Construction of Legal System of China's Farmland Protection under the Coexistence of Multiple Objectives:Historical Logic,Practical Problems and Optimization Paths

[Objectives]To explore the evolution of the legal system of farmland protection and explore the rules and characteristics of policy development based on the theory and logic of institutional change since China's reform and opening up,reveal the problems and deep-seated reasons of its legislation,clarify the direction of farmland protection in the new period,and solve the"non-agricultural""non-grain"and ecological problems of farmland.[Methods]Literature analysis and inductive deduction methods were used.[Results]The evolution of the farmland protection legal system has gone through the process of"national consciousness-policy guidelines-institutional system",the change from"single subject to multiple subjects";change from the use of"one-way administrative means to coordinated use of administrative,economic and technical means".The practical problems of the farmland protection legal system are mainly due to the insufficient systematization of the farmland protection legal system itself,the generalization of quantity protection,the transformation of quality protection,and the absence of ecological protection.[Conclusions]It is recommended to improve the existing farmland protection legal system from the establishment of the Farmland Protection Law,the improvement of the farmland protection public participation mechanism and supervision mechanism,the establishment of the farmland quality construction and improvement system,the differentiated farmland occupation and supplementation balance system,and the ecological restoration system.

Implementation Effect of Farmland Protection in Urumqi-Changji Economic Zone,China

A multi-level evaluation index system is established with farmland protection as the target layer,farmland quantity,farmland quality andfarmland sustainable development as the criterion layer.And the index layer includes the quantity change of farmland,per capita farmland area,multiple cropping index,total grain yield,unit grain yield,per capita grain security coefficient,and unit machinery dynamical input.Both expert eval-uation method and factor analysis method are used to determine the weight of index.According to the data in farmland area,grain yield and eco-nomic development in Urumqi-Changji Economic Zone in the years 1996-2007,a comprehensive evaluation model of intensive farmland use inUrumqi-Changji Economic Zone is established after data standardization.The overall implementation effect of farmland protection policy is ana-lyzed by integrating the farmland quantity,farmland quality and sustainable development.Result shows that implementation effect of farmland pro-tection shows an upward trend in general in Urumqi-Changji Economic Zone in the years 1996-2007,with a fluctuation in the years 2000-2003and a stable rising phase from 2004 till now.The maximum value is 0.779 in the year 2007;the minimum value is 0.242 in the year 1996;and themean value in the years 1996-2007 is 0.454.Farmland protection at first strictly controls the farmland quantity,then pays attention to farmlandquality,and finally focuses on the sustainable use of farmland.

Research of the Farmland Protection Based on Food Security——A Case Study of Anshan City in Liaoning Province, China

The quantity and quality of farmland is the key factor determining grain production capacity, so protecting farmland has become the key to guaranteeing food security. I take Anshan City in Liaoning Province as the study area which has its own particularity in terms of protecting farmland. Based on the prediction of population, coupled with the relevant data concerning farmland area, the per unit area yield of grain, the prediction and analysis of the balance of supply and demand of farmland in Anshan City are conducted. The results show that in the year 2010, the maximum supply amount of farmland that the city can offer is 239 000 hm2, and in the year 2020 the maximum supply amount of farmland that the city can offer will be 238 000 hm2; in the year 2010, the maximum demand amount of farmland is 204 186.02 hm2, and in the year 2020 the maximum supply amount of farmland will be 226 409.61 hm2. So the supply amount of farmland that the city can offer can meet the need of grain production objective. Some problems concerning farmland protection are pointed out in order to provide beneficial exploration of the farmland protection based on the model of food security.

Study on Landscape Pattern Index-based Connectivity Analysis of the Primary Farmland Protection Zones

Farmland and primary farmland protection are important contents of land management and land use planning of China. In the new round of land use planning and database construction, primary farmland protection zones are required to have high integrity and connectivity. Using landscape pattern indexes, the integrity and connectivity of primary farmland protection zones was studied in Licheng District of Jinan City. The results showed that, except patch area standard deviation, the other indexes including average patch area, patch area variation coefficient, patch edge density, largest patch index, and mean euclidean nearest-neighbor, all indicate high connectivity of primary farmland protection zones after layout adjustment. A simple and convenient method for identifying the integrity and connectivity of primary farmland protection zones was supplied.

Interregional compensation for farmland protection:From the perspective of farmland allocation optimization

Interregional compensation for farmland protection(IRCFP)is a policy instrument for encouraging farmland protection through interregional fiscal transfer payments.Previous practices and studies on IRCFP have generally determined the payers and recipients of compensation based on the present distribution of farmland,and the compensation standards did not combine farmland development right value with farmland deficit and surplus,resulting in insignificant effects on farmland protection and even policy failure.Therefore,in this study,we proposed an interregional compensation mechanism for farmland protection based on farmland allocation optimization by considering 31 provincial-level regions in China.The results showed that(1)the determination of farmland surplus or deficit areas based on farmland allocation optimization met the regional construction land demand from the perspective of achieving food security.(2)The combination of the compensation value standard and cropland deficit and surplus had a positive effect on farmland protection.(3)Interregional compensation for farmland protection based on farmland allocation optimization can coordinate economic development,farmland protection,and ecological conservation.Finally,we discussed the rationality of interregional compensation for farmland protection based on farmland allocation optimization and designed the operation mechanism of IRCFP.

Enlightenment of EU New Common Agricultural Policy on Protection and Sustainable Utilization of Cultivated Land in China

EU common agricultural policy is a guiding policy implemented by European member states for nearly 60 years and continuously reformed according to the international situation.At present,its reform direction is consistent with the requirements of cultivated land protection and sustainable utilization in China's"14^(th) five-year"plan,which could provide reference for China.Based on analyzing protection and sustainable utilization of cultivated land in China and the reform process of EU common agricultural policy,referring to main measures of the new common agricultural policy with advanced nature and superiority,and combining actual situation of China,three suggestions on promoting the implementation of cultivated land protection and sustainable utilization strategy in China are proposed:perfecting legal system of cultivated land protection and sustainable utilization in China,agricultural subsidies inclining to young farmers to stimulate the new vitality of cultivated land protection,taking green development as goal orientation and scientifically carrying out ecological construction of cultivated land,to provide better system guarantee for maintaining China's food security.

耕地保护视角下的新时期中国粮食安全态势与关键问题

As the world’s largest developing country,the ability of China’s agricultural resource utilization to effectively support the current and future food security goals has been affected by a variety of factors(e.g.,transformed supply channels,tightening international situation and frequent emergencies)in recent years and has attracted extensive attention from the academic community subject to multiple factors.This study uses literature review,statistical analysis,and spatial analysis methods to systematically explore China’s food security situation in the context of farmland resource constraints.It is found that the demand-side pressures such as demographic changes,social class differentiation,and dietary structure adjustments derived from economic growth and rapid urbanization have placed extremely high expectations on food supply.However,the quantitative restrictions,utilization ways,and health risks of farmland resources on the supply side constitute a huge hidden concern that affects the stability of food production.Although China’s farmland protection system is undergoing a transition from focusing on quantity management to sustainable use,the matching and coordinating demand pressure and supply capacity for food security is unbalanced.Therefore,facing uncertain future development scenarios,policymakers should focus on building a resilient space for China’s farmland protection to withstand the interference of major emergencies.The existing farmland protection space policy can be integrated by establishing a national farmland strategic reserve system(based on resilient space),and further development of targeted use control measures for zoning,grading,and classification will help realize sustainable China’s farmland resources use.

An Analysis of Suburban Agricultural Land Allocation System and Sustainable Development Strategy──Taking Kaifeng Suburban as an example

Based on the system theory, this paper discusses the structure and efficiency of agricuItural land use in Kaifeng Suburban. Such present problems as benefit deviation from resource al1ocation, distinguished unemployment and four kinds of contribution of urban agriculture land use are revealed. Then, in the view of sustainab1e development, some resolution measures to the problems are advanced out. These suggestions include farmland protection, ecological agriculture, sustainable land use and input decrease of synthetic matter.