The Effects of Farmyard Manure and Mulch on Soil Physical Properties in a Reclaimed Coastal Tidal Flat Salt-Affected Soil

Careful soil management is important for the soil quality and productivity improvement of the reclaimed coastal tidal flat saline land in northern Jiangsu Province, China. Farmyard manure（ FYM） and mulch applications, which affect soil characteristics and plant significantly, are regard as an effective pattern of saline land improvement. As a conventional management in the study region, FYM and mulch are used for the amendment of the new reclaimed tidal flat regularly, but little is known about their effects on soil physical properties functioning. A study was conducted on a typical coastal tidal flat saline land, which was reclaimed in 2005, to evaluate the effects of FYM, polyethylene film mulch（PM）, straw mulch（SM）, FYM combined with PM（FYM＋PM）, FYM combined with SM（FYM＋SM）, on soil hydraulic properties and soil mechanical impedance. CK represented conventional cultivation in study area without FYM and mulch application and served as a control. The experiment, laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications, was studied in Huanghaiyuan Farm, which specialized in the agricultural utilization for coastal tidal flat. Result showed that capillary water holding capacity（CHC）, saturated water content（SWC）, saturated hydraulic conductivity（ Ks） and bulk density（BD）, cone index（CI） were affected significantly by the FYM and mulch application, especially in the 0-10 cm soil layer. FYM and mulch management increased CHC, SWC and Ks over all soil depth in the order of FYM＋SM〉FYM＋PM〉FYM〉SM〉PM〉CK. With the contrary sequence, BD and CI decreased significantly; however, FYM and mulch application affected BD and CI only in the upper soil layers. CHC, SWC and Ks decreased significantly with the increasing of soil depth, BD and CI, and a significant liner equation was found between CHC, SWC, Ks and BD, CI. With the highest CHC（38.15%）, SWC（39.55%）, Ks（6.00 mm h-1） and the lowest BD（1.26 g cm-3） and CI（2.71 MPa）, the combined management of FYM and SM was recommend to be an effective method for the melioration of reclaimed coastal tidal flat saline soil.

Influence of Long Term Fertilization with Different Mineral Fertilizers and Farmyard Manure on Some Soil Chemical Properties and Crop Yields *1

A long term fertilization experiment was carried out in an experimental field in Lyczyn near Warsaw, Poland. Application ofmineral fertilizers, especially N fertilizers with and without farmyard manure accelerated the acidification process of the soil. Application of 1.6 t CaO ha -1 every four years was essential to maintenance of the soil pH KCl at 5.5～6.6 and base saturation degree above 60%. Application of 50 t farmyard manure ha -1 every 4 years, which contained 46 kg P and 240 kg K, was sufficient to maintain both the K and P fertility of the soil. Besides, it was beneficial to alleviating soil acidification. As a result of long term unbalanced fertilization, yield responses to N, P and K fertilizers increased significantly with time. The efficiency of N from farmyard manure was found to be comparable to that of N fertilizer during 1988～1991.

Ground cover management and farmyard manure effects on soil nitrogen dynamics, productivity and economics of organically grown lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. subsp, secalina)

Ground cover management and farmyard manure （FYM） management have important roles in organic lettuce production. However, there is not enough information about their combined effects. In order to assess the effects of individual and combined ground cover and FYM management on soil mineral N （NH4-N and NO3-N） dynamics, lettuce yield and economics in organic farming, a two-year field experiment was conducted on a certified organic farm in Kisa6 （Vojvodina, Serbia）. The experiment had a two-factorial split-plot completely randomized block design. FYM was applied on the half of the experimental field as a whole-plot factor, while ground cover management included the following four treatments： （I） control, without ground cover management （0）; （11） hoeing （H）; （111） agrotextile cover; （IV） straw mulch （SM）, which were applied on split plots. The applied SM and AT increased soil moisture by 12.83 and 3.73%, respectively, compared to the control treatment. FYM increased soil mineral N concentration, the lettuce fresh matter （FM） yield and nitrate concentration in lettuce. However, nitrate concentration in lettuce in all treatments was below the limit required by the European Commission （EC） （2001）. The highest lettuce yield was obtained by AT （39 122 kg）, followed by SM （33 925 kg）, and it was higher with FYM application by 16.85%. Hoeing did not positively affect the yield, probably due to its negative effect on soil moisture. Additional profit was higher with FYM, showing the following decreasing order： AT〉H〉SM〉Ф. However, value/cost ratio （VCR） was in the order Ф〉H〉SM〉AT on FYM fertilized plots. FYM application led to higher lettuce yield and higher profit and VCR. In case a farm does not have FYM, SM is the best alternative due to its positive effect on the yield and low investment costs. Keywords： hoeing, agrotextile cover, straw mulch, farmyard manure, FYM, mulch

Effects of Elemental Sulphur and Farmyard Manure on pH and Salinity of Calcareous Sandy Loam Soil and Some Nutrient Elements in Tomato Plant

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of elemental sulphur （S） and farmyard manure on soil pH, EC and N, S, P concentrations of tomato grown in a calcareous sandy loam soil. For this purpose, a pot experiment was conducted in greenhouse conditions. Sulphur was applied at 0, 50, 100, 150, 200, 400 mg kg~ and farmyard manure at 0, 3 ton da^-1 to the soil. Three weeks after applications, tomato seedlings were planted and 8 weeks later, the plants were harvested to determine N, S, P concentrations and dry matter yield. Soil pH and EC were determined in the soil samples taken at 3 different periods. Effects of sulphur and farmyard manure applications were not significant on N, P concentrations and dry matter yield of tomato plant. S concentration of tomato plant was increased by sulphur alone. Soil pH was decreased and soil EC was increased in both 2^nd and 3^rd soil sampling period by the sulphur applications. As a result of farmyard manure application, soil pH decreased in the 2^nd soil sampling period but increased in the 3^rd soil sampling period. Also, soil EC was significantly increased in 1^st and 3^rd soil sampling period. Farmyard manure had no significant effect on S supply to tomato plant. The N：S ratio of tomato plant was decreased by sulphur alone. However, the sulphur with farmyard manure applications decreased N：S ratio in lesser extend compared to the S applications.

The combined effects of farm yard manure and boron application on growth,and oil quality of Canola grown under newly reclaimed soils

Two field experiments were conducted during the main seasons of 2021/2022 at the Research and Production Station of National Research Centre in Egypt to investigate the effects of farmyard manure(FYM)and boron on Canola growth,yield,oil yield,and quality.The results unequivocally demonstrated that the combined application of FYM at a rate of 14.4 ton ha^(-1)with a foliar spray of boron at 100 ppm positively influenced plant characteristics,leading to enhanced growth rates and higher yields compared to the control group.Moreover,this integrated approach significantly improved nutrient content by enhancing levels of oil content,carbohydrates,proteins,phenolics,flavonoids,and total soluble sugars.These findings provide compelling evidence that utilizing farm manure along with boron can effectively enhance Canola properties in newly reclaimed soils while promoting sustainable agricultural practices.

探寻契合点:乡村微治理的实践策略——以横村农居庭院美化项目的推进过程为例

乡村微治理与民生问题息息相关,它是指在乡村日常生活中开展的精准、细致、有效的治理实践。近年来,乡村微治理引起了学界的关注,成为乡村治理研究的重要方向。本文以浙江省安吉县横村开展的农居庭院美化项目为田野考察对象,研究乡村微治理的实践策略。研究发现,在项目推进过程中村两委采用了探寻契合点的策略:探寻国家发展战略与村民观念的契合点,并推动后者向前者趋同;探寻具体工作方式与文化本土性的契合点,消解乡村微治理过程中的阻力;探寻工作目标与村民利益的契合点,达到利益均衡,实现合作共赢。可以概括为观念趋同策略、消解阻力策略和利益均衡策略。乡村微治理的实践策略体现了多元治理主体的治理逻辑,呈现了乡村微治理的转型态势。

不同肥料对樟木林小叶烟与大宁烟农艺性状·物理特性和化学成分的影响

[目的]探明适于樟木小叶烟和大宁烟不同有机肥料施用措施,为扩大广西晒烟种植规模提供科学依据。[方法]采用田间试验,研究施加复合肥、烟草专用有机肥、农家肥(桐子枯、花生麸、鸡粪和火土灰)的不同肥料组合对樟木林小叶烟和大宁烟的生长、调制后烟叶物理特性和化学成分的影响。[结果]对樟木林小叶烟而言,Z2和Z4处理烟株发育较好,其中叶面积能达810.58 cm^(2);Z2处理单叶重最大,其填充值较Z1处理增加了29.03%;对于樟木林小叶烟和大宁烟而言,总糖和还原糖含量分别在Z2与Z4和D1和D4施肥处理下最好,樟木林小叶烟相对大宁烟是低烟碱低钾高氯。[结论]樟木林小叶烟和大宁烟有机肥加复合肥的施用措施中,樟木林小叶烟和大宁烟可分别每株多施加花生麸和鸡粪与桐子枯、鸡粪和火土灰农家肥来代替烟草专用有机肥,对烟株生长发育和品质形成更好。

有机肥替代农家肥对白菜制种产量的影响

有机肥替代农家肥是近年来我国发展环保农业的重要举措,对于改善农村生态环境,提高农作物质量和产量具有重要的生态战略意义。以白菜早熟5号为供试作物,在不同地块分别施用生物有机肥和农家肥牛粪进行肥效对比试验。结果表明,在不同地块,有机肥处理的白菜农艺性状和产量指标均高于农家肥处理。熟土地施用有机肥增产11.93%,生土地则增产27.53%,生土地施用有机肥后增产效果更好,而熟土地施用有机肥的实际产量更高。

长期培肥黑土脲酶活性动态变化及其影响因素

以东北典型黑土区长期 (自 1980年 )不同培肥试验地土壤为研究对象 ,采用两种不同量有机肥、化肥和不施肥 4个处理 ,对土壤脲酶在作物生长季的动态变化进行研究 .结果表明 ,施用有机肥 ,生长季黑土脲酶活性明显高于施用化肥和不施肥 ,其生长季脲酶保护容量在 16 0mg·kg-1·h-1以上 ,季节性变化平稳 ,保持土壤脲酶免遭变性、免遭分解作用显著 .脲酶活性的动态变化与绝大多数土壤生物、理化特性指标的动态变化没有明显的相关性 ;与土壤生物、理化特性 ,植物N、P、K有极显著的正相关关系 ;与土壤含水量。

长期培肥黑土微生物量碳动态变化及影响因素

以东北典型黑土区长期采用 2种不同量有机肥 (M2 、M4)、化肥 (NPK)和不施肥 (CK) 4种方式培肥土壤为研究对象 ,对生长季微生物量碳的动态变化进行研究 .结果表明 ,施用有机肥 ,微生物量碳显著高于施用化肥和不施肥 ,容量在 6 2 0mg·kg-1以上 .在各处理中 ,微生物量碳大小顺序为M4>M2 >NPK CK .M2 、M4微生物量碳最大峰值出现在抽雄吐丝期 ,NPK最大峰值出现在播种期 ,CK最大峰值出现在蜡熟期 ,季节性变化平稳 .施肥数量和种类不同所引起的微生物量碳的差异 ,并未因季节变化及玉米生育时期影响而改变 .微生物量碳的动态变化与绝大多数黑土生物、理化特性指标动态变化无显著相关性 ;与黑土生物、理化特性 ,植物氮、磷、钾及作物籽粒粗蛋白含量之间存在较好的正相关性 .

长期培肥黑土微生物量磷动态变化及影响因素

长期采用两种不同量有机肥 (M2 、M4)、化肥 (NPK)方式培肥黑土 ,研究微生物量P在作物生长季动态变化 .结果表明 ,施用有机肥微生物量P显著高于施用化肥 (NPK)和不施肥 (CK) ,微生物量P分别为M48 75～ 4 7 6 8mg·kg-1,M2 3 0 2～ 37 16mg·kg-1,NPK 1 5 9～ 10 6 2mg·kg-1,CK 0 76～ 6 74mg·kg-1之间 ,波动性较大 .M4、M2 处理微生物量P最大值出现在抽雄吐丝期 ,NPK、CK处理最大值出现在大喇叭口期 ;施肥数量和种类不同所引起的黑土微生物量P的差异并未因季节变化及玉米生育时期影响而明显改变 .微生物量P的动态变化与绝大多数黑土生物、理化特性指标的动态变化没有显著的相关性 ;微生物量P与黑土生物、理化特性 (除全钾外 ) ,植物氮、磷、钾含量有极显著的正相关关系 ,与黑土含水量呈显著正相关关系 .

有机肥与覆盖方式对滩涂围垦农田水盐与作物产量的影响

针对土壤盐碱障碍因子普遍存在于新围垦滩涂农田并严重抑制作物生长的问题,设置了有机肥(鸡粪堆肥)、薄膜覆盖、秸秆覆盖及有机肥+薄膜覆盖、有机肥+秸秆覆盖组合措施,研究其对土壤水盐的调控作用与对作物生长的促进效应。结果表明:各调控均有利于滩涂围垦农田土壤水盐环境的改善、作物的生长,并整体表现出组合措施优于单项措施、秸秆覆盖优于薄膜覆盖的趋势。其中,有机肥+秸秆覆盖组合措施为调控措施中的优化处理,表现在土壤含水量高、土壤电导率与pH值低,作物产量高,增产率达100%以上。单施有机肥虽能增加土壤含水量、降低土壤pH值,但其土壤电导率升高了11.56%,产生了一定的次生盐渍化风险,与覆盖措施的组合能有效控制土壤盐分的表聚,使其显著低于对照,从而保证了有机肥的持续使用。该研究表明,有机肥与覆盖传统农艺措施的有效组合可较好地调控滩涂围垦农田土壤水盐,促进作物增产,该研究为苏北滩涂新垦农田盐碱障碍因子的消减及作物增产提供了一种新途径,也为当地有机肥及秸秆资源的可持续利用提供了依据。

不同养分和水分管理模式对水稻土质量的影响及其综合评价

田间小区试验下 ,通过对土壤理化和生物学特性指标的测定和分析 ,系统比较和研究了不同养分和水分管理模式对水稻土质量的影响及其综合评价。研究结果表明 :在干湿交替和控水模式下 ,有机无机肥配施可明显改善水稻土壤物理特性 ,提高土壤的有效养分含量 ,增加土壤酶的活性和土壤微生物生物量。在连续淹水下 ,土壤中加入有机物料 ,特别是厩肥 ,加剧了土壤的还原过程 ,削弱了有机肥料对水稻土理化特性和生物学特性的改善效果。模糊综合评判显示 ,有机无机肥配施的水稻土在干湿交替的水分模式下 ,其质量指标综合表现较好 ,特别是厩肥与化肥配施和干湿交替的水肥模式组合的隶属度为 0 .74 78,其土壤质量指标综合表现为最好。单施化肥和连续淹水的肥水模式组合的隶属度最低 ,为 0 .4

农家肥不同施用方式对烟草生长及烤烟品质的影响

【目的】探索烟草生产中农家肥合理的施用方式,为烟草施肥提供科学依据。【方法】采用田间试验,根据不同施肥方式设条施(施肥沟宽5～8cm,深18～20cm)、穴施(施肥穴直径为15cm,深18～20cm)、双条施(施肥单沟宽5～8cm,两沟相隔15～18cm,深15～18cm)和撒施(翻耕前将肥料均匀撒入)4个处理,测定烟株农艺性状及烟叶化学成分,并对原烟进行品质鉴定和评吸分级。【结果】双条施处理团棵期前大田烟株生长发育较好,株高相对较高,打顶及打顶后中部和上部叶片的单叶叶面积最大,烟叶的开片总体效果最好;双条施处理烟叶的化学成分协调性、感官质量较好,中、上等烟比例最高,为91.8%;条施处理产量与产值均为最高,分别为2383.05kg/ha和28834.91元/ha,双条施处理次之,产量与产值分别为2292.45kg/ha和27967.89元/ha。【结论】双条施方式处理最有利于促进烟株的生长发育及提高烤后烟叶品质。

长期不同施肥方式对小麦/玉米间作土壤蔗糖酶活性的影响

通过小麦与玉米带田20年长期定位施肥试验,研究了长期施用化肥和有机肥对蔗糖酶活性的影响。试验结果表明:施绿肥对提高土壤蔗糖酶活性最为明显,其次是秸秆、氮肥、农家肥;蔗糖酶活性随着生育期的不同而不同,在播前酶活性最低,小麦收获后酶活性达到最大,到玉米收获后降低。在施肥中,有机肥配施氮肥蔗糖酶活性最高;土壤蔗糖酶活性与碱解氮和土壤有机质、速效钾未达到显著相关,土壤蔗糖酶活性与土壤有效磷达到显著相关;速效氮、磷、钾之间达到极显著相关。

水稻秸秆腐解规律及养分释放特征

[目的]研究水稻秸秆腐解规律及其养分释放特征,为合理利用秸秆与养分资源管理提供依据.[方法]在露天条件下,在尼龙网袋中分别对水稻新鲜秸秆进行原状、切碎、切碎＋腐熟剂和切碎＋农家肥处理,测定腐解秸秆残余率、氮、磷和钾释放速率和累计释放量.[结果]经过91 d腐解后,4个处理有50％以上的秸秆被腐解,腐解速率大小顺序为：切碎＋农家肥＞切碎＋腐熟剂＞切碎＞原状.秸秆中氮、磷和钾分别释放52.76％～63.96％、66.16％～74.47％和73.15％～82.15％.秸秆中氮磷钾释放速率前期高,后期低.秸秆养分释放速率以前10d最高,其中切碎＋腐熟剂处理显著提高秸秆中氮磷释放速率,切碎＋农家肥处理提高秸秆中氮释放速率,但均不利于秸秆中钾的释放.[结论]秸秆切碎后加入腐熟剂或农家肥均能促进秸秆腐解和氮磷钾的释放,尤以加入农家肥的效果较好.

长期施肥和气候因素对东北黑土区玉米产量的影响

本试验以公主岭国家黑土监测基地为平台,研究玉米连作条件下施肥及气候因素对产量的可持续性影响。试验共设有机肥和化肥N、P、K的不同组合共24个试验处理。结果表明,与不施有机肥相比,施用常量有机肥和高量有机肥(FYM1、FYM2)均可以显著提高玉米产量,产量分别达到7668kg/hm2和7925kg/hm2,FYM(无有机肥)处理为5718kg/hm2。有机肥配施化肥比单施化肥也有明显的增产作用,施用N肥165kg/hm2可以显著增加玉米产量,单施磷素、钾素及磷钾配施增产作用不明显,表明土壤中的磷钾营养水平没有限制作物产量。降雨量与产量的相关分析结果表明,磷、钾处理的产量与8月份的降雨量显著相关。

陕西省有机肥料施用状况分析评价

根据陕西省土壤肥料工作站14年农户肥料施用调查结果,对陕西有机肥施用的历史和现状进行了剖析.有机肥在农团总养分(N+P2O5+K2O)投入中的比重逐年减少,2000年只占46.9％,比1986年下降了近23个百分点.在农田钾素主要依靠有机肥供应的情况下,有机肥投入的减少造成土壤基础肥力逐年下降,有些地区出现钾素营养不足现象.在投肥总量上尽管粮食作物依然为主体,但单位面积投肥量果树、蔬菜则高于粮食作物.特别是从20世纪90年代中期开始一些地区在苹果上的投肥量明显增加,占投肥总量的50％左右.此外,分析了有机肥投入减少的原因,并提出商品有机肥将是今后提高有机肥投入的有效途径.

腐熟农家肥用量对土壤养分和烤烟品质的影响

为了改善会理县因烟草连作造成的土壤营养失衡和烟叶品质下降等问题,研究了不同腐熟农家肥用量对土壤养分和烟叶品质的影响。结果表明,烟株生长期内,施用农家肥处理的土壤碱解氮、速效钾和速效磷含量均较CK有所提高。施用农家肥可显著提高土壤胡敏酸(HA)和富里酸(FA)含量,移栽110 d时,常规施肥+15 000 kg/hm2农家肥处理的胡敏酸含量最高达到4.34 g/kg,较CK增加了36.61%,差异显著,且HA/FA也达到最高(0.73)。施用农家肥可显著降低烟叶两糖含量,提高糖碱比、钾氯比。其中常规施肥+7500kg/hm2农家肥处理的C2F和B2F糖碱比较CK显著降低了23.85%和24.34%,而钾氯比较CK显著提高了1.67和3.34。常规施肥+7500 kg/hm2农家肥处理的C3F和B2F中性致香物质总量最高为1 163.50、683.24μg/g,较CK增加了15.71%、60.00%,且差异显著。常规施肥+7500kg/hm2农家肥处理对改善烤烟化学成分协调性和增加致香物质含量有显著效果。

不同施肥措施对滨海盐渍土有机碳含量的影响

通过在滨海典型盐渍区开展的田间试验,研究不同施肥措施对土壤有机碳以及土壤EC、p H、体积质量、全氮含量的影响。结果表明,与对照相比,不同施肥措施均能显著提高0~30 cm土层土壤的有机碳含量及密度。农家肥、商品有机肥和无机肥的施用均能显著增加作物生物量和产量,并能明显改善盐渍化农田的理化特性,具体表现在能明显降低表层土壤的p H和体积质量,提高土壤全氮含量,但农家肥和商品有机肥的施用使表层土壤的EC值有所升高。经过相关性分析表明,土壤有机碳含量与土壤EC、全氮、C/N比和作物生物量呈极显著正相关关系,与p H、体积质量呈极显著负相关。