Stochastic Analysis of Short-Term Structural Responses and Fatigue Damages of A Submerged Tension Leg Platform Wind Turbine in Wind and Waves

In connection with the design of floating wind turbines,stochastic dynamic analysis is a critical task considering nonlinear wind and wave forces.To study the random structural responses of a newly designed submerged tension leg platform(STLP)wind turbine,a set of dynamic simulations and comparison analysis with the MIT/NREL TLP wind turbine are carried out.The signal filter method is used to evaluate the mean and standard deviations of the structural response.Furthermore,the extreme responses are estimated by using the mean upcrossing rate method.The fatigue damages for blade root,tower,and mooring line are also studied according to the simulated time-series.The results and comparison analysis show that the STLP gives small surge and pitch motions and mooring line tensions in operational sea states due to the small water-plane area.Additionally,in severe sea states,the STLP gives lower extreme values of platform pitch,slightly larger surge and heave motions and better towerbase and mooring line fatigue performances than those of the MIT/NREL TLP.It is found that the STLP wind turbine has good performances in structural responses and could be a potential type for exploiting the wind resources located in deep waters.

Frequency Domain Fatigue Evaluation on SCR Girth-Weld Based on Structural Stress

The Steel Catenary Riser(SCR)is a vital component for transporting oil and gas from the seabed to the floating platform.The harsh environmental conditions and complex platform motion make the SCR’s girth-weld prone to fatigue failure.The structural stress fatigue theory and Master S-N curve method provide accurate predictions for the fatigue damage on the welded joints,which demonstrate significant potential and compatibility in multi-axial and random fatigue evaluation.Here,we propose a new frequency fatigue model subjected to welded joints of SCR under multiaxial stress,which fully integrates the mesh-insensitive structural stress and frequency domain random process and transforms the conventional welding fatigue technique of SCR into a spectrum analysis technique utilizing structural stress.Besides,a full-scale FE model of SCR with welds is established to obtain the modal structural stress of the girth weld and the frequency response function(FRF)of modal coordinate,and a biaxial fatigue evaluation about the girth weld of the SCR can be achieved by taking the effects of multi-load correlation and pipe-soil interaction into account.The research results indicate that the frequency-domain fatigue results are aligned with the time-domain results,meeting the fatigue evaluation requirements of the SCR.

Damage Evolution of Ballastless Track Concrete Exposed to Flexural Fatigue Loads:The Application of Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity,Impact-echo and Surface Electrical Resistance Method

In order to clarify the fatigue damage evolution of concrete exposed to flexural fatigue loads,ultrasonic pulse velocity(UPV),impact-echo technology and surface electrical resistance(SR) method were used.Damage variable based on the change of velocity of ultrasonic pulse(Du) and impact elastic wave(Di)were defined according to the classical damage theory.The influences of stress level,loading frequency and concrete strength on damage variable were measured.The experimental results show that Du and Di both present a three-stages trend for concrete exposed to fatigue loads.Since impact elastic wave is more sensitive to the microstructure damage in stage Ⅲ,the critical damage variable,i e,the damage variable before the final fracture of concrete of Di is slightly higher than that of Du.Meanwhile,the evolution of SR of concrete exposed to fatigue loads were analyzed and the relationship between SR and Du,SR and Di of concrete exposed to fatigue loads were established.It is found that the SR of concrete was decreased with the increasing fatigue cycles,indicating that surface electrical resistance method can also be applied to describe the damage of ballastless track concrete exposed to fatigue loads.

A critical review of wheel/rail high frequency vibration-induced vibration fatigue of railway bogie in China

Purpose–This review aims to give a critical view of the wheel/rail high frequency vibration-induced vibration fatigue in railway bogie.Design/methodology/approach–Vibration fatigue of railway bogie arising from the wheel/rail high frequency vibration has become the main concern of railway operators.Previous reviews usually focused on the formation mechanism of wheel/rail high frequency vibration.This paper thus gives a critical review of the vibration fatigue of railway bogie owing to the short-pitch irregularities-induced high frequency vibration,including a brief introduction of short-pitch irregularities,associated high frequency vibration in railway bogie,typical vibration fatigue failure cases of railway bogie and methodologies used for the assessment of vibration fatigue and research gaps.Findings–The results showed that the resulting excitation frequencies of short-pitch irregularity vary substantially due to different track types and formation mechanisms.The axle box-mounted components are much more vulnerable to vibration fatigue compared with other components.The wheel polygonal wear and rail corrugation-induced high frequency vibration is the main driving force of fatigue failure,and the fatigue crack usually initiates from the defect of the weld seam.Vibration spectrum for attachments of railway bogie defined in the standard underestimates the vibration level arising from the short-pitch irregularities.The current investigations on vibration fatigue mainly focus on the methods to improve the accuracy of fatigue damage assessment,and a systematical design method for vibration fatigue remains a huge gap to improve the survival probability when the rail vehicle is subjected to vibration fatigue.Originality/value–The research can facilitate the development of a new methodology to improve the fatigue life of railway vehicles when subjected to wheel/rail high frequency vibration.

Analytical Models of Concrete Fatigue:A State-of-the-Art Review

Fatigue failure phenomena of the concrete structures under long-term low amplitude loading have attractedmore attention.Some structures,such as wind power towers,offshore platforms,and high-speed railways,may resist millions of cycles loading during their intended lives.Over the past century,analytical methods for concrete fatigue are emerging.It is concluded that models for the concrete fatigue calculation can fall into four categories:the empirical model relying on fatigue tests,fatigue crack growth model in fracture mechanics,fatigue damage evolution model based on damage mechanics and advanced machine learning model.In this paper,a detailed review of fatigue computing methodology for concrete is presented,and the characteristics of different types of fatigue models have been stated and discussed.

Analysis of Temperature Rise Characteristics and Fatigue Damage Degree of ACSR Broken Strand

In this paper,the research on ACSR temperature of broken strand and fatigue damage after broken strand is carried out.Conduct modeling and Analysis on the conductor through AnsoftMaxwell software.The distribution of magnetic force lines in the cross section of the conductor after strand breaking and the temperature change law of the conductor with the number of broken strands are analyzed.A model based on electromagnetic theory is established to analyze the distribution of magnetic lines of force in the cross section of the conductor after strand breaking and the temperature variation law of the conductor with the number of broken strands.The finite element analysis results show that with the increase in the number of broken strands,the cross-sectional area of the conductor decreases,the magnetic line of force of the inner conductor at the broken strand becomes denser and denser,and the electromagnetic loss of the conductor becomes larger and larger.Therefore,the temperature of the conductor at the broken strand becomes higher and higher.Then,the current carrying experiment of conductor is carried out for LGJ-240/30 conductor.It is found that the temperature rise at the junction of inner and outer layers at the broken strand is particularly obvious,and the temperature of inner aluminumconductor at the broken strand also increases with the increase of broken strand.According to the analysis of experimental data,with the increase of broken strands,the antivibration ability and service life of the conductor decrease.At the same time,under certain conditions of broken strand,the fatigue life of conductor increases with the increase of temperature.

Stiffness Degradation Modeling for Composite Wind Turbine Blades Based on Full-Scale Fatigue Testing

In order to provide more insights into the damage propagation composite wind turbine blades(blade)under cyclic fatigue loading,a stiffness degradation model for blade is proposed based on the full-scale fatigue testing of a blade.A novel non-linear fatigue damage accumulation model is proposed using the damage assessment theories of composite laminates for the first time.Then,a stiffness degradation model is established based on the correlation of fatigue damage and residual stiffness of the composite laminates.Finally,a stiffness degradation model for the blade is presented based on the full-scale fatigue testing.The scientific rationale of the proposed stiffness model of blade is verified by using full-scale fatigue test data of blade with a total length of 52.5 m.The results indicate that the proposed stiffness degradation model of the blade agrees well with the fatigue testing results of this blade.This work provides a basis for evaluating the fatigue damage and lifetime of blade under cyclic fatigue loading.

Research on fatigue evaluation method of high-speed train axle based on axle box acceleration

As a key safety component of the high-speed train, fatigue fracture of the axle would lead to major accidents such as derailment or overturning. The complexity of the axle dynamic stress test seriously enhances the difficulty of axle fatigue damage analysis. In this paper, the dynamic stress test of the high-speed train axle was carried out,the axle box acceleration was monitored on-track during the test, and the relationship between the axle stress spectrum and acceleration was analyzed on-track. The results show that the relationships between the axle equivalent stresses and the Root Mean Square(RMS) values of the axle box vertical acceleration and lateral acceleration exhibit a strong joint probability density distribution. The concept of the virtual surface density of wheel-rail contact is also proposed to realize the purpose of using axle box acceleration to deduce axle equivalent force. The results quantify the relationship between axle box acceleration and axle equivalent force, provide a new method for predicting the axle damage using the acceleration RMS values, and open up a new approach for structural health monitoring of high-speed train axles.

对称系泊半潜平台在各种可能系泊组合下的动力学分析

In this technologically advancing world,the demand for more energy,oil and gas production is rapidly escalating.To accomplish this,people have inclined more towards completely floating offshore structures,deployed in deep waters.A semi-submersible is selected in the present study,due to its better response characteristics and stability under harsh environmental conditions.The semi-submersible is position restrain with spread mooring lines incorporated with submerged buoy at different locations has been studied.A detailed numerical analysis is carried out using Ansys Aqwa for dynamic response analysis of semi-submersible under the combination of wind,wave,and current forces for 0°,45°,and 90°directions.It was observed that damping ratios and natural periods had been affected based on the position and number of submerged buoys in the mooring system.Also,reduction in mooring force after incorporating buoy in the mooring lines was observed.Subsequently,a Matlab code based on the S-N curve approach was generated and employed to investigate the fatigue damage of mooring lines under dynamic variation of mooring forces.When pegged with submerged buoys,fatigue life of mooring lines is increased under intact and postulated damaged mooring conditions.Moreover,coupling of motion responses of semi-submersible is observed,and unbounded response is not seen in any degrees-offreedom,even during damaged condition of mooring lines.

An Rapid Assessment Method for Bearing Capacity of RC Girder Bridges Based on Residual Strain

In order to realize the in-situ evaluation of reinforced concrete bridges subjected to fatigue for a long time or after earthquake, an evaluation method for cumulative damage of concrete structures based on unloading elastic modulus was proposed. First, according to the concrete stress-strain curve and the statistical relationship between residual strain and cumulative strain, the calculation method of static equivalent strain and residual strain concrete based on unloading elastic modulus and the method for estimating the strength of concrete after damage were proposed. The detailed steps of field test and analysis and the practical damage indicators of residual strain were given. Then, the evaluation method of existing stress and strain of Reinforced Concrete Bridge under dead load and the concept of “equivalent dead load bending moment” were put forward. On this basis, the paper analyzed the root cause of the decrease of bearing capacity of Reinforced Concrete Bridge after fatigue damage, and pointed out that the equivalent strain or residual strain of reinforced concrete increases under the fatigue effect, which led to the decreasing of actual live moment and deformation performance while the ultimate load-carrying capacity remained constant or very little decrease. The evaluation method of structure residual capacity was given, and through comparative analysis of eight T reinforced concrete beams that had been in service for 35 years with the static failure tests, the effectiveness of the method was verified.

Fatigue Life Prediction under Service Load Considering Strengthening Effect of Loads below Fatigue Limit

Lightweight design requires an accurate life prediction for structures and components under service loading histories. However, predicted life with the existing methods seems too conservative in some cases, leading to a heavy structure. Because these methods are established on the basis that load cycles would only cause fatigue damage, ignore the strengthening effect of loads. Based on Palmgren-Miner Rule （PMR）, this paper introduces a new method for fatigue life prediction under service loadings by taking into account the strengthening effect of loads below the fatigue limit. In this method, the service loadings are classified into three categories： damaging load, strengthening load and none-effect load, and the process for fatigue life prediction is divided into two stages： stage I and stage II, according to the best strengthening number of cycles. During stage I, fatigue damage is calculated considering both the strengthening and damaging effect of load cycles. While during stage II, only the damaging effect is considered. To validate this method, fatigue lives of automobile half shaft and torsion beam rear axle are calculated based on the new method and traditional methods, such as PMR and Modified Miner Rule （MMR）, and fatigue tests of the two components are conducted under service loading histories. The tests results show that the percentage errors of the predicted life with the new method to mean life of tests for the two components are –3.78% and –1.76% separately, much lesser than that with PMR and MMR. By considering the strengthening effect of loads below the fatigue limit, the new method can significantly improve the accuracy for fatigue life prediction. Thus lightweight design can be fully realized in the design stage.

Cross-Flow VIV-Induced Fatigue Damage of Deepwater Steel Catenary Riser at Touch-Down Point

A prediction model of the deepwater steel catenary riser VIV is proposed based on the forced oscillation test data, taking into account the riser-seafloor interaction for the cross-flow VIV-induced fatigue damage at touch-down point （TDP）. The model will give more reasonable simulation of SCR response near TDP than the previous pinned truncation model. In the present model, the hysteretic riser-soil interaction model is simplified as the linear spring and damper to simulate the seafloor, and the damping is obtained according to the dissipative power during one periodic riser-soil interaction. In order to validate the model, the comparison with the field measurement and the results predicted by Shear 7 program of a full-scale steel catenary riser is carried out. The main induced modes, mode frequencies and response amplitude are in a good agreement. Furthermore, the parametric studies are carried out to broaden the understanding of the fatigue damage sensitivity to the upper end in-plane offset and seabed characteristics. In addition, the fatigue stress comparison at TDP between the truncation riser model and the present full riser model shows that the existence of touch-down zones is very important for the fatigue damage assessment of steel catenary riser at TDP.

Revised damage evolution equation for high cycle fatigue life prediction of aluminum alloy LC4 under uniaxial loading

The fatigue life prediction for components is a difficult task since many factors can affect the final fatigue life. Based on the damage evolution equation of Lemaitre and Desmorat, a revised two-scale damage evolution equation for high cycle fatigue is presented according to the experimental data, in which factors such as the stress amplitude and mean stress are taken into account. Then, a method is proposed to obtain the material parameters of the revised equation from the present fatigue experimental data. Finally, with the utilization of the ANSYS parametric design language （APDL） on the ANSYS platform, the coupling effect between the fatigue damage of materials and the stress distribution in structures is taken into account, and the fatigue life of specimens is predicted. The outcome shows that the numerical prediction is in accord with the experimental results, indicating that the revised two-scale damage evolution model can be well applied for the high cycle fatigue life prediction under uniaxial loading.

STUDY ON FATIGUE DAMAGE BELOW THE FATIGUE LIMIT AND THE COAXING EFFECTS

Rotary bending fatigue tests were carried out for smooth specimens of a mediumcarbon steel with two different grain sizes near the fatigue limit. The process of fatigue damagewas observed by replication method, and the effects of grain size,stress level and microstructure on surface damage were studied. The effect of following cycle stress level on the coaxing effects was also discussed. The fatigue limit is the maximum stress at which the short fatigue crack initiates and becomes a non-propagating crack.. The length of non-propagating crack is related to grain sizes and stress level. The coaxing effects disappear when the following stress level is greater than the critical value.

A CUMULATIVE FATIGUE DAMAGE RULE UNDER THE ALTERNATIVE OF CORROSION OR CYCLIC LOADING

Fatigue damage increases with the applied loading cycles in a cumulative manner and the material deteriorates with the corrosion time. A cumulative fatigue damage rule under the alternative of corrosion or cyclic loading was proposed. The specimens of aluminum alloy LY12-CZ soaked in corrosive liquid for different times were tested under the constant amplitude cyclic loading to obtain S-N curves. The test was carried out to verify the proposed cumulative fatigue damage rule under the different combinations among corrosion time, loading level, and the cycle numbers. It was shown that the predicted residual fatigue lives showed a good agreement with the experimental results and the proposed rule was simple and can be easily adopted.

Reliability Analysis Based on a Nonlinear Fatigue Damage Accumulation Model

A modified nonlinear fatigue damage accumulation model based on the Manson-Halford theory was presented,and the new model was developed for fatigue life prediction under constant and variable amplitude loading, which took the effects of the load interactions and the phenomenon of material's strength degradation into account. The experimental data of the 30 Cr Mn Si A and the LY-12 cz from literature were used to verify the proposed model. And from the good agreement between the experimental data and predicted results,we can see it clear that the proposed method can be applied to predicting fatigue life under different loadings.

Experimental Study and Fatigue Analysis of Vortex-Induced Vibration of Umbilical Cable Considering Internal Friction

In order to investigate the effect of internal friction of umbilical cable on its vortex-induced vibration(VIV)responses,the experimental study on VIV of bond umbilical cable(BUC)and un-bond umbilical cable(UBUC)was carried out in an experimental tank.A current generator in the laboratory simulated the uniform current,and the current velocities were observed in real time by using a Doppler Velocimeter.In addition,different sizes of top tension were applied to the umbilical cable model.The VIV responses of the umbilical cable model were measured by using Fiber Bragg grating(FBG)strain sensors.The displacement responses of umbilical cable model were reconstructed based on the experimental strain data processed by modal superposition method.In this paper,the traveling wave characteristics,the spatial-temporal distribution characteristics of frequency and fatigue damage of the BUC and UBUC under VIV are studied.The experimental results show that there are obvious differences between BUC and UBUC in the response characteristics of VIV.The UBUC appears the traveling wave sooner than BUC,but its standing wave characteristics are more obvious than those of BUC at high velocities.Compared with BUC,the spatial-temporal distribution of UBUC frequencies appears wide-band distribution sooner,but has narrower bandwidth in the"lock-in"state.The level of fatigue damage of BUC was approximately the same as that of UBUC.

EXPERIMENTAL AND THEORETICAL STUDY ON NUMERICAL DENSITY EVOLUTION OF SHORT FATIGUE CRACKS

Fatigue testing was performed using a kind of triangular shaped specimen to obtain the characteristics of numerical density evolution for short cracks at the primary stage of fatigue damage. The material concerned is a structural alloy steel. The experimental results show that the numerical density of short cracks reaches the maximum value when crack length is slightly less than the average grain diameter, indicating grain boundary is the main barrier for short crack extension. Based on the experimental observations and related theory, the expressions for growth velocity and nucleation rate of short cracks have been proposed. With the solution to phase space conservation equation, the theoretical results of numerical density evolution for short cracks were obtained, which were in agreement with our experimental measurements.

A Fatigue Damage Model for FRP Composite Laminate Systems Based on Stiffness Reduction

This paper introduces a stiffness reduction based model developed by the authors to characterize accumulative fatigue damage in unidirectional plies and(0/θ/0)composite laminates in fiber reinforced polymer(FRP)composite laminates.The proposed damage detection model is developed based on a damage evolution mechanism,including crack initiation and crack damage progress in matrix,matrix-fiber interface and fibers.Research result demonstrates that the corresponding stiffness of unidirectional composite laminates is reduced as the number of loading cycles progresses.First,three common models in literatures are presented and compared.Tensile viscosity,Young’s modulus and ultimate tensile stress of composites are incorporated as key factors in this model and are modified in accordance with temperature.Four types of FRP composite property parameters,including Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer(CFRP),Aramid Fiber Reinforced Polymer(AFRP),Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer(GFRP),and Basalt Fiber Reinforced Polymer(BFRP),are considered in this research,and a comparative parameter study of FRP unidirectional composite laminates with different off-angle plies using control variate method are discussed.It is concluded that the relationship between the drop in stiffness and the number of cycles also shows three different regions,following the mechanism of damage of FRP composites and the matrix is the dominant factor determined by temperature,while fiber strength is the dominant factor that determine the reliability of composite.

Effect of Band Width on Fatigue Life under Random Stress Response

A fatigue life estimation method for offshore structures under random stress response is studied in this paper. The method of broad band cumulative frequency number is used to determine the effect of band width of stress frequency spectra on fatigue. A formula of correction factor for fatigue under broad band stress spectra is suggested and compared with that given by P. H. Wirsching.