The Grouping of the Strike-Slip Offset Data and Its Relation With the Seismicity Along Middle Segment of the Xiaojiang Active Fault

The data of the strike-slip offset along the Xiaojiang active fault can be obviously grouped.The groups of small orders of magnitude data within 100 m show clear linear characteristics of increments between 8 m and 12 m,which indicates that the segments of the Xiaojiang active fault is of characteristic seismicity and the distribution of the values of each group indicates that there are smaller earthquakes and creep between two large earthquakes along each segment of the Xiaojiang active fault.The interval between two characteristic large earthquakes can be calculated with the increments for two groups of slip data and the slip rate of the fault.Furthermore,the frequency of smaller earthquakes can also be estimated by comparing the distributions of the displacements of the large earthquakes with the distributions of the values of each group of data.The groups of large slip displacements show that there is close relationship between the records of the displacements of the fault and the changes of the

Revisiting Late Quaternary Slip-rate along the Maqu Segment of the Eastern Kunlun Fault, Northeast Tibet

The Late Quaternary slip rate along the Maqu segment of the eastern Kunlun Fault was estimated using a combination of high-resolution remote sensing imagery interpretation, field observations and differential Global Positioning System（GPS） measurements of offset river terraces, and 14 C dating of snail shells collected from offset risers. The results show that the left-slip rate along the segment is 3–5 mm/a, and that the vertical slip rate is 0.3–0.5 mm/a. Both the horizontal and vertical slips on the segment remain consistent over a distance of ~100 km. It means that no slip gradient as previously suggested occurred along the Maqu segment, and which thus might behave as an independent seismogenic fault. Judging from multiple relationships among young terrace offsets, we infer that co-seismic surface rupture produced by a characteristic earthquake with a magnitude of Ms7.0–7.5 on the Maqu fault could generate a horizontal slip of 4.5–5 m and a vertical slip of 0.45–0.5 m, with a corresponding ratio（Dh/Dv） of about 9. Two surface rupture events must have occurred over the past 3300 years, the latest one possibly between 1485 cal BP and 1730 cal BP.

Comprehensive Multi-Level Exploration of Buried Active Faults:an Example of the Yinchuan Buried Active Fault

The paper introduces the steps and methods of multi-approach, multi-level exploration of buried faults in thick Quaternary sediment regions by taking the test exploration of the Yinchuan active fault as example. Based on the comprehensive analyses of previous data, we choose the Xinqushao Village of Xingqing District of Yinchuan City as the test site for the comprehensive exploration. Firstly, we adopted shallow seismic investigation with group intervals of 10m, 5m and lm to gradually trace layer by layer the master fault of the Yinchuan buried fault from a deep depth to a shallow depth where drilling could be used. Then, with composite geological profile drilling, we determined the precise location and dip angle of the fault. The drilling show the buried depth of the upper offset point is 8.3m. Finally, large-scale trenching revealed that the actual buried depth of the upper offset point of the fault is 1.5m from the ground surface and there are paleoearthquake events of 5 stages. Combined with the preliminary result of corresponding sample age, we conclude the Yinchuan buried fault is a mid to late Holocene active fault.

Paleoseismological Study of the Late Quaternary Slip-rate along the South Barkol Basin Fault and Its Tectonic Implications,Eastern Tian Shan,Xinjiang

The easternmost Tian Shan lies in eastern Xinjiang, Central Asia. The South Barkol basin fault（SBF） in the northern part of the easternmost Tian Shan is a major tectonic structure in this orogenic region. The late Quaternary activity, paleoseismology, and deformation characteristics of the fault provide important clues for understanding the tectonic process of the eastern Tian Shan orogen and implementing seismic mitigation. Through interpretation of high-resolution satellite images, unmanned aerial vehicle measurements, and detailed geological and geomorphic investigations, we suggest that the fault exhibits clear left-lateral slip along its western segment. Paleoseismic trenches dug near Xiongkuer reveal evidence of six large paleoearthquakes. The four latest paleoearthquakes were dated： the oldest event occurred at 4663 BC–3839 BC. Data on the horizontal offsets along the probable 1842 Barkol earthquake coseismic rupture suggest clear multiple relationships between cumulative offsets and possible ~4 m of coseismic left-lateral slip per event. From the cumulative offsets and 14 C sample ages, we suggest an average Holocene left-lateral slip rate of 2.4–2.8 mm/a on the SBF, accounting for ~80% of lateral deformation within the entire eastern Tian Shan fault system. This result is comparable with the shortening rate of 2–4 mm/a in the whole eastern Tian Shan, indicating an equal role of strike-slip tectonics and compressional tectonics in this orogen, and that the SBF may accommodate substantial lateral tectonic deformation.

Active Tectonic Strike-Slip Fault Development near Goran, Samba and Kathua Districts, Jammu and Kashmir

Active tectonic morphometric studies of the sparsely investigated frontal Siwalik terrain around Goran in the Samba district bordering the Kathua district of J&K reveal the presence of NW-SE trending active sinistral strike-slip fault with oblique slip component which is parallel to the Surin-Masatgarh anticline. The Basantar River, the Tarnah stream, the Ujh River, the Sahaar stream and the Ravi River exhibit significant stream offsets where the fault crosses these channels. The values of the morphometric indices viz. stream sinuosity index (S), stream length gradient index (SL), valley floor width to valley height ratio (Vf), mountain front sinuosity index (Smf), hypsometric integral (Hi), basin asymmetry ratio (AF) and basin elongation ratio (Eb) calculated along the linear river offsets with respect to longitudinal River segments of the Rivers Basantar, Tarnah, Ujh, Sahaar and Ravi Rivers reveal that terrain is tectonically active and can be placed in tectonic active class I. The fault has an apparent offset of about 2000 m with it as it crosses the Basantar, the Tarnah, the Ujh, the Sahaar and the Ravi Rivers. The stream offsets upon field and laboratory investigations are developed due to an active sinistral strike slip fault which is being named as Goran fault. This fault has a surface expression of 100 km extending from the Basantar in the northwest up to the Beas River in the southwest whereas the remaining segment may exist as a hidden fault all along the Himalaya.

CENOZOIC DISPLACEMENT HISTORY OF THE ALTYN TAGH FAULT:GEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE FROM FIELD OBSERVATIONS IN SOUERKULI AND MANGAR REGIONS, NW CHINA

The ENE\|striking Altyn Tagh Fault (ATF) has been well known as a large, active left\|lateral strike\|slip fault that bounds the thrusting systems in NE Tibet.This fault has been the focal point in the debate between the discrete extrusion vs. distributed crustal shortening models. Although its active left\|lateralstrike\|slip features have been largely investigated and well documented by both satellite imagery and air\|photo interpretations and field observations, little study has been done upon its Cenozoic displacement history. Questions about the age of initiation and total offset accumulated on the fault remain controversial. A key area to resolve such question is located along the central segment of the fault in the Souerkuli and Mangar regions, where Neogene sedimentary basins well develop and are mostly distributed in three zones, namely from east to west: the Gobiling, Yitunbulak and Yusuale Tagh (Fig.1). Our field investigations were conducted along the ATF cutting the Yitunbulak and Gebiling Neogene sedimentary basins. Two stratigraphic unconformities observed within this Neogene conglomeratic series allow a separation of three major stratigraphic sequences and record the initiation and major deformational episodes of ATF during Cenozoic. An early stratigraphic unconformity occurred between a yellow depositional series below and early Pliocene red\|colored conglomeratic mudstones above. A later stratigraphic unconformities occurred between early and late Pliocene sedimentary series. The lower series below the early stratigraphic unconformities is mainly composed of a conglomeratic rocks containing cobbles and pebbles of basement rock units (mostly mylonitic granites, limestones and quartzes); this series has been poorly mapped and dated; its age could be assigned to late Oligocene to early Miocene; this series tilts to NW with an angle of about 30° and is overlain in angular unconformity by early Pliocene pebble\|sized conglomerates. A weathering zone on top of the lower conglomeratic series is clearly seen, that represents a long period of uplift and erosion. This lacuna occurred between early Miocene and early Pliocene in the west Qaidam basin, which has been documented only locally. Early Pliocene deposits correspond to alluvial to lacustrine facies rocks deposited in strike\|slip basin probably originated at releasing bend of the strike\|slip ATF; late Pliocene deposits is composed by fluviatile conglomerates and fanglomerates lying in unconformity on the upper Pliocene rocks. Early Quaternary deposits are absent along the ATF and have been well documented in the Qaidam basin. Late Quaternary fanglomerates infills active fault valleys.

配电网相电压不对称动态变化下的高阻接地故障辨识

配电网单相高阻接地故障与相电压不对称动态变化间具有相似的中性点位移电压波形,易引起接地保护的误判。为此,该文建立不对称导纳矢量模型,通过分析相电压不对称动态变化的原因,揭示非故障条件下中性点位移电压的变化机理。同时建立故障电路全响应模型,刻画中性点位移电压随过渡电阻的变化轨迹,研究高阻接地故障和不对称导纳动态变化时的位移电压稳态重合区域及暂态特征差异。在论证二者稳态特征存在混叠的同时,揭示暂态过程中故障初相角对中性点位移电压直流衰减分量的影响规律。采用经验小波变换提取中性点位移电压直流衰减分量和高频分量,并利用直流衰减分量辨识故障;对于特定故障初相角导致的直流分量无法检测场景,提出基于方差贡献率的重心频率分布特征判断方法辨识接地故障。仿真分析表明,该方法为5 kΩ及以下的高阻接地故障与不对称导纳动态变化提供了明显的区分特征,为单相接地故障的准确辨识提供了新思路。

基于叶尖定时的风机叶片裂纹故障识别研究

风机叶片作为风电机组的关键部件,其裂纹故障尤为常见。裂纹的存在会导致叶片或机组出现损坏。为此,基于叶尖定时原理和分析方法,提出一种风机叶片裂纹故障的识别方法。首先,依据叶尖定时原理,分析叶片在载荷作用下裂纹对叶尖偏移的影响,建立叶尖偏移与叶尖偏移时间之间的数学模型。其次,通过仿真分析叶片在不同状态下叶尖偏移程度,结合不同工况参数与叶尖偏移时间之间的数学模型,识别裂纹特征信号。最后,利用风机模拟试验台实测叶尖信号,结果表明本文所提的识别方法对裂纹的特征信号的成功提取达到了92%以上,并且能够实时完成裂纹信号的提取和分析,说明此方法能够实现裂纹故障实时识别。

自甘风险规则释论及其与相关规则的识别

《中华人民共和国民法典》第1176条将自甘风险规则作为免责事由进行规定,具有重要的裁判价值和规范意义。自甘风险的构成要件在客观方面应属于具有一定风险的文体活动,并且损害源于固有风险的现实化;在主观方面需要受害人知情自愿,且当事人必须具有主体上的适格性。在法律效果上,若受害人自甘风险成立,侵权人可援引此规则进行抗辩,免除自身侵权责任,从而使受害人自行承担损害后果。但自甘风险规则的设定并不意味着降低或者免除活动组织者以及其他活动参与者的注意义务。此外,自甘风险作为新规定,易与受害人同意、过失相抵以及公平原则等相混淆,因其与相关规则之间性质不同,在当事人的过错程度、受害人对损害结果的了解程度和接受意愿等方面均存在差异,在适用过程中应注意区分。

基于α⁃shape和多边形偏置的断层自动提取方法

断层解释在储层预测和地质建模中至关重要,目前采用人工方式解释断层工作量大、效率低,不能满足油田勘探开发的精细要求。为此,以传统相干属性或断层智能预测数据体分析、优选为基础,提出一种基于α⁃shape和多边形偏置的断层自动提取方法。首先通过人机交互确定目标断层位置;其次研发并利用α⁃shape断点边缘提取算法和倾角约束多边形偏置算法,实现对断层空间边界的精确刻画;最后以该边界为约束条件设置目标断层重合度阈值,约束区域生长算法的延展范围,完成三维断层自动提取。所提方法在胜利油田多个地区应用均取得较好效果,在征6地区刻画断层空间展布形态,断层完整性及精确度明显优于某商业软件;在辛50地区开展断层自动提取,大幅提高了工作效率。

计及故障分闸角与单相故障的后续换相失败分析

针对换相失败影响因素分析已经取得一些成果,但故障清除时刻(故障分闸角)对换相失败的影响有待进一步研究。首先基于换相失败过程分析过零点偏移角对关断角的影响;其次基于换相电压时间面积法分析不同故障合闸角对逆变器首次换相失败的影响,并进一步分析故障分闸角及过零点偏移角对后续换相失败的影响,发现故障在换相过程中清除引发后续换相失败风险最大;最后以单相接地故障为例,基于PSCAD/EMTDC中的(conseil international des grands reseaux electriques,CIGRE)模型的不同故障合闸角与分闸角的仿真测试结果验证了理论分析的正确性。

计及相位偏移的小电阻接地系统电压梯度测距方法

针对小电阻接地系统发生单相接地故障后保护直接跳闸导致的供电可靠性低的问题,提出一种计及相位偏移的电压梯度测距方法。首先,利用小电阻接地系统单相接地故障零序电流流通回路,分析了忽略零序电压相位偏移时和计及零序电压相位偏移时的零序电压幅值分布特征。其次,针对不能忽略零序电压相位偏移的情况,以母线出口处的零序电压为基准,分析了故障线路任一点的零序电压相对量分布特征。最后,在准确获取区段定位结果的基础上,提出了基于零序电压相对量梯度的测距方法。仿真结果表明,对于典型参数的架空线,相比于传统的基于零序电压幅值梯度的测距方法,利用零序电压相对量梯度后,测距精度显著提高。

阿尔金断裂带西段车尔臣河以西晚第四纪以来的滑动速率研究

通过分析阿尔金断裂带西段车尔臣河出山口以西 85°～ 86°E的高精度SPOT卫星影像 ,结合野外考察和年代学研究 ,对阿尔金断裂带西段 3个典型走滑断层的断错地貌进行了研究。在库拉木拉克 ,阿尔金断裂带西段自 (6 0 2± 0 4 7)kaBP以来的左旋滑动速率为 (11 6± 2 6 )mm/a ,自 (15 6 7± 1 19)kaBP以来的左旋滑动速率为 (9 6± 2 6 )mm/a ;阿羌牧场附近 ,自 (2 0 6± 0 16 )kaBP以来的左旋滑动速率为 (12 1± 1 9)mm/a ;达拉库岸萨依附近 ,自 (4 91± 0 39)kaBP以来的左旋滑动速率为(12 2± 3 0 )mm/a。由此得到阿尔金断裂带全新世以来的平均滑动速率约为 (11 4± 2 5 )mm/a。以阿尔金断裂带走向N75°E计算 ,阿尔金断裂带西段左旋走滑所吸收的青藏高原SN向缩短速率为 (3 0±0 6 )mm/a。

矿井断层冲击地压的折迭突变模型

建立了矿井围岩 -断层系统的准静态形变平衡方程 ,将呈剪切破裂形式的断层失稳过程归结为折迭突变模型。模型可验证已有的岩体系统失稳破裂的临界条件 ,还可给出系统恢复准静态形变的条件。用解析方式对断层失稳前兆阶段及失稳 (震 )后阶段系统的稳定性作出符合物理意义和实际观察的描述。给出断层失稳前后的错距和围岩弹性能释放量计算公式。从中看到系统刚度比是刻划矿震强度恰当的系统内禀参数。分析结果可全部从已有的试验结果中得到验证。

阿尔金断裂带东段距今20ka以来的滑动速率

阿尔金断裂带作为青藏高原北部边界 ,其走滑量和走滑速率一直为地学界所关注 ,对这样一条大陆内部巨型走滑断裂带的滑动速率进行研究 ,对于了解阿尔金断裂带左旋走滑和青藏高原北部隆升之间的耦合关系 ,具有重要意义。在阿尔金断裂带东段的疏勒河口以西 ,阿尔金断裂错断了几条规模相近的河流阶地和洪积扇 ,形成典型的走滑断层断错地貌。通过对这些典型断错地貌点的地貌观测和年代学研究 ,得到阿尔金断裂带东段石堡城以东疏勒河以西自 2 0kaBP以来的滑动速率约为 4～ 5mm/a。自 50kaBP以来 ,阿尔金断裂带东段断层平均滑动速率具有较高的时间、空间一致性 ,约为 4～ 6mm/a ,表明利用河流阶地和洪积扇位错作为断层走滑位移标志计算断层滑动速率 ,具有较高的可信度。

河西走廊西端黑山断裂运动学特征及其在构造转换中的意义

河西走廊西端北侧的黑山断裂不仅构成了河西走廊重要组成部分——酒西盆地的北部边界,同时也是青藏高原北部边界重要断裂——阿尔金断裂东端构造组成和转换的重要部分。通过对黑山断裂野外调查、典型断错地貌面的测量以及年代测定,获得了黑山断裂晚更新世以来的逆冲滑动速率为每年（0.26±0.06）mm,同时证实该断裂为一条以高角度逆冲为主要运动特征的断裂,其运动性质与阿尔金断裂存在明显的不同。结合对阿尔金断裂东端部运动学特征的讨论,总结前人在河西走廊西端酒西盆地内NW向断裂定量研究成果,得到河西走廊西端这些NWW向逆冲断裂和褶皱在平行于阿尔金断裂走向上的缩短速率总和为每年1.4~2.4mm,这与阿尔金断裂东端部每年1~2mm水平走滑速率相当,由此推断阿尔金断裂东端的左旋走滑被活动的逆冲断裂、第四纪褶皱隆起引起的地壳缩短吸收和转换了,阿尔金断裂在其东端部水平滑动速率逐步降低,断裂终止于河西走廊西端的宽滩山一带,而河西走廊西端酒西盆地北侧的黑山断裂与其走向上相联接的磴磴山断裂、金塔南山断裂可能共同构造了青藏高原朝NE向扩展的最前缘。

用阶地测量方法探讨阿尔金断裂中段全新世滑动速率

通过分析高精度数字化SPOT卫星影像 ,结合野外考察和年代学测试 ,对阿尔金南缘走滑断裂带的 3个典型走滑断层断错地貌点进行了研究。在安南坝沟 ,阿尔金南缘走滑断裂带一主要分支自 (9.36± 0 .73)kaBP以来的左旋滑动速率为 (7.5± 1.7)mm/a ;在七个泉子阿尔金南缘走滑断裂带有 4条分支 ,其中 1条规模较小的断层分支自 (13 86± 1 0 7)kaBP以来的左旋滑动速率为 (2 .3±0 5 )mm/a ,由此推断七个泉子附近断裂带全新世以来的滑动速率为 (6 .9± 1.5 )～ (9.2± 2 .0 )mm/a ;约马克其断裂带自 (4 .73± 0 .38)kaBP以来的左旋滑动速率为 (10 .6± 3.0 )mm/a。综合以上各点结果 ,阿尔金南缘走滑断裂带中段 88°30′E与 93°0 5′E之间全新世以来的水平滑动速率为 7～ 11mm/a 。

非均匀围压下矿井断层冲击地压的突变理论分析

按Mises增量理论 ,将提出的均匀围压下矿井断层冲击地压的突变理论分析推广到非均匀围压下的断层冲击地压分析 ,得到非均匀围压下的断层失稳半错距和弹性能释放量表达式。对由于断层失稳导致围岩产生的荷载。

阿拉善地块南部雅布赖山前断裂的运动学特征及意义初探

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