreholes have also revealed that the Qiangtang Basin has high-quality hydrocarbon source rocks in the Upper Triassic Bagong Formation,which are thick and widely distributed according to the geological and geophysical data.In addition,the petroleum geological conditions,such as the type,abundance,and thermal evolution of organic matter,indicate that the Qiangtang Basin has great hydrocarbon-generating potential.

Exploration of Laoyachen fault in Zheng-zhou and its activity investigation

In the paper, an exploration is made by the techniques of shallow seismic prospecting, borehole composite profile analysis, field morphological investigation, and new geological dating for the Laoyachen fault in Zhengzhou that was originally recognized as an active one. The result from shallow seismic prospecting indicates this fault only existed in the stratum prior to the Neogene, dislocations and activity traces of this fault could not be found in the Neogene stratum. At the same time, the surface morphological investigation reveals that the location of the so-called "fault scarp" is not consistent with that of Laoyachen fault. Moreover, seismic drilling and borehole composite profile analysis also indicate that the scarp only developed in Malan Loess. The stratum beneath it is gentle and no dislocation traces can be seen. Therefore, we propose that this scarp is not relevant to the Laoyachen fault, which might be resulted from the diverted course of Yellow River. Laoyachen fault is not an active one.

Application and development trend of artificial intelligence in petroleum exploration and development

Aiming at the actual demands of petroleum exploration and development,this paper describes the research progress and application of artificial intelligence(AI)in petroleum exploration and development,and discusses the applications and development directions of AI in the future.Machine learning has been preliminarily applied in lithology identification,logging curve reconstruction,reservoir parameter estimation,and other logging processing and interpretation,exhibiting great potential.Computer vision is effective in picking of seismic first breaks,fault identification,and other seismic processing and interpretation.Deep learning and optimization technology have been applied to reservoir engineering,and realized the real-time optimization of waterflooding development and prediction of oil and gas production.The application of data mining in drilling,completion,and surface facility engineering etc.has resulted in intelligent equipment and integrated software.The potential development directions of artificial intelligence in petroleum exploration and development are intelligent production equipment,automatic processing and interpretation,and professional software platform.The highlights of development will be digital basins,fast intelligent imaging logging tools,intelligent seismic nodal acquisition systems,intelligent rotary-steering drilling,intelligent fracturing technology and equipment,real-time monitoring and control of zonal injection and production.

Evolution and application of in-seam drilling for gas drainage

The presence of seam gas in the form of methane or carbon dioxide presents a hazard to underground coal mining operations.In-seam drilling has been undertaken for the past three decades for gas drainage to reduce the risk of gas outburst and lower the concentrations of seam gas in the underground ventilation.The drilling practices have reflected the standards of the times and have evolved with the development of technology and equipment and the needs to provide a safe mining environment underground.Early practice was to adapt equipment from other felds,with rotary drilling being the only form of drilling available.This form of drainage allowed various levels of gas drainage coverage but with changing emphasis,research and development within the coal industry has created specifc equipment,technology and practices to accurately place in-seam boreholes to provide effcient and effective gas drainage.Research into gas content determination established a standard for the process and safe levels for mining operations to continue.Surveying technology improved from the wire-line,single-shot Eastman survey instruments which was time-dependent on borehole depth to electronic instruments located in the drill string which transmitted accurate survey data to the drilling crew without time delays.This allowed improved directional control and increased drilling rates.Directional drilling technology has now been established as the industry standard to provide effective gas drainage drilling.Exploration was identifed as an additional beneft with directional drilling as it has the ability to provide exploration data from long boreholes.The ability of the technology to provide safe and reliable means to investigate the need for inrush protection and water drainage ahead of mining has been established.Directional drilling technology has now been introduced to the Chinese coal industry for gas drainage through a practice of auditing,design,supply,training and ongoing support.Experienced drilling crews can offer site specifc gas drainage drilling services utilising the latest equipment and technology.

Discovery of lacustrine shale deposits in the Yanshan Orogenic Belt,China: Implications for hydrocarbon exploration

The mechanism of formation of lacustrine deposits within stable orogenic belts and their potential for shale oil and gas exploration are frontier themes of challenge in the fields of sedimentology and petroleum exploration. Orogenic belts witness strong tectonic activities and normally cannot host stable lacustrine basins and deep shale formations. Therefore, basins in orogenic belts are considered to have no potential to form shale hydrocarbon reservoirs. Here we investigate the Luanping Basin located in the Yanshan orogenic belt where previous studies regarded rivers and fan deltas as the major main Mesozoic deposits. Based on detailed field exploration and scientific drilling, we report the finding of a large number of lacustrine shale continental deep-water deposits in the Mesozoic strata. Our finding of the occurrence of active shale oil and gas also in this basin also subvert the previous perceptions.We report SHRIMP zircon U-Pb age that define the bottom boundary of the target interval as 127.6 ± 1.7 Ma belonging to the early Cretaceous strata. Tectonics and climate are considered to be the main factors that controlled the deep-water sedimentation during this period. The drill cores revealed evidence of shale gas and the TOC of shale is 0.33%–3.60%, with an average value of 1.39% and Ro is 0.84%–1.21%, with an average value of 1.002%. The brittleness index of shale is between 52.7% and 100%. After vertical well fracturing, the daily gas production is more than 1000 m^(3). Our findings show that the basin has considerable potential for shale oil and gas. The geological resources of the shale gas in the Xiguayuan Fm. are estimated as 1110.12 × 10^(8) m^(3), with shale oil geological resources of 3340.152 × 10^(4) t. Our findings indicate that the Yanshan orogenic belt has potential exploration prospect. This work not only redefines the Luanping Basin as a rift deep-water Mesozoic Lake Basin, but also rules out the previous notion that the basin is dominated by shallow water sediments. The discovery of shale oil and gas also provides an important reference for subsequent petroleum exploration and development in this basin. Our study shows that shale oil and gas reservoirs can be found in the lacustrine basins of orogenic belts which were strongly influenced by volcanism. These results have significant implications for the sedimentology and oil exploration in the Qinling and Xingmeng Orogenic Belts of China, as well as those in other terranes of the world including the New England Orogenic Belt in Australia.

Petroleum Geology Exploration Techniques of Dagang Oilfield

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万米深井上部大尺寸井眼钻柱动力学特性研究

油气勘探已向更深、更复杂的超深层的万米勘探新领域推进,但上部大尺寸井眼给万米深井的钻井提出了巨大挑战:岩石硬和返速低导致钻速慢,大尺寸井眼内剧烈振动导致钻具裂纹多发,钻压小则钻速慢,钻压稍大则下部振动快速加剧从而导致大尺寸钻具使用寿命远低于预期。为此,在对比研究了深地川科1井(以下简称SDCK-1井)和毗邻8000 m超深井上部井段钻柱振动问题基础上,基于全井钻柱系统动力学模型和数值仿真方法,针对性研究了大尺寸井眼中的钻柱动力学特性。研究结果表明:①井眼尺寸越大,钻头和下部钻具的振动越剧烈,SDCK-1井二开大尺寸井眼与邻井中等尺寸井眼相比(井深500 m处),其钻头及下部钻具振动强度均值分别增加了48.0%和41.5%,比SDCK-1井三开中等尺寸3000 m井深的钻头及下部钻具振动强度均值分别高了29.0%和2.9%;②相同井眼尺寸和岩石特性情况下,下部钻具组合比钻柱整体长度对钻头振动的影响更大,优化下部钻具组合能够明显改善钻头振动,保护钻头,同时还可以提高钻头破岩能量利用效率实现钻井提速;③在大尺寸井眼中钻头破岩激励向上传播,横向振动衰减慢于轴向振动衰减,大尺寸钻头扭矩更大且钻压和扭矩波动更加明显,因此从保护下部钻具的角度出发,大尺寸井眼钻具组合对抑制横振更加有效;④大尺寸井眼中下部钻具弯矩和弯矩波动更大,现场频繁出现的钻具裂纹除受控于整体振动强度较大以外,交变弯矩是裂纹发生的重要原因。结论认为,该研究成果揭示了超深井大尺寸井眼中钻柱的动力学特性,指出了应着重控制横振和交变弯矩,该认识可以为超深井上部大尺寸井眼钻井提供技术指导。

不同勘探方法对浅层小断距隐伏断裂探测效果

采用浅层地震勘探、钻孔联合剖面勘探、槽探3种方法联合探测临汾盆地郭家庄断裂的空间位置,并研究其活动特征。结果表明,不同探测方法对断层信息的揭示存在很大差异,浅层地震勘探在探测具有一定断距的断层,同时地层存在一定物性差异的情况下能取得理想的效果,且不同的工作参数探测效果不相同;钻孔联合剖面勘探能提高对小断距断层的分辨率,但受地形及地层主观认别等因素的影响,可能会遗漏断距小、标识层薄的断层;槽探能较好地识别地表断层的微小断距,但受施工深度和施工条件影响。3种方法相结合,可以精确确定断裂的空间位置和活动特征。

钻井利器的故事之“全液压岩心钻机”

钻机作为钻探工程中最重要的地面设备,是当之无愧的钻井利器。全液压岩心钻机是岩心钻机的主要发展方向。本文从科普的角度,介绍了岩心钻机在破岩过程中提供压力和旋转运动的主要作用,类比杠杆分析液压传动的工作原理,回顾了立轴式手把钻机、立轴式油压钻机到全液压岩心钻机的发展历程,阐述模块化轻便岩心钻机的特点及适合绿色勘查要求的优越性,并指出全液压岩心钻机的智能化、高效化、绿色化的发展方向。

钻井利器的故事之“液动潜孔锤”

在各种钻探方法中,液动冲击回转钻进具有效率高、质量好、回次长、事故少、成本低等优点,而液动潜孔锤又是液动冲击回转钻进的技术核心。本文梳理了各种液动潜孔锤的结构特点及其与绳索取心钻具、孔底动力钻具相结合衍生的各种钻具,简要介绍了这一技术的典型应用案例,总结归纳了其下一步发展方向和技术难点,以期普及液动锤的应用,促进液动冲击回转钻进技术的进步。

基于多层次探测研究茅山断裂带北延段空间展布特征及第四纪活动性

本文介绍了从深至浅完成对茅山断裂北延立体式综合探测方法。使用重力场资料解译和大地电磁勘探初步定位断裂,随后通过浅层地震勘探进行精确定位,最后根据跨断点的小间距钻孔联合地质剖面探测法捕获了上断点并研判其第四纪活动性。研究发现:①茅山断裂带继续向北延伸入镇江市区,茅山断裂带北延段切割深度至少延伸至中地壳区域;②茅山断裂带北延段浅部区域表现出正断性质,倾向东,走向北东,视倾角约为60°,视断距约为3~5 m;③钻孔联合地质剖面探测结果显示,断点两侧基岩面落差较小,上覆第四纪地层未发现较大的起伏,未见第四纪有明显活动迹象,综合判断茅山断裂带北延段为前第四纪断裂。本项研究初步表明,茅山断裂在地理空间上可能与江苏陆域历史上两次显著的地震事件存在联系。这一发现为进一步研究该地区的发震构造特征和地震活动规律提供了新的视角,并可能对今后的相关研究有所启发。

知识图谱在油气勘探开发中的应用现状与发展趋势

在油气能源产业中,知识图谱对油气资源的高效勘探开发有利于推动石油天然气工业的高质量发展。知识图谱作为一种基于人工智能和知识表示的新兴技术,逐渐成为油气勘探开发领域的研究热点和重点。为此,按照物探、钻完井、测井和油藏工程4大领域系统总结了知识图谱在石油勘探开发中的应用现状,在此基础上,结合大语言模型,剖析了知识图谱在石油勘探开发中所面临的挑战,并展望其未来发展方向。研究结果表明:(1)在油气勘探开发领域,知识图谱结合深度学习模型和专家经验,广泛应用于地质数据管理、信息解释、异常检测与分析、智能决策支持、故障诊断、测井数据综合分析、测井资料解释、测井曲线自动匹配、油藏描述、油藏数值模拟、油藏管理及设备故障维护,实现了数据质量提升、资料利用率提高和油藏动态实时监控等功能,有效提高了勘探开发效率;(2)知识图谱在油气勘探开发中面临数据多源异构、专业知识获取与表示、知识更新和维护、算力资源需求、跨学科协作与应用等挑战,需要在技术、标准、协作机制等方面进行持续探索和创新,以充分发挥知识图谱在石油勘探开发中的潜力。结论认为:(1)知识图谱技术具有广阔的应用前景,可开展油气勘探开发中的知识搜索、知识推荐、知识共享、智能问答以及知识推理、知识计算、知识图谱与大语言模型融合;(2)聚焦油气勘探开发大模型、基于机理模型和智能模型结合的仿真模型、多模态技术探索等方面的技术攻关,将推动行业向更加智能化、智慧化、高效化和精准化的方向发展。

PDC钻头钻进岩石破碎过程及其与钻进规程参数关系的分析研究

PDC复合片钻头在地质勘探和石油天然气钻井等领域得到了广泛的应用,取得了很好的技术经济效果。但是,对于其碎岩过程及其与钻进规程参数间的关系研究不够深入,影响了技术经济指标的进一步提高。俄罗斯钻探工作者在这方面做了很多工作,取得了一定效果,值得引起我们的注意。例如,他们建议,由于岩石破碎方式是变化的,所以,尽量使岩石破碎处于体积破碎状态;如果把钻头每转进尺能耗量指标作为一个评价指标考虑进去,则评价系统会更加科学和更加全面;钻头每转进尺,不是越高越好,有一个最优值,这个最优值与钻进规程参数密切相关;提出了临界钻进规程的概念,即当轴载和转速的乘积高达一定数值时,切削具温度急剧上升、钻头磨损明显加剧,冲洗液量再大也无济于事,因此,此时应该采取措施,及时调整规程参数,避免钻进过程处于临界规程状态,以便使钻进处于正常状态,继续钻进下去。

实现致密气高效开发的气体钻井技术

对钻井、完井、压裂都是水基工作液的技术体系,在中国大多数致密砂岩储层中都存在无法回避、无法消除的严重、甚至致命的水锁伤害,从而导致低产低效、甚至开发失败,即便是目前热门的水平井分段压裂技术,也由于水锁伤害而偏于高成本、低效益。目前,气体钻井是彻底消除水锁伤害的唯一方法。文章通过分析致密气地质特征及在勘探开发中的储层伤害,指出了气体钻井技术在致密气勘探开发中的优势,倡导在致密气勘探开发过程中采用气体钻井技术以提高对储层的发现和开发。以塔里木DX1井为范例,展示了气体钻井技术用于致密气的勘探;以四川盆地气体钻直井、斜井、水平井为范例,展示了气体钻井技术用于浅层致密气的开发;以塔里木DB104井为范例,展示了气体钻井技术用于深层致密气的开发。文章最后指出,气体钻井用于致密气的勘探与开发,属于刚刚起步的探索性新技术,尚有诸多技术难题有待解决,尤其是气体钻水平井的配套技术,但这些技术在目前的科技、工业水平下应该是可以解决的,需要的是关注、投入和坚持。

基于绿色勘查的浅层钻探技术方法研究与实践

绿色勘查是新一轮找矿突破战略行动的主要模式,是统筹找矿突破与生态环境保护的有效手段。钻探技术作为直接获取地下实物信息的唯一手段,在新一轮找矿突破行动中具有不可替代的作用。成矿带浅覆盖区资源潜力巨大,是国家资源能源战略保障的重要前沿阵地,利用浅钻“剥离”覆盖层,采集残积层、新鲜基岩等实物样品,通过分析测试确定矿体埋藏深度、品位和储量,是覆盖区找矿的有效方法。本文在收集和总结国内外浅钻设备研究进展基础上,梳理我国基于绿色勘查的浅钻技术研究与实践进展,分析浅钻技术发展趋势,提出构建高效率、小扰动、少污染、低碳排的浅层绿色钻探技术装备体系,推进我国地质矿产勘查行业的绿色可持续发展。

邯东断裂浅部特征及第四纪活动性分析

邯东断裂为太行山山前断裂以东的一条隐伏断裂,是华北平原坳陷区内邯郸凹陷的东界断裂,位于邯郸东部新区规划建设范围内。研究其空间分布特征和活动性对于地震危险性评价及城区重大工程项目选址具有重要意义。本文采用浅层地震勘探、钻孔联合剖面探测和年代学测试方法,对邯东断裂的展布特征及第四纪活动性进行系统研究,共布设跨断裂浅层地震勘探测线6条、钻孔联合地质剖面3条。综合分析表明,邯东断裂为一条近NNE-SSE走向的高角度正断层,倾向W,视倾角约50°~75°。断裂上断点埋深南浅北深,最新活动时代为中更新世晚期。中更新世早期,南段与北段相比较为活跃。

神府矿区采空区精细化综合勘探技术研究

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