Fault Ride-Through Capability of Full-Power Converter Wind Turbine

In order to ensure power system stability, modern wind turbines are required to be able to endure deep voltage dips. The specifications that determine the voltage dip versus time are called fault r/de-through （FRT） requirements. The purpose of this paper is not only to examine the FRT behavior of a full-power converter wind turbine but also to combine the power system viewpoint to the studies. It is not enough for the turbine to be FRT capable; the loss of mains （LOM） protection of the turbine must also be set to allow the FRT. Enabling FRT, however, means that the LOM protection settings must be loosen, which may sometimes pose a safety hazard. This article introduces unique real-time simulation environment and proposes an FRT method for a wind turbine that also takes the operation of LOM protection relay into account. Simulations are carried out using the simulation environment and results show that wind turbine is able to ride-through a symmetrical power system fault.

Validation of Full-Converter Wind Power Plant Generic Model Based on Actual Fault Ride-Through Measurements

Modeling and validation of full power converter wind turbine models with field measurement data are rarely reported in papers. In this paper an aggregated generic dynamic model of the wind farm consisting of full power converter wind turbines is composed and the model validation based on actual field measurements is performed. The paper is based on the measurements obtained from the real short circuit test applied to connection point of observed wind farm. The presented approach for validating the composed model and fault ride-through （FRT） capability for the whole wind park is unique in overall practice and its significance and importance is described and analyzed.

Fault Ride-Through Capability Enhancement of PV System with Voltage Support Control Strategy

With continuously increasing of photovoltaic (PV) plant’s penetration, it has become a critical issue to improve the fault ride-through capability of PV plant. This paper refers to the German grid code, and the PV system is controlled to keep grid connected, as well as inject reactive current to grid when fault occurs. The mathematical model of PV system is established and the fault characteristic is studied with respect to the control strategy. By analyzing the effect of reactive power supplied by the PV system to the point of common coupling (PCC) voltage, this paper proposes an adaptive voltage support control strategy to enhance the fault ride-through capability of PV system. The control strategy fully utilizes the PV system’s capability of voltage support and takes the safety of equipment into account as well. At last, the proposed control strategy is verified by simulation.

Fault Ride-Through Study of Wind Turbines

The installation of wind energy has increased rapidly around the world. The grid codes about the wind energy require wind turbine (WT) has the ability of fault (or low voltage) ride-through (FRT). To study the FRT operation of the wind farms, three methods were discussed. First, the rotor short current of doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) was limited by introducing a rotor side protection circuit. Second, the voltage of DC bus was limited by a DC energy absorb circuit. Third, STATCOM was used to increase the low level voltages of the wind farm. Simulation under MATLAB was studied and the corresponding results were given and discussed. The methods proposed in this paper can limit the rotor short current and the DC voltage of the DFIG WT to some degree, but the voltage support to the power system during the fault largely depend on the installation place of STATCOM.

不同故障状态下电网形成变换器的故障穿越控制

电网形成GFM(grid-forming converter)变换器作为高渗透率电力电子设备电力系统的主要元件之一,其故障穿越FRT(fault-ridethrough)能力是保证高度电力电子化电力系统稳定运行的重要基础。基于此,提出1种适用于GFM变换器的FRT策略,既考虑了变换器的硬件约束(即电流约束),又可在发生对称和非对称故障时使GFM在保护模式下运行。首先,详细分析了GFM变换器的FRT相关问题;然后,建立了1种适当的FRT模型及控制方法;最后,通过功率硬件在环仿真与实验验证所提方法的有效性。结果表明,与电网跟随变换器相比,所提控制方法可保障GFM变换器在故障时瞬时注入无功电流,以防止变换器出现过流问题,并最终实现GFM变换器在严重故障条件下仍可容错运行。

直流换相失败故障下DFIG暂态特性分析与过电压抑制

在大规模风电基地通过电网换相高压直流输电(LCCHVDC)远距离送出的背景下,直流系统换相失败故障会在送端产生暂态电压扰动。已有研究缺乏对风电机组呈现出的电压“先低后高”连续变化且磁链不断累积特性的探讨,亟须从磁链累积的角度分析风电机组在换相失败期间的电压特性,提出一种具有暂态电压抑制作用的风机故障穿越(fault ride through,FRT)策略。首先,采用曲线拟合的方法,推导了双馈风电机组(doubly fed induction generator,DFIG)在直流系统换相失败期间的电压与磁链方程,分析了直流系统定电流环节(constant current amplifier,CCA)控制对暂态过电压的影响;其次,提出一种基于灭磁控制的故障穿越策略,通过全定子磁链观测并引入灭磁系数,在转子侧变流器(rotor side converter,RSC)有功、无功电流参考值中分别计及灭磁电流,拓宽了RSC无功输出的能力。最后,MATLAB/Simulink平台验证了所提策略在实现DFIG故障穿越的基础上还能够进一步抑制暂态过电压,提高了系统稳定性与安全性。

面向系统功角稳定性提升的变速抽水蓄能机组故障穿越性能优化

含定、变速机组的大容量抽水蓄能电站经弱交流通道送出场景下,定速机组存在功角失稳风险,为此,通过优化变速机组故障穿越性能提出了系统功角稳定性提升方法。首先,建立了抽水蓄能电站送出系统的动态模型,推导了变速机组输出功率对系统减速面积的灵敏度,明确了变速机组故障穿越特性对系统功角稳定的影响;然后,在确保故障期间变速机组转子无超速风险的前提下,提出了变速机组故障穿越电流限值和电压阈值的整定方法,以降低故障期间变速机组有功、无功功率恢复速度,提升系统功角稳定性;最后,采用基于中国河北省丰宁抽水蓄能电站的仿真算例验证了文中方法的有效性。

Application of MMC with Embedded Energy Storage for Overvoltage Suppression and Fault Ride-through Improvement in Series LCCMMC Hybrid HVDC System

The series line-commutated converter(LCC)and modular multilevel converter(MMC)hybrid high-voltage direct current(HVDC)system provides a more economical and flexible alternative for ultra-HVDC(UHVDC)transmission,which is the so-called Baihetan-Jiangsu HVDC(BJ-HVDC)project of China.In one LCC and two MMCs(1+2)operation mode,the sub-module(SM)capacitors suffer the most rigorous overvoltage induced by three-phase-to-ground fault at grid-side MMC and valve-side single-phase-to-ground fault in internal MMC.In order to suppress such huge overvoltage,this paper demonstrates a novel alternative by employing the MMC-based embedded battery energy storage system(MMC-BESS).Firstly,the inducements of SM overvoltage are analyzed.Then,coordinated with MMC-BESS,new fault ride-through(FRT)strategies are proposed to suppress the overvoltage and improve the FRT capability.Finally,several simulation scenarios are carried out on PSCAD/EMTDC.The overvoltage suppression is verified against auxiliary device used in the BJ-HVDC project in a monopolar BJ-HVDC system.Further,the proposed FRT strategies are validated in the southern Jiangsu power grid of China based on the planning data in the summer of 2025.Simulation results show that the MMC-BESS and proposed FRT strategies could effectively suppress the overvoltage and improve the FRT capability.

A Continuous Fault Ride-through Scheme for DFIGs Under Commutation Failures in LCC-HVDC Transmission Systems

Experimental and theoretical studies have confirmed that,relative to a one-shot voltage fault,a doubly-fed induction generator(DFIG)will suffer a greater transient impact during continuous voltage faults.This paper presents the design and application of an effective scheme for DFIGs when a commutation failure(CF)occurs in a line-commutated converter based high-voltage direct current(LCC-HVDC)transmission system.First,transient demagnetization control without filters is proposed to offset the electromotive force(EMF)induced by the natural flux and other low-frequency flux components.Then,a rotor-side integrated impedance circuit is designed to limit the rotor overcurrent to ensure that the rotor-side converter(RSC)is controllable.Furthermore,coordinated control of the demagnetization and segmented reactive currents is implemented in the RSC.Comparative studies have shown that the proposed scheme can limit rotor fault currents and effectively improve the continuous fault ride-through capability of DFIGs.

Fault Ride-through Hybrid Controller for MMC-HVDC Transmission System via Switching Control Units Based on Bang-bang Funnel Controller

This paper proposes a fault ride-through hybrid controller(FRTHC)for modular multi-level converter based high-voltage direct current(MMC-HVDC)transmission systems.The FRTHC comprises four loops of cascading switching control units(SCUs).Each SCU switches between a bang-bang funnel controller(BBFC)and proportional-integral(PI)control loop according to a state-dependent switching law.The BBFC can utilize the full control capability of each control loop using three-value control signals with the maximum available magnitude.A state-dependent switching law is designed for each SCU to guarantee its structural stability.Simulation studies are conducted to verify the superior fault ride-through capability of the MMC-HVDC transmission system controlled by FRTHC,in comparison to that controlled by a vector controller(VC)and a VC with DC voltage droop control(VDRC).

Dual-mode Switching Fault Ride-through Control Strategy for Self-synchronous Wind Turbines

The installed capacity of renewable energy generation has continued to grow rapidly in recent years along with the global energy transition towards a 100%renewable-based power system.At the same time,the grid-connected large-scale renewable energy brings significant challenges to the safe and stable operation of the power system due to the loss of synchronous machines.Therefore,self-synchronous wind turbines have attracted wide attention from both academia and industry.However,the understanding of the physical operation mechanisms of self-synchronous wind turbines is not clear.In particular,the transient characteristics and dynamic processes of wind turbines are fuzzy in the presence of grid disturbances.Furthermore,it is difficult to design an adaptive fault ride-through(FRT)control strategy.Thus,a dual-mode switching FRT control strategy for self-synchronous wind turbines is developed.Two FRT control strategies are used.In one strategy,the amplitude and phase of the internal potential are directly calculated according to the voltage drop when a minor grid fault occurs.The other dual-mode switching control strategy in the presence of a deep grid fault includes three parts:vector control during the grid fault,fault recovery vector control,and self-synchronous control.The proposed control strategy can significantly mitigate transient overvoltage,overcurrent,and multifrequency oscillation,thereby resulting in enhanced transient stability.Finally,simulation results are provided to validate the proposed control strategy.

Enhanced AC Fault Ride-through Control for MMC-integrated System Based on Active PCC Voltage Drop

When a renewable energy station(RES)connects to the rectifier station(RS)of a modular multilevel converterbased high-voltage direct current(MMC-HVDC)system,the voltage at the point of common coupling(PCC)is determined by RS control methods.For example,RS control may become saturated under fault,and causes the RS to change from an equivalent voltage source to an equivalent current source,making fault analysis more complicated.In addition,the grid code of the fault ride-through(FRT)requires the RES to output current according to its terminal voltage.This changes the fault point voltage and leads to RES voltage regulation and current redistribution,resulting in fault response interactions.To address these issues,this study describes how an MMC-integrated system has five operation modes and three common characteristics under the duration of the fault.The study also reveals several instances of RS performance degradation such as AC voltage loop saturation,and shows that RS power reversal can be significantly improved.An enhanced AC FRT control method is proposed to achieve controllable PCC voltage and continuous power transmission by actively reducing the PCC voltage amplitude.The robustness of the method is theoretically proven under parameter variation and operation mode switching.Finally,the feasibility of the proposed method is verified through MATLAB/Simulink results.

Capacitor Voltage Imbalance Mechanism and Balancing Control of MMC When Riding Through PTG Fault

Modular multilevel converter (MMC) based fault ride through (FRT) control is a promising solution to deal with the pole-to-ground (PTG) fault in high voltage direct current (HVDC) system. However, when MMC switches to the FRT control, capacitor voltage imbalance between upper and lower arms will occur, resulting in the deterioration of FRT performance. This letter provides a comprehensive analysis for the imbalance issue from the perspective of fundamental frequency circulating current (FFCC). It is found the imbalance during FRT stage will not expand continuously, but converge to a certain value gradually. The specific imbalance degree is closely associated with the amplitude of FFCC. In order to solve the imbalance issue, an open-loop balancing control is proposed. By introducing a fundamental frequency feedforward item to the inherent circulating current control, the proposed method can not only balance the capacitor voltages, but also minimize the amplitude of FFCC, and consequently the power loss of MMC during FRT process can be reduced. Finally, simulation results of PSCAD/ EMTDC verify the validity of theoretical analysis.

分布式电源并网标准研究

近年来,分布式电源和微电网的应用推动了分布式电源并网标准的发展。对国内外分布式电源和微电网并网标准的现状进行了介绍,选取北美、欧洲和中国具有代表性的分布式电源并网标准,从辅助服务、故障穿越能力、电能质量等几个方面进行了对比,指明了北美和欧洲分布式电源并网标准的主要差异,分析了分布式电源和微电网并网标准的发展趋势,对我国分布式电源标准的制订和修订提供了合理建议。

不对称电网电压条件下三相并网型逆变器的控制

介绍了一种用于三相并网型逆变器的新型电流控制器,即比例谐振电流调节器(PR)。不平衡电网电压条件下,该电流调节器可直接在两相静止坐标中对输出电流进行调节,无需进行正、负序分解便可直接对输出电流的正、负序分量控制。在一台容量为1.5kVA的并网逆变器实验样机上,分别对传统单个PI调节器、双dq、PI调节器和PR调节器进行了对比验证,实验结果证明了所提PR电流控制方案可改善三相并网逆变器系统的动态性能,提高系统的不对称故障穿越能力。

不平衡电压下双馈异步风力发电系统的建模与控制

提出了不平衡电网电压条件下双馈异步发电机(DFIG)在正、反转同步速旋转坐标系中的完整数学模型,推导和分析了不平衡电网电压条件下DFIG定子输出瞬时有功、无功功率组成。在此基础上,提出了小值稳态不平衡电网电压条件下增强DFIG不间断运行能力的4种可供选择的控制方案。讨论了不同不平衡控制目标下转子正、负序电流指令值计算原则,设计了正、反转同步速旋转坐标系中DFIG的双dq转子电流控制器的不平衡控制方案,实现了不平衡电网电压条件下转子正、负序电流的独立跟踪控制,有效地提高了小值稳态不平衡电网条件下风电机组的不间断运行能力。仿真研究验证了理论分析的正确性和所提出的双dq转子电流不平衡控制方案的有效性。

超导储能技术在可再生能源中的应用与展望

超导储能系统直接将电磁能存储在超导磁体中,无须中间转换环节,具有响应速度快、功率密度高、效率高等优点,在可再生能源领域具有重要的应用价值。总结了超导储能系统在可再生能源领域的研究现状,将其在可再生能源应用的研究归纳为如下几个方面:解决可再生能源的波动性及其引发的频率稳定性问题,解决暂态功率失衡引发的电网稳定性问题,解决可再生能源发电设备的故障穿越问题,以及解决与其他超导电力装置协同控制问题。详细介绍了超导储能系统在这些方面应用的基本原理和实现方法,评估了其技术成熟度和经济性,介绍了其典型应用案例,指出影响其未来发展的核心关键技术,并对其未来的发展进行了展望。

海上风电场与柔性直流输电系统的新型协调控制策略

提出了一种适用于采用双馈机型的海上风电场与柔直输电系统的新型协调控制策略。接入风电场的送端换流站采用基于锁相环的定功率控制,根据风电场的有功参考值控制其有功功率输入,并且在送端换流站的有功功率控制外环中加入有功功率与直流电压平方的下垂特性来加强直流电压暂态稳定性;双馈风电机组采用同步控制,调节海上风电场交流电网的电压幅值和角度。相对于经典协调控制策略,该控制策略可以加强柔直输电系统的直流电压稳定性,对通信延时不敏感,通信成本较低。该控制策略还实现了送端交流电网故障下系统的故障穿越。文中以风电场接入基于多电平的两端柔直输电系统作为仿真研究对象,通过仿真分析验证了该协调控制策略的有效性和优越性。

风电场柔性直流输电的故障穿越方法对风电机组的影响

柔性直流输电(VSC-HVDC)系统是大型风电场并网的较好选择,当发生交流系统故障时,故障穿越控制器可维持该系统的稳定性。然而,控制器会对风电机组造成一定影响。针对大型风电场VSC-HVDC系统接入的故障穿越问题,文中首先在PSCAD/EMTDC中建立了含有普通异步/双馈风电场详细模型的两端VSC-HVDC系统仿真模型,并验证了升频法和降压法两种典型的故障穿越方法。然后进一步研究了不同类型风电机组在不同的故障穿越方法下的特性和差异,从而得出风电场VSC-HVDC系统的故障穿越方法对风电机组的影响规律。研究得出的结论可以为不同类型的风电机组接入VSC-HVDC系统时故障穿越方法的选择提供一定的参考依据。

光伏经多端柔性直流输电并网的控制研究

为解决大规模光伏电站远距离输电问题,采用光伏电站接入基于直流电压-有功功率-交流电压控制的多端柔性直流输电系统的并网方案。利用Matlab/Simulink仿真软件构建了一个包含两座光伏电站和一个无源网络的五端柔性直流输电系统模型,并对该系统的运行特性进行了详细的仿真分析。仿真结果表明,当光伏电站的输出功率发生波动时,五端柔直系统传输的有功功率可实现自动平衡;当电网发生三相短路故障时,光伏电站依然能够稳定运行,具有较好的故障穿越能力。