Assessment of Pig Disease Prevention of Smallholder Farmers and Village Animal Health Workers in Rural and Peri-Urban Cambodia

Biosecurity measures are essential for protecting pig health, however, these practices are not always utilized by smallholder farmers in Cambodia. This study aimed to assess the knowledge and practices, in terms of pig biosecurity measures, of individual stakeholders involved in pig production in rural and peri-urban households in Cambodia. A survey tool was developed and administered using Kobotoolbox, an online electronic survey tool. Surveys were conducted in the provinces of Kampong Thom, Siem Reap, and Battambang during December 2017 to September 2018. There were 225 pig farmers, 43 village animal health workers (VAHWs), 3-district veterinarians (DVs), and 81 feed store owners enrolled in the study. Results showed that several biosecurity guidelines are not followed or well understood by farmers. Specific concerning practices included using natural boars, sharing pig equipment (e.g. scales), feeding kitchen waste, managing other livestock, handling manure, and not restricting access by visitors (VAHWs or DVs, boar owners, pig buyers, neighbors, and meat sellers). Thus, education of pig smallholder farmers and VAHWs on pig biosecurity is needed for improving pig health and production, economic value, and livelihood of smallholder farmers in Cambodia.

The Protection of the “Third Kind of Workers” in Gig Economy from the Perspective of Social Rights

Due to the new flexible employment mode of the gig economy,many workers in the gig economy cannot be classified according to the traditional dualistic division of labor relations and non-labor relations,and their rights are basically under no protection.As human beings making a living through their labor,the workers in the gig economy should be entitled to basic human rights,among which the most directly related is social rights.The concept and theoretical framework of"independent workers"put forward by American scholars is more conducive to the protection of their social rights.This theory not only has the legal basis of international law,but also conforms to the legislative purpose of striking a balance between the protection of workers and the sustainable development of the gig economy.It is also practical.Based on this theory,China’s national conditions,and the core conventions of the International Labour Organization,we propose a new way to protect"the third kind of workers"in the gig economy.

Safeguarding Farmer Workers' Rights and Interests——An interview with Ye Jingyi, professor of Beijing University Law School

Farmer workers are a new powerful workforce that has sprung up amid China＇s reform and door opening and in the process of the country＇s industrialization and urbanization. They have made great contributions to urban prosperity, rural development and their country＇s modernization. At present, however, farmer workers face numerous difficulties and problems in income, work safety, social security, vocational training, the schooling of their children and living conditions. To safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of farmer workers, the State Council in March 2006 issued Ideas of the State Council on Solving Farmer Workers-related Problems. In the document, the State Council promises to strengthen and improve leadership over work regarding farmer workers and prioritize the solving of farmer workers-related problems.

The Impact of Development of Rural Finance in Jiangxi Province on the Agricultural Economy and Farmers’ Income

Based on the rural economic data pertaining to the development of rural finance, the growth of agricultural economy and farmers' income in Jiangxi Province during the period 1990-2009, we conduct empirical research on the impact of development of rural finance on the growth of agricultural economy and farmers' income, using the ADF test method, the Granger causality test, and regression analysis. The results show that the development of rural finance in Jiangxi Province has a significant positive effect on the growth of rural economy and farmers' income. When the ending balance of agricultural loans increases by 1 unit, the agricultural added value will increase by 0.367 1 units; when the ending balance of agricultural loans increases by 1 unit, farmers' income will increase by 0.597 5 units, indicating that the development of rural finance plays a significant role in promoting the per capita net income of farmers.Finally we propose to increase agricultural credit efforts in the financial institutions, establish and improve the agricultural credit management system.

Thoughts on Living Difficulties of Farmers and Marketing Economy in the Risk Society

The paper combs the problems about living difficulties of farmers and marketing economy in the risk society and puts forward another point of view that with the theory of risk society,reconsider the dilemma of living choices of farmers under the background of marketing economy.On the basis of the statistics,the paper discloses the trend of larger and larger disparities of incomes between urban and rural areas;the paper explains the risks and uncertainties of life choices with the background of deepening marketing economy.In order to understand the life dilemma of farmers and marketing economy in the risk society,the paper makes an analysis from perspectives of the relationships between risk society and markets,the risks of farmers' living choices.The results show that in the risk society,because of the division space from time,the personal farmers are devoid of the safe environment.Then the situation deepens to worse.In addition to the organization which is not in charge results in a situation that the personal farmers would take all risks by themselves.

Analysis on the Rural Cooperative Organization Established by Returning Migrant Workers——A Case of the Cooperative Organization of Han's Cattle and Lamb Fattening in Gonghe County,Qinghai Province

Taking the Han's Cattle and Lamb Fattening Cooperative Organization in Gonghe County of Qinghai Province as an example,the geographic situation,establishment process and operation situation of the cooperative organization are expounded.And then the social effect of returning migrant workers who start their own business is analyzed.In the first place,starting their own business has promoted the rapid development of economy at county level;in the second place,it has promoted the adjustment of agricultural structure;in the third place,it is conducive to reallocating resources.The problems in the development of Han's Cattle and Lamb Fattening Cooperative Organization are analyzed from four aspects covering weakening of village' cadres,multiple ethnic groups,difficulties in expanding scale cooperation and inadequate funds.Three countermeasures which are conducive to creating favorable external environment for migrant workers to start their own businesses,takes the ethnic factors into consideration and implements scale operation,so as to solve the new problems in the process of developing rural farmers' cooperative organization and provide the evidence for formulating relevant policies.

The Function,Future and Support Elements of Farmer Cooperative Economy Organization

The nature of farmer cooperative economy organization( known as FCEO) determines the fact that the economic effects of farmer cooperative economy organization are as important as its social effects. Many experts,however,now would only focus on its economic function, and either neglect or weaken its social influence. Therefore,this paper introduces the theoretical foundation of the farmer cooperative economy organization,and studies the nature of cooperative economics. Based on those typical cases,the future of cooperative organization and four supporting elements were put forward in this paper.

数字经济发展与农民工就业质量:契机与困境——基于CFPS 2018数据的多层模型分析

数字经济的发展为农民工高质量就业注入了新动能,为其转型升级提供了契机,但同时也带来了新困境。基于2018年中国家庭追踪调查(CFPS)数据,采用HLM模型从多层视角剖析了数字经济对农民工就业质量的影响及其内在机制,并揭示了农民工就业质量各个维度的实际问题。研究结果表明,数字经济在宏观层面优化了就业结构,在微观层面促进了弱关系社会资本以及人力资本的积累,进而显著改善了农民工的就业质量,尤其是在收入水平提升和劳动合同签订率方面;但也存在部分低收入农民工无法享受“数字收入红利”以及“灵活化”劳动合同的问题。数字经济对工作时间的影响表现出双向效应,数字经济的快速发展所催生的新型职业岗位和劳动关系模式,也暴露出劳动保障缺失的制度漏洞。异质性分析进一步表明,数字经济会对具有某些特征的农民工群体产生偏向性,会加剧农民工内部的不平等。最后针对性地提出了改善农民工就业质量的政策建议。

新时代乡村振兴中的小农户多元化发展——一个河西走廊生态移民村的个案考察

小农户生存与发展仍然是巩固拓展脱贫攻坚成果同乡村振兴有效衔接的重中之重。河西走廊东段生态移民村富民新村的经济发展表现出农业规模化、现代化发展趋势明显,农业经营主体多元化特征鲜明,生计策略多元和小农户分化多样等特征。乡村振兴阶段性成效则突出表现在产业兴旺带动乡村集体经济发展壮大、农民可支配收入增加以及美丽乡村和幸福家园建设等方面。因此,优化生产要素结构、解决土地流转和劳动力流失问题、按照“纵向一体化”的方式推进农业生产全程社会化服务及重视地方知识激活乡村社会文化资源,是进一步推动小农户发展的关键策略。

互联网嵌入、资源获取与新农人创业成长绩效

将互联网思维纳入互联网嵌入变量,依据江西、河南和安徽512户新农人调查数据,运用内生转换回归(ESR)模型考察了互联网嵌入对新农人创业成长绩效的影响效应,并采用中介效应模型实证检验了资源获取在二者之间的传导机制。研究发现:互联网嵌入显著提升了新农人创业成长绩效,同时扩大了新农人创业成长绩效的差距;相对于返乡创业农民工和本土农业创业者,互联网嵌入对返乡创业大学生和跨界创业者创业成长绩效的促进作用更大,相对于非新型经营主体,互联网嵌入对新型经营主体新农人创业成长绩效的促进作用更大。机制结果分析显示:互联网嵌入有利于提升新农人的人力资源、社会资源、财务资源、政策资源,进而提高其创业成长绩效。因此,要进一步提高新农人互联网嵌入水平,提升其互联网的资源获取能力,增强互联网嵌入对创业成长绩效的作用,同时采取差异化支持政策,加强对弱势新农人支持力度,促进新农人创业成长。

劳动关系微分化视角下网约工劳动权益的法律保障

在算法技术与平台经济相得益彰共同推进数字经济向纵深方向发展的过程中,劳动关系日益呈现出微分化的演化趋势,使得以网约工为代表的新业态从业人员陷入了“身份不明确”的主体性危机与“权益保障难”的双重困境,不仅对传统的劳动从属基础性理论提出了新的挑战,而且也日益凸显现行法律制度供给不足的现状。基于网约工群体经济从属性、人格从属性与组织从属性微分化趋势之系统理论分析,科学审视与证成微分化视阈下具有劳动从属性的网约工“第三类劳动者”之身份,并将“内在经济与人格从属程度的差距均以外在劳动量的差别为表现形式”这一从属性微分化之核心作为识别与判定标准,对具有不同强度从属性的“第三类劳动者”给予不同程度的劳动法倾斜保护,希冀能平衡平台经济有序发展与网约工劳动权益合法保障之间的关系,为健全和完善我国劳动法律制度体系提供符合数字经济内在运行规律的科学立法选择。

数字经济对农民工就业质量的影响机制分析

本文在系统梳理数字经济对劳动力市场作用机制基础上,采用2020年中国家庭追踪调查(CFPS)数据和全国25个省(市、自治区)数据进行匹配,以探究数字经济发展对农民工就业质量的影响。研究发现,数字经济能显著提升农民工就业质量,具体表现为减少劳动时间、改善福利保障和提高工作满意度,但对其工资收入和工作稳定性呈负向影响。进一步分析表明,数字经济可通过推动产业结构高级化和提升信息获取便利度赋能农民工高质量就业,且该作用存在行业异质性。据此建议,优化数字经济平台,完善薪酬保障和支付体系;注重数字技术推广,建立就业信息平台;推动公平就业机会和福利保障,促进行业间协同发展。

返乡创业质量与农民共同富裕

本文在高质量发展和共同富裕目标背景下,基于2019年和2022年返乡创业企业调查数据,实证检验了返乡创业质量对农民收入的影响及作用机制,进而回答返乡创业高质量发展对实现农民共同富裕的影响。研究发现,返乡创业质量显著提高了农民收入,返乡创业质量每提高1个标准差,农民收入增加1.111%。调节效应表明,营商环境强化了返乡创业质量对农民增收的影响,且这一效应在第三产业和中部、西部地区更强。进一步研究发现,返乡创业质量显著促进了低收入群体增收,并提高其进入中高收入群体的概率,缩小了农民内部收入差距和城乡收入差距。本文结论为全面认识返乡创业行为的影响效应提供新证据,对促进企业高质量发展和实现农民共同富裕具有政策启示。

乡村数字经济促进农村公共服务高质量发展研究

为了解数字经济对农村公共服务质量的影响,以2013—2022年30个省份为样本,采用基准回归和门槛效应模型进行分析。结果表明,数字经济显著提升了农村公共服务质量和农民满意度;乡村数字经济对农村公共服务质量的促进作用在经济发展和农村人力资本水平达到一定阈值之后会显著增强,应注意“数字鸿沟”的门槛效应;异质性分析表明,农村公共服务质量受数字经济影响最大的是东部地区。据此,地方政府应强化数字经济在农村公共服务体系的嵌入、培养高素质农民。

农村集体经济发展促进农民共同富裕的实现机制研究——陕西省袁家村的经验

发展壮大农村集体经济是实现农民共同富裕的关键路径,也是促进农民共同富裕的经济基础,但要实现农民共同富裕的目标,还必须有良好的制度保障和环境保障作为支撑。本文通过对陕西省袁家村走向共同富裕的案例进行解剖,讨论在共同富裕的微观实践中农村集体经济高质量发展如何推动农民走向共同富裕。研究表明:(1)农村集体经济发展壮大是促进农民共同富裕的物质基础,但这并不构成农民实现共同富裕的必然条件,要想实现“村庄强”和“农民富”的双重目标,还必须在发展壮大农村集体经济的前提下,构建科学的分配机制与治理环境;(2)农村集体经济发展受乡土社会结构和社会关系影响,因而在进行农村集体经济发展成果分配时必须充分吸收乡土社会运行规则,通过逆市场化的方式来推动分配机制创新,促进集体经济发展成果在村域内实现公平分配;(3)良好的村庄治理生态是实现经济可持续发展和集体成果公平分配的保障,因而在推动经济发展和集体收益分配的过程中,必须重视改善村庄治理生态,以此构建集体经济发展、农民共同富裕和村庄实现善治的良好格局。

数字经济、空间溢出与农民收入增长

基于2013—2019年283个城市的面板数据,本文系统剖析数字经济与农民收入增长之间的关系及其空间溢出效应。研究结果发现,数字经济不仅直接促进农民增收,还通过提升创业活跃度间接对农民收入产生积极影响;数字经济对农民增收的推动作用存在明显的区域和时间异质性;数字经济与农民增收存在显著的空间相关性,数字经济显著促进本地区农民增收,同时正向影响周边地区农民收入,具有一定的空间溢出效应。上述结论为探讨数字经济的增收效应提供中观层面的经验证据和分析视角,也为数字经济时代推进乡村振兴、迈向共同富裕给予政策参考。

数字经济、农村劳动力迁移与农民农村共同富裕

文章使用2012—2022年我国30个省份的数据,实证考察数字经济、农村劳动力迁移与农民农村共同富裕三者之间的关系,并实证检验人口密度的调节作用。研究发现,数字经济发展水平和农民农村共同富裕水平均呈现稳步上升趋势;数字经济能够促进农民农村共同富裕,农村劳动力迁移在其中起到部分中介作用。进一步研究发现,人口密度在数字经济对农民农村共同富裕的影响过程中具有正向调节作用。面板门槛模型的回归结果显示,在经济发展环境越好的地区,数字经济对农民农村共同富裕的推动作用越强。

数字乡村建设对农户共同富裕的影响--基于农民工返乡创业的中介作用

全民共同富裕关键在于农户共同富裕,而数字乡村建设是实现农户共同富裕的重要渠道。基于2012—2022年我国30个省份(因数据缺失,未包括西藏地区和港澳台地区)面板数据,创新性将数字乡村建设、农民工返乡创业与农户共同富裕纳入同一发展框架,以实证检验三者间关系。研究结果显示,数字乡村建设有助于促进农民工返乡创业和农户共同富裕;数字乡村建设可以通过农民工返乡创业正向影响农户共同富裕,且该结论具有一定稳健性;数字乡村建设的促进效应存在受教育程度和农业劳动生产率的异质性,具体表现为对农户受教育程度较低地区以及与低农业劳动生产率地区农户共同富裕的促进效应更强。基于研究结论,本文从全面加快推进数字乡村建设、多措并举促进农民工返乡创业就业、因地制宜推动区域协调发展方面,提出促进农户共同富裕的关键路向。

新就业形态劳动者的职业发展与转型——以外卖骑手为例

数字经济塑造的新就业形态劳动者已经成长为我国劳动群体的重要力量,其劳动过程与职业发展方向持续受到数字技术的影响和形塑。选取外卖骑手作为新就业形态劳动者的代表,研究发现:外卖骑手具有高职业流动性,长在线工作时长,以及薪资水平明显分化的就业特征,其职业技能涉及社会适应性技能、行业通适性技能和岗位专用性技能三大层次。外卖骑手有在网约配送行业内部实现等级提升、通过职务晋升和内部转岗实现工作转型以及转业至其他工作领域的三条职业发展路径,但是在路径搭建的过程中均面临着现实困境。新就业形态劳动者长久的职业发展需要有更多的政策支持与制度保障。

数字经济助力农业现代化发展的作用机理、现实困境与实践路径

数字经济主要从“资金—技术—人才”三重维度推动农业现代化发展,并通过引资入农、引技入农、引智入农,以数字金融、数字技术和数字人才等破除农业融资约束、提高农业生产效率、拓展农业服务空间,助力农业现代化发展。研究发现:当前,数字经济助力农业现代化发展面临着资金投入比例有待提高、科技支撑力度不足、数字人才建设有待加强等现实困境。鉴于此,应健全农业现代化发展的资金投入体系、技术创新体系、人才投入体系;完善农业资金投入机制、推进农业科技创新、加强农业数字人才队伍建设;为数字经济助力农业现代化发展提供资金、技术和人才保障。