Subsistence Farming Towards Sustainable Economic Agriculture of Small Farmers in the Developing Countries

Subsistence farming,a form of cultivation in which almost all crops or livestock are used to maintain farms and the farm family,leaving little,surplus for sale and trade.Pre-industrial farming peoples all over the countries of the worldwide apply subsistence agriculture system and take advantage of the possibilities available to them from land and water resources in all locations of agriculture sites.The agricultural production has become more specialized and developed in the subsistence farming system,and farmers have produced abundant production from many horticulture crops that are traded among them and achieve their selfsufficiency from those crops.

Influence of Different Subsistence States of CeO_2^-ZrO_2 Mixed Oxides in Catalyst Coating on Catalytic Properties

The metallic substrate-catalysts with different subsistence states of CeO2-ZrO2 mixed oxides were prepared and the catalytic properties were investigated. The studies on CeO2-ZrO2-V2O5-CuO mixed oxides which were prepared by coprecipitation, show that the doping of V^5＋ and Cu^2＋ in CeO2-ZrO2 mixed oxides can enhance the catalytic activity and thermal stability of coating materials. Moreover, different additives were doped in slurries of γ-Al2O3 to investigate the influence of additives on oxidation activity of catalysts. The mixture of ceria-zirconia, alkali metals and other rare earths acting as additives exhibits promotion effect on oxidation activity by optimizing the distribution of oxygen on the surface and in the bulk of ceria species. This mentioned mixture was mixed with γ-Al2O3 and a newly proposed active component to prepare a new catalyst. Afterward, the influence of thermal treatment on the new catalyst were investigated by calcinations at 500, 650, 750, 800, 850 and 900 ℃ for 2 h. The light-off curves of CO and HC show that after being treated at 650 - 750 ℃, catalysts present the best activity. XRD patterns show that ceria and zirconia species in the newly proposed active component form a phase of extra CeO2-ZrO2 mixed oxides on the surface of catalysts after the thermal treatment at 750 ℃, which has practical value for improving the preparation process and promoting the catalytic properties. Moreover, XPS resuits imply the existence of Ce1-xPdxO2-σ and Ce1- xPtxO2-σ on the surface of these treated samples, which may show influence on the catalytic activities.

Targeted Poverty Alleviation Lies in Precisely Identifying the Poverty–Stricken Population: An Analysis of the Targeting Effect of the Rural Subsistence Allowance Policy

Poverty–stricken populations must be identified precisely in the fight against poverty to implement the strategy of building a moderately prosperous society in all respects by 2020. The analysis based on the household survey in 2013 shows that the targeting accuracy is not high based on the standard of income and the accuracy is higher based on the standard of multidimensional poverty index. But the latter still has a low coverage rate. To gradually achieve integration of the rural poverty line and the rural subsistence allowance line, standards applied to identifying households entitled to subsistence allowances should be changed from the standard of income to multidimensional poverty indexes. A unified standard of subsistence allowances and a unified method for identifying related households should be developed. At the same time, coverage and funding of subsistence allowances should be extended and increased to better meet people's basic needs.

Review of Effective Convergence between China's Rural Minimum Subsistence Security System and the Development Policy of Poverty Alleviation

Based on the conclusion of the related researches on China's rural poverty alleviation policies and poverty problems,studies of Chinese scholars on the convergence between rural minimum subsistence system and the development policies of poverty alleviation are illustrated and personal understandings proposed.On the one hand,considering the actual situations of the quickening of China's urbanization and deepening of poverty,it is necessary to make significant adjustment and transformation in China's poverty reduction policies and minimum subsistence security system.On the other hand,it is pointed out that there is no omnipotent experience to follow in the convergence of minimum subsistence security system and poverty reduction policies.The actual conditions in various regions should be taken into consideration.And it is suggested that China should achieve the organic integration of rural minimum subsistence security system and poverty alleviation policies from management,capital and policy.

Land Use Change and Its Effect on Environment Based on Farmers’Behaviors: A Case Study in Agricultural Areas of Tibet, China

In the case study in Agricultural Area of Tibet, the process and characteristics of farmers' land use were surveyed by semi-structural interview questionnaire. By comparing the change of land covers and farmers' land decision in two periods, the spatial connection of them was obtained. And the relations among farmers' land decision, land use change and environment were examined by calculating emergy and value flow. The results show that: hunting the maximal profits is the primary aim of farmers' land decision; farmers' land decision is incompatible with sustainable land use presently; farmers' land decision and land cover can be embodied spatially by each other; the change of farmers' land decision can be monitored by observing the change of land cover, and the sustainability of farmers' land decision can be appraised by calculating emergy and value flow.

The Chinese Expression of the Right to Subsistence:The Progressive Disclosure of the Dual Dimensions

Dedicated to the independence and prosperity of the country and the happiness of the people,the Communist Party of China has continuously enriched and developed the human rights system with Chinese characteristics during a century of arduous efforts.The right to subsistence,as the primary basic human right,is expressed from dual dimensions:the international dimension and the domestic dimension.However,the current Chinese human rights discourse hasn’t paid enough attention to the international dimension of the right to subsistence,and its content at the domestic dimension needs further clarification.This not only makes it difficult to provide a sound theoretical basis and development direction for the practices of the right to subsistence but also directly affects the integrity of the human rights system with Chinese characteristics,which is not conducive to using our human rights discourse to disseminate China’s achievements and gain international recognition.Therefore,it is vital to further improve the theory construction of the dual dimensions of the right to subsistence in the human rights system with Chinese characteristics.With the country as the main form and carrier,the international dimension of the right to subsistence originates from the people’s demands emerging from the domestic level and ending at the international level.It aims to be able to stand in the international community with dignity and possess good conditions and environments at home and abroad for the people to exercise and protect their rights.The domestic dimension of the right to subsistence centers on each individual,takes development as the measurement of human rights,and looks at the initial stage of the development axis.The progress from the domestic dimension of the right to subsistence to the right to development is achieved by satisfying the underlying needs for people’s subsistence.This also reflects the progressive deepening of emerging from the inside,responding from the outside,and then moving from the outside to the inside.

Factors Influencing Willingness and Ability of Farmers to Adopt New Technologies:A Case Study of Guanzhong Area

Based on data of 248 rural households in Pucheng County and Huxian County,we established the Two-Level Logit Model to analyze the willingness of farmers to adopt new technologies,its influence factors,and probability of successful adoption of new technologies.Results show that the willingness has positive correlation with whether the farmer is head of household,the educational level,occupation,agricultural loan,the number of family labor,and information dissemination channel,while it has negative correlation with non-agricultural employment proportion and whether the farmer is village cadre.In the model of the probability of farmers'successfully adopting new technologies,occupation,agricultural loan,planting area,gender and educational level are positively correlated,while age and non-agricultural employment proportion are negatively correlated.Largescale flow of rural labor plays a negative role in popularization of technologies in rural areas through influencing factors,including number of family labor,non-agricultural employment proportion,educational level,gender,and whether the farmer is village cadre.Finally,on the basis of results of empirical study,we put forward countermeasures and suggestions for strengthening ability of farmers to adopt new technologies.

Practical Logic and Discourse Interpretation of China’s Efforts to Safeguard the Right to Subsistence

The Communist Party of China has led the Chinese people to write a brilliant chapter of national development over the past century,wherein the nation has sounded a clarion call for safeguarding the right to subsistence and made fruitful achievements in this regard.However,there is still room for improvement in its systematic discourse of the right to subsistence.To accurately understand the Chinese theory on the right to subsistence,we must base it on China’s historical background and social reality.Through mining the white papers on human rights progress in China over the years and analyzing Chinese practices recorded thereby,we can figure out the practical logic for the country’s efforts in the protection of the right to subsistence,and with this as a clue,we can further interpret its discourse on the right to subsistence.Issues related to the right to subsistence can be divided into two levels:“basically solved”and“truly solved”.The former involves the settlement of the most fundamental issues closely related to the right to subsistence in fields like food,education,medical care,housing,and drinking water,and the latter corresponds to“improvement”in the right to subsistence.While consolidating and upgrading the existing basic rights,China works to enable its people to truly gain a foothold in society and achieve their aspiration for a better life through combining assistance and support from the government and society and the efforts of individuals.Understanding the right to subsistence in a dynamic and developmental manner is instrumental in better understanding the alignment between the right to subsistence and other human rights.

From Poverty To a Well-Off Life——Chinese people enjoy full rights to subsistence and development

Ⅰ The Chinese government has always attached much importance to human rights and placed the rights to subsistence and development of the more than one billion people above everything else. In the fundamental interests of the broadest possible masses of people, it has adopted a series of major policy measures toward this end, thus winning the support and love of the people. 1. No wavering in making economic development its central task and a matter of the first and foremost importance in invigo-

Research on the Virtuous Cycle Between the Right to Subsistence and the Right to Development

The right to subsistence and the right to development are the primary basic human rights,and there is a certain connection between the two.Although they refer to different things,they are mutually dependent and restricted.It is necessary to distinguish the right to development as a means and the right to development as an end.The former is the right to participate in,promote,and enjoy development,while the latter is the right of all people to enjoy free,comprehensive,and harmonious development.The protection of the right to subsistence and the right to development form an interacting virtuous cycle under certain conditions.The process of building a moderately prosperous society embodies this virtuous cycle.To build a modern socialist country in an all-round way,it is still necessary to keep on promoting the virtuous cycle between the right to subsistence and the right to development.

Western China Development Drive——Strategic decision for improving right to subsistence and development

The implementation of the Western China Development Strategy is a concrete expression of accelerating the economic development and social progress and sateguarding and protecting the right to subsistence and development of the people in that part of the country,

Study on the Rights to Subsistence and Development with Reference to the Origin of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights

I.The History of the Drafting of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights:the Position and Role of the UN Economic and Social Council and the General Assembly of the United Nations should not be Ignored The reason for me to use the term "source"in the discussion on the right to subsistence

数字空间中的爱国主义话语:嬗变、转向与应对

人类社会逐步进入新数字常态,数字化存在已成为一种基本存在方式。对数字空间中爱国主义话语进行审视,数字空间内自我身份的变化不居、空间交互的多元在场、情感主体的体验悬置、话语算法的多重博弈等因素在改变着爱国主义话语的存在场域和实践样貌,为爱国主义话语的发展带来了深刻变革和全新图景。在数据空间的全新挑战与机遇之下,需进一步加强爱国主义话语认同、话语共识、话语信任和话语治理建设,使其始终因应数据社会的环境变革,从数据新形态构筑稳固的爱国主义情感共同体。

四川宁南钟家梁子遗址人骨的稳定同位素

本文通过对四川宁南县钟家梁子遗址人骨样品的C、N稳定同位素分析,探索该遗址及金沙江中下游地区先民的食物结构和生业经济。结果显示,钟家梁子遗址先民的δ^(13)C值范围为-18.4‰~-10.0‰,δ^(15)N值范围为4.76‰~12.63‰,表明其食物结构中C_(3)、C_(4)类食物均占有一定比例,且摄入了较多的动物性蛋白;不同性别、年龄及葬俗的群体间存在食谱差异。结合当地的自然环境及相关考古成果,推测钟家梁子遗址先民从事稻/粟混作农业,并通过采集野生植物进行补充;对动物资源的利用具有多样性,渔猎及家畜饲养均占有重要地位。通过对金沙江中下游地区相关研究的进一步梳理,发现该地区新石器时代晚期至青铜时代的作物结构一直以稻/粟混作为主,青铜时代开始种植小麦、大麦、大豆等作为补充,对植物资源的利用越发灵活和多样化。此外,该地区不同遗址的经济结构存在较大差别,可能受到了自然环境、地形阻隔、人群交流及当地文化传统等因素的影响。

试论山东城子崖遗址岳石先民的生计策略

城子崖遗址自龙山时期即为鲁北区域中心城址,岳石时期承继了龙山时期粟、黍、稻、小麦、稗组合,并继续利用黍亚科、早熟禾亚科等资源,延续了农业与采集业并存发展的生业经济模式,以及对农作物实施精细化管理和加工流程。相较于龙山时期,岳石时期城子崖以粟、黍、稻为代表的农作结构和野生植物利用种类等调控程度不一,反映出先民在自然和社会大环境变迁中生计策略的能动性调整,这当是城子崖所在鲁北,乃至海岱地区社会文化持续发展之动力。

新石器时期太湖流域先民的择址与生业——以马家浜文化、崧泽文化为中心

新石器时代先民往往倾向于在其特定取食方式下资源最集中的地点择址营生。马家浜文化、崧泽文化是太湖流域新石器时期考古学文化的重要组成部分,为探索史前生业经济、稻作农业起源等课题提供了丰富研究资料,其生业行为则反映了先民取食能力与遗址资源条件之间的影响作用。在马家浜文化、崧泽文化早期,渔猎采集定居者在择址营生时,周边是否有足够宽阔的水域环境是其首要考量因素,这种环境为他们尝试将自然洼地或小坑改造为小型稻田提供了先天便利。到了马家浜中晚期,先民只能利用土壤肥沃且不易渗漏的小洼坑种稻,当时尚在襁褓中的稻作生业随时有消失的风险。至崧泽中期时,先民已掌握稳定稻作的方法,稻作开始成为部分人群的主食。依托稻作农耕经济的推广以及人工堆筑土台技术之发明,崧泽先民在低洼的大平原地区择址营居时拥有更强主观能动性,客观上推动了其对太湖平原的开拓。

农地转出户生计资本对生计策略选择的影响——基于CFPS数据的微观实证

在合理筛选变量并对农户生计策略进行细分的基础上,基于中国家庭追踪调查(CFPS)全国整合样本的数据,构建自然资本、人力资本、物质资本、金融资本、社会资本及心理资本的6维生计资本量化指标体系,采用多项Logit模型实证分析生计资本对生计策略选择的影响规律。结果表明,不同生计策略类型的农地转出户的生计资本指标及总指数存在差异化的分化特征。自然资本、物质资本、金融资本越大的农户,越倾向选择农业主导型生计策略;自然资本、人力资本、社会资本越大的农户,越倾向选择农业兼业型生计策略;自然资本、人力资本、社会资本、心理资本越大的农户,越倾向选择务工兼业型生计策略;人力资本、社会资本、心理资本越大的农户,越倾向选择务工主导型生计策略。各影响因素对农户生计策略选择相对风险比具有差异性。据此提出政府要引导农户耕地规模化经营,健全社会化保障服务,完善农村金融体系,普及非农技能培训等差异化政策。

稳定同位素视角下龙山—岳石文化时期胶东半岛旱作农业的强化——以山东砣矶岛大口遗址出土人骨为例

山东烟台砣矶岛是庙岛群岛的重要组成部分,这里自古就是沟通胶东半岛与辽东半岛的重要海上通道。龙山文化至岳石文化时期,海岱地区的考古学文化面貌、聚落形态都发生了重大变化。这一时期,以砣矶岛先民为代表的海上岛屿人群,其生业方式经历了怎样的变化一直缺乏深入的研究。鉴于此,本文以砣矶岛大口遗址为研究对象,选取18例人骨开展了骨胶原的C、N稳定同位素分析。结果表明,除M4、M18外,大部分人群的食物结构均较为相似,较高的δ^(13)C、δ^(15)N值表明大口遗址先民摄取了大量的C_(4)类动物蛋白。结合考古资料及大口遗址独特的地理位置,我们认为这可能是先民大量食用粟黍、以粟黍副产品为食的家畜以及海洋生物所导致的。龙山文化至岳石文化时期,先民的食物结构未发生明显改变。在与胶—辽半岛同时期其他遗址的同位素数据进行对比后,本文认为,粟作农业始终是大口遗址人群最重要的生业经济类型,旱作农业在这一地区保持着不断强化的发展态势。

农村最低生活保障制度对脱贫户儿童营养健康状况的影响研究

低保作为农村福利体系最基础的环节,其减贫效应被学界广泛关注,但低保对脱贫户儿童营养健康状况的影响却常被忽视。从消费行为理论视角出发,构建理论模型讨论低保对脱贫户儿童营养健康状况的影响。基于中国家庭追踪调查(CFPS)2010−2014年三期数据,采用倾向得分匹配法(PSM)和中介模型分析低保对儿童营养健康状况的影响及作用机制。研究发现:①低保可以改善儿童的短期营养,不会影响儿童长期营养和健康结果;②儿童健康食品摄入得分对儿童短期营养状况的中介效应不显著,摄入过量则不健康食品得分在低保对儿童的短期营养状况的影响中产生遮掩效应;家庭食品支出起部分中介作用;③从流动性约束强度差异来看,低保对儿童短期营养状况的改善强度随脱贫户面临的流动性约束增强而减弱。由此可见,我国的低保制度仍有待完善,还需积极探索适合中国国情的有条件的现金转移支付模式,建立健全具有中国特色的转移支付体系。