Giant bilateral scrotal lipoma with abnormal somatic fat distribution:A case report

BACKGROUND Scrotal lipoma is exceedingly rare,so its origin is still unknown.Injury is suggested as a potential factor,but the cause remains unclear.It is difficult to determine the origin of these tumours.Previous studies have suggested that these tumours may be congenital or that they originate from small fatty particles around the cord.Other studies have suggested that these tumours originate from testicles or the tunica.CASE SUMMARY A 66-years elderly male with giant scrotal mass.B-ultrasound,computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging examinations are typical lipomalike changes,which were confirmed by postoperative pathological analysis.Abnormal somatic fat distribution was confirmed by images.no recurrence after follow-up for 2 years.Previously published English-language literature was reviewed,and a history of inguinal or pelvic surgery was reported in 6 studies(total 21 cases).To our knowledge,this is the heaviest bilateral scrotal lipoma in the English-language literature,and it has the longest postoperative follow-up time.More importantly,the origin of these tumours is reviewed and discussed.CONCLUSION Giant bilateral scrotal lipoma in elderly may as part of the symptoms of abnormal somatic fat distribution.

Classifying Abdominal Fat Distribution Patterns byUsing Body Measurement Data

This study aims to explore new categorization that characterizes the distribution clusters of visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissues(VAT and SAT)measured by magnetic resonance imaging(MRI),to analyze the relationship between the VAT-SAT distribution patterns and the novel body shape descriptors(BSDs),and to develop a classifier to predict the fat distribution clusters using the BSDs.In the study,66 male and 54 female participants were scanned by MRI and a stereovision body imaging(SBI)to measure participants’abdominal VAT and SAT volumes and the BSDs.A fuzzy c-means algorithm was used to form the inherent grouping clusters of abdominal fat distributions.A support-vector-machine(SVM)classifier,with an embedded feature selection scheme,was employed to determine an optimal subset of the BSDs for predicting internal fat distributions.A fivefold cross-validation procedure was used to prevent over-fitting in the classification.The classification results of the BSDs were compared with those of the traditional anthropometric measurements and the Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry(DXA)measurements.Four clusters were identified for abdominal fat distributions:(1)low VAT and SAT,(2)elevated VAT and SAT,(3)higher SAT,and(4)higher VAT.The cross-validation accuracies of the traditional anthropometric,DXA and BSD measurements were 85.0%,87.5% and 90%,respectively.Compared to the traditional anthropometric and DXA measurements,the BSDs appeared to be effective and efficient in predicting abdominal fat distributions.

Association of daily sitting time and leisure-time physical activity with body fat among U.S.adults

Background:Prolonged sitting and reduced physical activity lead to low energy expenditures.However,little is known about the joint impact of daily sitting time and physical activity on body fat distribution.We investigated the independent and joint associations of daily sitting time and physical activity with body fat among adults.Methods:This was a cross-sectional analysis of U.S.nationally representative data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey2011-2018 among adults aged 20 years or older.Daily sitting time and leisure-time physical activity(LTPA)were self-reported using the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire.Body fat(total and trunk fat percentage)was determined via dual X-ray absorptiometry.Results:Among 10,808 adults,about 54.6%spent 6 h/day or more sitting;more than one-half reported no LTPA(inactive)or less than 150 min/week LTPA(insufficiently active)with only 43.3%reported 150 min/week or more LTPA(active)in the past week.After fully adjusting for sociodemographic data,lifestyle behaviors,and chronic conditions,prolonged sitting time and low levels of LTPA were associated with higher total and trunk fat percentages in both sexes.When stratifying by LTPA,the association between daily sitting time and body fat appeared to be stronger in those who were inactive/insuufficiently active.In the joint analyses,inactive/insuufficiently active adults who reported sitting more than 8 h/day had the highest total(female:3.99%(95%confidence interval(95%CI):3.09%-4.88%);male:3.79%(95%CI:2.75%-4.82%))and trunk body fat percentages(female:4.21%(95%CI:3.09%-5.32%);male:4.07%(95%CI:2.95%-5.19%))when compared with those who were active and sitting less than 4 h/day.Conclusion:Prolonged daily sitting time was associated with increased body fat among U.S.adults.The higher body fat associated with 6 h/day sitting may not be offset by achieving recommended levels of physical activity.

Fatty liver is an independent risk factor for gallbladder polyps

BACKGROUND Gallbladder polyps(GBPs)are known to be associated with obesity and metabolic diseases.However,to date,the relationship between GBPs and abnormal body fat distribution,such as fatty liver,visceral obesity,or sarcopenia,has not yet been established.AIM To evaluate whether GBPs are associated with fatty liver,visceral obesity,or sarcopenia.METHODS We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of subjects who underwent various laboratory tests,body composition measurement with a non-invasive body composition analyzer,and abdominal ultrasonography during health checkups.A total of 1405 subjects with GBPs were compared with 2810 age-and sex-matched controls.RESULTS The mean age of the subjects was 46.8±11.7 years,and 63.8%were male.According to multiple logistic regression analysis,the presence of fatty liver[odds ratio(OR)1.413;95%confidence interval(CI)1.218-1.638;P<0.001]was an independent risk factor for GBP,together with low levels of alanine aminotransferase(OR 0.993;95%CI 0.989-0.996;P<0.001).Additionally,fatty liver showed both independent(OR 1.629;95%CI,1.335-1.988;P<0.001)and dosedependent(moderate to severe fatty liver;OR 2.137;95%CI,1.662-2.749;P<0.001)relationship with large GBPs(≥5 mm).The presence of sarcopenia and high visceral fat area were not significantly associated with GBPs.CONCLUSION Fatty liver was found to be closely associated with GBPs irrespective of sarcopenia and visceral obesity.

Overweight and obesity in young adults with patellofemoral pain:Impact on functional capacity and strength

Purpose:This study aimed to(a)investigate the proportion of overweight/obesity in a cohort of young adults with patellofemoral pain(PFP)and(b)explore the association of body mass index(BMI),body fat,and lean mass with functional capacity and hip and knee strength in people with PFP.Methods:We included a mixed-sex sample of young adults(18-35 years old)with PFP(n=100).Measurements for BMI,percentage of body fat,and lean mass(assessed by bioelectrical impedance)were obtained.Functional capacity was assessed by the Anterior Knee Pain Scale,plank test,and single-leg hop test.Strength of the knee extensors,knee flexors,and hip abductors was evaluated isometrically using an isokinetic dynamometer.The proportion of overweight/obesity was calculated based on BMI.The association between BMI,body fat,and lean mass and functional capacity and strength was investigated using partial correlations,followed by hierarchical regression analysis,adjusted for covariates(sex,bilateral pain,and current pain level).Results:A total of 38%of our cohort had their BMI categorized as overweight/obese.Higher BMI was associated with poor functional capacity(ΔR^(2)=0.06-0.12,p<0.001)and with knee flexion strength only(ΔR^(2)=0.04,p=0.030).Higher body fat was associated with poor functional capacity(ΔR^(2)=0.05-0.15,p≤0.015)and reduced strength(ΔR^(2)=0.15-0.23,p<0.001).Lower lean mass was associated with poor functional capacity(ΔR^(2)=0.04-0.13,p≤0.032)and reduced strength(ΔR^(2)=0.29-0.31,p<0.001).Conclusion:BMI,body fat,and lean mass should be considered in the assessment and management of young people with PFP because it may be detrimental to function and strength.

Sequence of fat partitioning and its relationship with whole body insulin resistance

Background Currently it is unclear whether lipid accumulation occurs in a particular sequence and its relationship with whole body insulin resistance （IR）. This study aimed to answer this question.Methods Male Sprague-Dawley （SD） rats were fed on a normal or a high-fat diet for 20 weeks. Serum triglycerides （TG）, serum free fatty acids （FFA）, fasting plasma glucose （FPG）, and liver and skeletal muscle TG were measured. The glucose infusion rate （GIR） and mRNA levels of acetyl-CoA carboxylase （ACC） and carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 （CPT-1） in the liver and skeletal muscle were determined at different stages.Results Compared with rats fed on the normal diet, serum FFA was not significantly increased in rats fed on the high-fat diet until 20 weeks. In contrast, liver TG was significantly increased by the high-fat diet by four weeks （20-fold; P ＜0.01）,and remained elevated until the end of the study. However, skeletal muscle TG was not significantly increased by the high-fat diet until 20 weeks （10.6-fold; P＜0.01）, and neither was the FPG. The GIR was significantly reduced （1.6-fold; P ＜0.01） by the high-fat diet after 8 weeks. The mRNA levels of ACC gradually increased over time and CPT-1 decreased over time, in both the liver and skeletal muscle in rats fed the high-fat diet.Conclusions Lipid accumulation in the liver occurs earlier than lipid accumulation in the skeletal muscle. Fatty liver may be one of the early markers of whole body IR. Changes in the gene expression levels of ACC and CPT-1 may have important roles in the process of IR development.

Effects of electroacupuncture combined with auricular plaster on F% and waist-hip ratio in simple obesity patients

Objective To observe and compare the difference of clinical therapeutic effect of electroacupuncture combined with auricular plaster therapy and electroacupuncture therapy on simple obesity. Methods sixty female patients of simple obesity were randomly divided into two groups： an electroacupuncture group and a combined group. Each group had 30 patients treated respectively with electroacupuncture and electroacupuncture therapy combined with auricular point pressing therapy. The changes of the body mass index （BMI）, body fat percentage （F%）, and waist-hip ratio （WHR） were observed to evaluate the effect of loosing weight. Results Compared with the scores before treatment, the BMI, F%, WHR level in two groups dropped （ all P〈0.01 ） in all 60 patients. And compared with the electroacupuncture group, the combined group dropped more obviously （ P〈0.05, P〈0.01 ） . Conclusion The effects of electroacupuncture therapy and electroacupuncture combined with auricular plaster therapy on simple obesity were both remarkable, but more in the combined group, so it indicates that the combined therapy is better than single therapy.

SIGNATURES OF UNIVERSAL CHARACTERISTICS OF FRACTAL FLUCTUATIONS IN GLOBAL MEAN MONTHLY TEMPERATURE ANOMALIES

This paper proposes a general systems theory for fractals visualising the emergence of successively larger scale fluctuations resulting from the space-time integration of enclosed smaller scale fluctuations. Global gridded time series data sets of monthly mean temperatures for the period 1880- 2007/2008 are analysed to show that data sets and corresponding power spectra exhibit distributions close to the model predicted inverse power law distribution. The model predicted and observed universal spectrum for interannual variability rules out linear secular trends in global monthly mean temperatures. Global warming results in intensification of fluctuations of all scales and manifested immediately in high frequency fluctuations.