Fault Ride-Through Capability Enhancement of PV System with Voltage Support Control Strategy

With continuously increasing of photovoltaic (PV) plant’s penetration, it has become a critical issue to improve the fault ride-through capability of PV plant. This paper refers to the German grid code, and the PV system is controlled to keep grid connected, as well as inject reactive current to grid when fault occurs. The mathematical model of PV system is established and the fault characteristic is studied with respect to the control strategy. By analyzing the effect of reactive power supplied by the PV system to the point of common coupling (PCC) voltage, this paper proposes an adaptive voltage support control strategy to enhance the fault ride-through capability of PV system. The control strategy fully utilizes the PV system’s capability of voltage support and takes the safety of equipment into account as well. At last, the proposed control strategy is verified by simulation.

Fuzzy-Model-Based Finite Frequency Fault Detection Filtering Design for Two-Dimensional Nonlinear Systems

This article studies the fault detection filtering design problem for Roesser type two-dimensional(2-D)nonlinear systems described by uncertain 2-D Takagi-Sugeno(T-S)fuzzy models.Firstly,fuzzy Lyapunov functions are constructed and the 2-D Fourier transform is exploited,based on which a finite frequency fault detection filtering design method is proposed such that a residual signal is generated with robustness to external disturbances and sensitivity to faults.It has been shown that the utilization of available frequency spectrum information of faults and disturbances makes the proposed filtering design method more general and less conservative compared with a conventional nonfrequency based filtering design approach.Then,with the proposed evaluation function and its threshold,a novel mixed finite frequency H_(∞)/H_(-)fault detection algorithm is developed,based on which the fault can be immediately detected once the evaluation function exceeds the threshold.Finally,it is verified with simulation studies that the proposed method is effective and less conservative than conventional non-frequency and/or common Lyapunov function based filtering design methods.

Fault Ride-Through Study of Wind Turbines

The installation of wind energy has increased rapidly around the world. The grid codes about the wind energy require wind turbine (WT) has the ability of fault (or low voltage) ride-through (FRT). To study the FRT operation of the wind farms, three methods were discussed. First, the rotor short current of doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) was limited by introducing a rotor side protection circuit. Second, the voltage of DC bus was limited by a DC energy absorb circuit. Third, STATCOM was used to increase the low level voltages of the wind farm. Simulation under MATLAB was studied and the corresponding results were given and discussed. The methods proposed in this paper can limit the rotor short current and the DC voltage of the DFIG WT to some degree, but the voltage support to the power system during the fault largely depend on the installation place of STATCOM.

Fault Ride-Through(FRT)Behavior in VSC-HVDC as Key Enabler of Transmission Systems Using SCADA Viewer Software

The world’s energy consumption and power generation demand will continue to rise.Furthermore,the bulk of the energy resources needed to satisfy the rising demand is far from the load centers.The aforementioned requires long-distance transmission systems and one way to accomplish this is to use high voltage direct current(HVDC)transmission systems.The main technical issues for HVDC transmission systems are loss of synchronism,variation of quadrature currents,amplitude,the inability of station 1(rectifier),and station 2(inverter)to either inject,or absorb active,or reactive power in the network in any circumstances(before a fault occurs,during having a fault in network and after a fault cleared),and the variations of power transfer capabilities.Additionally,faults impact power quality such as voltage dips and power line outage time.This paper presents a method of overcoming the aforementioned technical issues using voltage-source converter(VSC)based HVDC transmission systems with SCADA VIEWER software and dynamic grid simulator.The benefits include having a higher capacity transmission system and proposed best method for control of active and reactive power transfer capabilities.Simulation results obtained using MATLAB validated the experimental results from SCADA Viewer software.The results indicate that the station’s rectifier or inverter can either inject or absorb either active power or reactive power in any circumstance.Also,the reverse power flow under different modes of operation can ride through faults.At a 100.0%power transfer rate,the rectifier injected 775.0 W into the network.At a 0.0%power transfer rate,the rectifier injected 164.0 W into the network.At a-100.0%rated power,the rectifier injected 1264.0 W into the network and direction was also changed.

连接无源网络的LCC-FHMMC混合直流输电系统送端交流故障穿越控制策略

LCC-FHMMC型混合直流输电系统可以完全解决逆变侧换相失败问题,在向无源网络供电领域具有广阔的应用前景。建立了双端混合直流输电系统的数学模型,在分析送端交流故障机理和无源网络工作特性的基础上提出一种基于桥臂电压控制的故障穿越控制策略。通过让负荷主动参与调节换流站不平衡功率,快速恢复直流功率传输的同时有效避免切负荷,同时实现受端换流站和负荷的故障穿越。依靠全桥子模块拓扑能够输出负电平的特点扩大逆变侧直流电压的调节范围,避免子模块电容过度放电导致的换流站闭锁,有效减小了故障清除后直流冲击电流。设计了不同严重程度交流故障下相关参数的选取原则,后基于电磁暂态仿真软件搭建双端混合直流输电系统的仿真模型验证了所提控制策略的有效性。

Fault plane parameters of Sanhe-Pinggu M8 earthquake in 1679 determined using present-day small earthquakes

The great Sanhe-Pinggu M8 earthquake occurred in 1679 was the largest surface rupture event recorded in history in the northern part of North China plain. This study determines the fault geometry of this earthquake by inverting seismological data of present-day moderate-small earthquakes in the focal area. We relocated those earthquakes with the double-difference method. Based on the assumption that clustered small earthquakes often occur in the vicinity of fault plane of large earthquake, and referring to the morphology of the long axis of the isoseismal line obtained by the predecessors, we selected a strip-shaped zone from the relocated earthquake catalog in the period from 1980 to 2009 to invert fault plane parameters of this earthquake. The inversion results are as follows： the strike is 38.23°, the dip angle is 82.54°, the slip angle is -156.08°, the fault length is about 80 km, the lower-boundary depth is about 23 km and the buried depth of upper boundary is about 3 kin. This shows that the seismogenic fault is a NNE-trending normal dip-slip fault, southeast wall downward and northwest wall uplift, with the right-lateral strike-slip component. Moreover, the surface rupture zone, intensity distribution of the earth-quake and seismic-wave velocity profile in the focal area all verified our study result.

Internal structures and high-velocity frictional properties of Longmenshan fault zone at Shenxigou activated during the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake

This paper reports internal structures of a wide fault zone at Shenxigou,Dujiangyan,Sichuan province,China,and high-velocity frictional properties of the fault gouge collected near the coseismic slip zone during the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake.Vertical offset and horizontal displacement at the trench site were 2.8 m（NW side up）and 4.8 m（right-lateral）,respectively.The fault zone formed in Triassic sandstone,siltstone,and shale about 500 m away from the Yingxiu-Beichuan fault,a major fault in the Longmenshan fault system.A trench survey across the coseismic fault,and observations of outcrops and drill cores down to a depth of 57 m revealed that the fault zone consists of fault gouge and fault breccia of about0.5 and 250-300 m in widths,respectively,and that the fault strikes N62°E and dips 68° to NW.Quaternary conglomerates were recovered beneath the fault in the drilling,so that the fault moved at least 55 m along the coseismic slip zone,experiencing about 18 events of similar sizes.The fault core is composed of grayish gouge（GG） and blackish gouge（BG） with very complex slip-zone structures.BG contains low-crystalline graphite of about 30 %.High-velocity friction experiments were conducted at normal stresses of 0.6-2.1 MPa and slip rates of 0.1-2.1 m/s.Both GG and BG exhibit dramatic slip weakening at constant high slip rates that can be described as an exponential decay from peak friction coefficient lpto steadystate friction coefficient lssover a slip-weakening distance Dc.Deformation of GG and BG is characterized by overlapped slip-zone structures and development of sharp slickenside surfaces,respectively.Comparison of our data with those reported for other outcrops indicates that the high-velocity frictional properties of the Longmenshan fault zones are quite uniform and the high-velocity weakening must have promoted dynamic rupture propagation during the Wenchuan earthquake.

Coordinated Rotor-Side Control Strategy for Doubly-FedWind Turbine under Symmetrical and Asymmetrical Grid Faults

In order to solve the problems of rotor overvoltage,overcurrent and DC side voltage rise caused by grid voltage drops,a coordinated control strategy based on symmetrical and asymmetrical low voltage ride through of rotor side converter of the doubly-fed generator is proposed.When the power grid voltage drops symmetrically,the generator approximate equation under steady-state conditions is no longer applicable.Considering the dynamic process of stator current excitation,according to the change of stator flux and the depth of voltage drop,the system can dynamically provide reactive power support for parallel nodes and suppress the rise of DC side voltage and rotor over-current.When the grid voltage drops asymmetrically,the positive and negative sequence components are separated in the rotating coordinate system.The doubly fed generator model is established to suppress the rotor positive sequence current and negative sequence current respectively.At the same time,the output voltage limit of the converter is discussed,and the reference value is adjusted within the allowable output voltage range.In order to adapt to the occurrence of different types of power grid faults and complex operating conditions,a fast switching module of fault type detection and rotor control mode is designed to detect the type of power grid faults and voltage drop depth in real time and switch the rotor side control mode dynamically.Finally,the simulation model of the doubly fed wind turbine is constructed in Matlab/Simulink.The simulation results verify that the proposed control strategy can improve the low-voltage ride through performance of the system when dealing with the symmetrical and asymmetric voltage drop of the power grid and identify the power grid fault type and provide the correct control strategy.

Design of Distributed Fault-Tolerant Industrial Network

A token-bus-based design method of the distributedfault-tolerant industrial network is presented in this pa-per.The dual-link network is of hot-redundancy.The performance of the network is also discussed.

Temperature-Triggered Hardware Trojan Based Algebraic Fault Analysis of SKINNY-64-64 Lightweight Block Cipher

SKINNY-64-64 is a lightweight block cipher with a 64-bit block length and key length,and it is mainly used on the Internet of Things(IoT).Currently,faults can be injected into cryptographic devices by attackers in a variety of ways,but it is still difficult to achieve a precisely located fault attacks at a low cost,whereas a Hardware Trojan(HT)can realize this.Temperature,as a physical quantity incidental to the operation of a cryptographic device,is easily overlooked.In this paper,a temperature-triggered HT(THT)is designed,which,when activated,causes a specific bit of the intermediate state of the SKINNY-64-64 to be flipped.Further,in this paper,a THT-based algebraic fault analysis(THT-AFA)method is proposed.To demonstrate the effectiveness of the method,experiments on algebraic fault analysis(AFA)and THT-AFA have been carried out on SKINNY-64-64.In the THT-AFA for SKINNY-64-64,it is only required to activate the THT 3 times to obtain the master key with a 100%success rate,and the average time for the attack is 64.57 s.However,when performing AFA on this cipher,we provide a relation-ship between the number of different faults and the residual entropy of the key.In comparison,our proposed THT-AFA method has better performance in terms of attack efficiency.To the best of our knowledge,this is the first HT attack on SKINNY-64-64.

用于VSC-HVDC系统的模块化直串式直流耗能装置

柔性直流输电(VSC-HVDC)因其所具备的长距离输电损耗低而易于实现故障隔离与穿越、独立控制有功与无功等优势,使得其在海上风电并网领域具备极大的应用前景。为了实现海上风电VSC-HVDC系统的故障穿越,在对比分析现有耗能装置方案的基础上,提出一种经济型模块化直串式直流耗能装置拓扑。该拓扑结合了集中式耗能电阻户外散热和分布式模块自取能、软开关控制的优势,解决了拓扑中功率器件异步通断造成的子模块电压持续攀升的可控放电难题。详述了所提拓扑的详细工作状态与控制策略,并通过模块样机实验及等效最小系统实验验证了所提拓扑的可行性与子模块可控放电控制逻辑。通过RTDS实验验证了模块化直串式直流耗能装置能够实现系统的平滑故障穿越。

向无源网络供电的LCC-MMC混合直流输电系统控制策略

电网换相换流器和模块化多电平换流器(LCC-MMC)混合直流输电系统兼顾了两种换流器的技术优势和经济优势,具有较好的应用前景。无源网络装设容性滤波装置能够起到平滑交流电压波形、提供电压支撑等作用。首先通过理论推导,建立了含容性滤波装置的模块化多电平换流器数学模型,基于dq理论,提出了模块化多电平换流器的无源解耦控制策略。针对送端电网换相换流器侧交流故障可能导致的功率中断等问题,从电网换相换流器和模块化多电平换流器的控制机理出发,分析了故障阶段及故障后的系统响应特性,并进而提出了送端交流故障穿越附加控制策略。为验证上述控制策略的有效性,在PSCAD/EMTDC内建立了一个LCC-MMC混合直流输电模型。通过受端电压频率变化和送端交流故障仿真,验证了所提控制策略的可行性和有效性。

C-MMC直流故障穿越机理及改进拓扑方案

采用基于箝位双子模块(clamp double sub-module,CDSM)的模块化多电平换流器(modular multileve lconverter,MMC),是MMC-HVDC实现直流故障快速自清除的理想选择之一。首先研究箝位双子模块正常和闭锁工作模式;然后分析闭锁前后故障等值电路和故障电流特性,指出利用二极管阻断特性和模块电容所提供的足够大的反电势能够实现直流闭锁;最后,提出两点改进措施:1)桥臂由半桥子模块和箝位双子模块混合而成,降低了稳态运行损耗和半导体器件数量;2)在子模块内部箝位二极管处串联阻尼电阻,以加快闭锁期间能量耗散和降低电容电压增高幅值。PSCAD/EMTDC仿真结果验证了所提出的改进拓扑结构方案的可行性和有效性。

基于PWM-CSC的混合直流输电系统功率控制策略研究

为解决传统直流输电系统逆变侧容易出现换相失败的问题,针对目前基于模块化多电平换流器(MMC)的直流输电系统造价较高、半桥结构子模块无法穿越直流故障、损耗大等缺点,本文提出了一种整流侧采用电网换相换流器(LCC)、逆变侧采用脉宽调制型电流源换流器(PWM-CSC)的混合直流输电系统。推导了系统的数学模型并分析了PWM-CSC交流输出侧的谐波特性,提出了一种最大功率因数控制策略。在PSCAD/EMTDC中搭建的基于PWM-CSC的混合直流输电系统的仿真结果表明,本文提出的控制策略能够在正常工况下实现系统逆变侧换流器最大功率因数运行;当交、直流侧发生短路故障时,本文提出的混合型直流输电换流器能够实现平稳穿越。

向无源网络供电的MMC-HVDC送端交流故障穿越策略

向无源网络供电的模块化多电平换流器型高压直流输电(MMC-HVDC)系统的送端交流系统发生故障时,功率传输的不平衡会使MMC-HVDC直流电压严重跌落直至系统崩溃。首先分析了送端交流系统发生故障时MMC电容放电的机理,然后设计了一种向无源网络供电的MMC-HVDC送端交流故障穿越策略,该策略的核心思想是在送端故障期间降低无源网络吸收的功率从而使MMC-HVDC直流侧功率尽量平衡。最后在PSCAD/EMTDC仿真平台上搭建了向由感应电动机和静态特性负荷组成的无源网络供电的MMC-HVDC系统,验证了送端系统故障时MMC电容放电机理。仿真结果表明,在所设计的故障穿越策略的作用下,MMC-HVDC在送端交流系统故障期间能够遏制直流电压跌落而保持稳定运行,提高了系统的故障穿越能力。

采用全钒液流电池储能的UDVR提升DFIG-LVRT能力研究

为了提升双馈电机(DFIG)风电系统柔性故障穿越(FFRT)能力,提出了采用全钒液流电池(VRB)储能的三单相不间断动态电压恢复器(UDVR)应对策略。对电网电压不平衡时DFIG转子侧变换器和网侧变换器暂态特性进行了理论分析,对全钒液流电池充放电特性进行了仿真分析,对单相UDVR的工作原理、矢量关系及其控制策略进行了研究。建立了基于VRB储能的UDVR改进DFIG风电系统故障穿越能力仿真模型。采用正常运行时UDVR旁路备用,电网故障时UDVR进行电压补偿的方式,验证了DFIG-FFRT特性。结果表明:对于严重的电网对称和不对称故障情况,UDVR可向电网注入补偿电压,整个暂态过程机组向电网注入了友好型绿色能源,提升了DFIG机组无超调FFRT运行能力。

风电场经MMC-MTDC系统并网的几个关键问题

随着风电大容量远距离输送需求的增长,柔性直流输电技术的快速发展,基于模块化多电平换流器(module multilevel converter,MMC)的多端柔性直流系统在大规模风电场并网应用中优势凸显,前景广阔。为此,首先考虑2种直流线路保护方案,从经济性和技术性2方面阐述了3类多端柔性直流风电并网系统的拓扑结构以及优缺点;接着,分析了3种系统级协调控制策略在风电并网多端系统中的应用与改进,包括主从控制、直流电压裕度控制和直流电压下垂控制;然后,针对风电并网运行中较为突出的故障穿越问题,从交流故障和直流故障2方面,讨论了提高含风电并网多端柔性直流系统故障穿越能力的方法;最后,对未来大规模风电并网其他关键技术问题进行了展望。

风电经双极混合型MMC-HVDC并网的直流故障穿越协调控制策略

架空线MMC-HVDC是大规模风电友好型并网和可靠送出的有效手段。针对架空线故障率高的问题,采用对称双极接线方式和具备故障阻断能力的混合型MMC是其主要解决方案之一。基于此方案提出了风电经双极混合型MMC-HVDC并网的直流故障穿越协调控制策略。通过混合型MMC零直流电压控制实现了故障电流的有效阻断,并维持了故障极MMC对交流电压的支撑能力。基于对称双极接线方案运行方式灵活的特点,根据故障极功率能否被非故障极完全吸收,分别提出了自吸收和非自吸收工况下非故障极MMC的控制策略及其参数调整原则。并基于风电场频率响应能力设计了无需通信的精确减载控制策略,以实现非故障极MMC满载运行,在维持系统安全稳定运行的同时降低对受端交流系统的影响。最后,基于Matlab/Simulink搭建并网系统模型,验证了所提直流故障穿越协调控制策略的有效性。

风电场C-MMC-HVDC并网系统直流故障穿越研究

以陆上风电场C-MMC-HVDC并网系统的直流故障穿越性能为研究对象,通过理论分析和PSCAD/EMTDC数值仿真的方法,对陆上风电场C-MMC-HVDC并网系统的直流故障穿越能力进行模拟分析和实验验证。研究结果表明:陆上风电场C-MMC-HVDC并网系统,在加入一种基于风电Crowbar附加控制,配合换流站闭锁重启动的控制方法后,可实现直流故障穿越,提高系统稳定性。

LCC-MMC三端混合直流输电系统整流站交流故障穿越协调控制策略

针对整流站采用电网换相型换流器(LCC)、逆变站采用并联两端模块化多电平换流器(MMC)的三端混合直流输电系统,重点研究了整流站交流侧故障导致直流输送功率减小或中断的问题,并提出了一种整流站交流故障穿越协调控制策略。首先,建立了混合直流系统中不同类型换流器的数学模型并分析了其交流故障特征;其次,针对不同的系统运行方式及故障时直流电压降低、直流侧含有二倍频分量的故障特征,提出了整流站最小触发角控制与逆变站最大调制比控制的站间协调策略;再次,通过改进原有100 Hz保护定值,实现了控制模式可自主切换;最后,在PSCAD/EM TDC中建立了混合直流输电系统的模型,对该系统在不同工况下的控制特性进行了仿真分析。结果表明:所提控制策略在整流站交流故障情况下可相应提高直流系统的输送功率,降低整流侧发生交流短路故障时引起功率输送中断的概率。