Improvements to the fuzzy mathematics comprehensive quantitative method for evaluating fault sealing

Fuzzy mathematics is an important means to quantitatively evaluate the properties of fault sealing in petroleum reservoirs.To accurately study fault sealing,the comprehensive quantitative evaluation method of fuzzy mathematics is improved based on a previous study.First,the single-factor membership degree is determined using the dynamic clustering method,then a single-factor evaluation matrix is constructed using a continuous grading function,and finally,the probability distribution of the evaluation grade in a fuzzy evaluation matrix is analyzed.In this study,taking the F1 fault located in the northeastern Chepaizi Bulge as an example,the sealing properties of faults in different strata are quantitatively evaluated using both an improved and an un-improved comprehensive fuzzy mathematics quantitative evaluation method.Based on current oil and gas distribution,it is found that our evaluation results before and after improvement are significantly different.For faults in＂best＂and＂poorest＂intervals,our evaluation results are consistent with oil and gas distribution.However,for the faults in＂good＂or＂poor＂intervals,our evaluation is not completelyconsistent with oil and gas distribution.The improved evaluation results reflect the overall and local sealing properties of target zones and embody the nonuniformity of fault sealing,indicating the improved method is more suitable for evaluating fault sealing under complicated conditions.

Methods and Case Studies of Ultra-deep Fault Seal Evaluation

Fault seals are significant for petroleum exploration and production.This study summarizes the fault sealing impacting factors,including lithological juxtaposition,mud smearing,fault rocks and the fault plane stress states,as well as evaluation methods like Allan maps and Shale Gouge Ratio(SGR).The seal evaluation for a wrench fault focuses on its particular structural features.The evaluation methods were applied to the Jinma-Yazihe structure and the Shunbei oilfield.The source rock is the Xujiahe Formation of the Upper Triassic,the reservoirs and caprocks being of the Shaximiao Formation of the Lower Jurassic.The fault sealing evaluations in major faults proved the reservoir formation processes in the wells Jinfo 1(JF1)and Chuanya 609(CY-609),based on the editions of the Allan map showing lithological juxtaposition,the calculation of SGR showing mud smear and analyses of fault stress states.The analyses of stress states were also applied to Shunbei 5 strike-slip fault in the Shunbei area in Tarim Basin.The various sections along the fault were of different mechanical properties,such as compression and extension.Petroleum exploration has demonstrated that the extensional sections are more favorable for oil accumulation than the compressional sections.These evolutionary methods and other understandings will help in analyses of deep fault sealing.

Limitation of fault-sealing and its control on hydrocarbon accumulation——An example from the Laoyemiao Oilfi eld of the Nanpu Sag

Based on previous studies on the internal structures of fault belts, the fault belts in the Laoyemiao Oilfield of the Nanpu Sag can be divided into three units, a crushed zone, an upper induced fracture zone and a lower induced fracture zone according to the log response characteristics. The upper induced fracture zone is characterized by the development of pervasive fractures and has a poor sealing or non-sealing capability. It therefore can act as pathways for hydrocarbon migration. The lower induced fracture zone consists of fewer fractures and has limited sealing capability. The crushed zone has a good sealing capability comparable to mudstone and can thus prevent lateral migration of fluid. Through physical modeling and comparing laboratory data with calculated data of oil column heights of traps sealed by faults, it is concluded that the fault-sealing capability for oil and gas is limited. When the oil column height reaches a threshold, oil will spill over from the top of reservoir along the lower induced fracture zone under the action of buoyancy, and the size of reservoir will remain unchanged. Analysis of the formation mechanisms of the fault-sealed reservoirs in the Nanpu Sag indicated that the charging sequence of oil and gas in the reservoir was from lower formation to upper formation, with the fault playing an important role in oil and gas accumulation. The hydrocarbon potential in reverse fault-sealed traps is much better than that in the consequent fault-sealed traps. The reverse fault-sealed traps are favorable and preferred exploration targets.

Study on estimate method of wave velocity and quality fac-tor to fault seals

Based on ultrasonic test of fault rocks, the re-sponses for wave velocity and quality factor (Q value) to lithology, porosity and permeability of fault rocks and me-chanical property of faults are studied. In this paper, a new quantitative estimate method of fault seals is originally of-fered. The conclusions are as follows: (1) Wave velocity and Q value increase and porosity decreases with the increase in stress perpendicular to joint; (2) In compressive and com-presso-shear fault rocks that are obviously anisotropic com-pared with their original rocks, the wave velocity and Q value are greater in the direction parallel with foliation, and usually less perpendicular to it. In tensile and tenso-shear fault rocks that are not obviously anisotropic, the wave ve-locity and Q value are under that of original rocks; (3) In foliated fault rocks, the direction with minimal wave velocity and Q value is the best direction for sealing; on the contrary it is the best for flowing; (4) Structural factures develop mainly along foliation, the minimal wave velocity and Q value reflect the flowing capacity in parallel direction to fo-liation, and the maximal wave velocity as well as Q value reflect the sealing capacity in normal direction to foliation. The new estimate method is based upon contrast of wave velocity and Q value between fault rocks and their original rocks, and is divided into three parts that are respectively to identify rock’s lithology, to judge mechanic property of faults and to Judge sealing capacity of faults. Although there is vast scale effect between ultrasonic wave and seismic wave, they have similar regularity of response to fabric and porosity of faults. This research offers new application for seismic data and petrophysical basis for seismological estimation of fault seals. The estimate precision will be improved with the en-hancement of three-dimensional seismic prospecting work.

A Quantitative Study of Fault Zone Sealing

A fault is not simply a plane, but a zone consisting of a series of broken planes or lower faults. The greater the scale of faults, the wider and more complex the fault zone is. Fault-sealing properties are influenced by the fault zone itself, whose fault displacement, depth, net-to-gross-ratio of mudstone, fault plane angle, and fault mechanical properties play important controlling roles. The sealing of hydrocarbon by the fault zone depends on whether the fault zone can form a continuous sealing zone and if the pore throats connecting those fault zones are small enough. The concept of fault zone-sealing potential is proposed here, and a quantitative formula is established by using a great amount of practical statistical data as well as the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method, which is a comprehensive characterization parameter to judge whether or not fault zones could seal oil hydrocarbon. The greater the value of the fault zone-sealing potential, the better sealed the fault is. For example, with increasing depth, the sealing degree of the Xin 68 Fault in the Dongxin 1 oilfield changes greatly, reflecting the complexity of fault-sealing properties.

Quantitative evaluation of lateral sealing of extensional fault by an integral mathematical-geological model

To evaluate the lateral sealing mechanism of extensional fault based on the pressure difference between fault and reservoir, an integral mathematical-geological model of diagenetic time on diagenetic pressure considering the influence of diagenetic time on the diagenetic pressure and diagenetic degree of fault rock has been established to quantitatively calculate the lateral sealing ability of extensional fault. By calculating the time integral of the vertical stress and horizontal in-situ stress on the fault rock and surrounding rock, the burial depth of the surrounding rock with the same clay content and diagenesis degree as the target fault rock was worked out. In combination with the statistical correlation of clay content, burial depth and displacement pressure of rock in the study area, the displacement pressure of target fault rock was calculated quantitatively. The calculated displacement pressure was compared with that of the target reservoir to quantitatively evaluate lateral sealing state and ability of the extensional fault. The method presented in this work was used to evaluate the sealing of F_(1), F_(2) and F_(3) faults in No.1 structure of Nanpu Sag, and the results were compared with those from fault-reservoir displacement pressure differential methods without considering the diagenetic time and simple considering the diagenetic time. It is found that the results calculated by the integral mathematical-geological model are the closest to the actual underground situation, the errors between the hydrocarbon column height predicted by this method and the actual column height were 0–8 m only, proving that this model is more feasible and credible.

加权断层泥比率法(WSGR)定量判别断层封闭性——以苏北盆地高邮凹陷永安地区为例

断层封闭性评价是断块圈闭成藏条件分析的重要内容,在改进断层泥比率法基础上,提出了一种新的断层封闭性评价方法——加权断层泥比率法(WSGR)。首先,通过不同的地质模型开展断层泥比率法计算参数及影响因素分析,明确了断层断距、泥质含量及泥岩分布特征是泥岩涂抹的重要影响因素;并认为断层断距范围内,滑过目标位置的对置盘所有泥质含量都具有涂抹贡献,但不同点的涂抹贡献不同,距离目标位置越近泥质含量越高的对置盘泥岩点,其涂抹贡献越大。为此引入了一个新的表征参数——距离系数,定义为断层断距与各泥岩点到目标位置距离的差与断层断距的比值,来表征泥岩分布对泥岩涂抹的影响作用;在此基础上,构建了加权断层泥比率计算方法,定义为各点的泥质含量与距离系数的乘积之和再与距离系数之和的比值。利用加权断层泥比率法对苏北盆地高邮凹陷上含油气系统已知的油水层进行封闭性验证,认为当加权断层泥比率值大于0.6时,断层具有较好的封闭性,从而确定了该方法的封闭性判别标准。在高邮凹陷永安等地区始新统戴南组断层封闭性评价中取得了较好应用效果。

断裂封闭性研究现状及发展趋势

断裂控油气作用主要表现在其对油气运移、聚集过程及分布规律的影响,其实质是断裂封闭性问题。断裂封闭性往往是受多种因素控制的,不同地区不同层系在不同地质时期的断裂封闭机制与封闭性主控因素差异较大。目前,断裂封闭性、封闭机理与评价方法还没有形成完整的研究体系,其评价的精度也有待提高。依据全面系统地调研断裂封闭性方面近年来的研究热点,归纳总结了断裂封闭机理,分析了断裂封闭主控因素,梳理了断裂封闭性评价方法,讨论了断裂封闭性研究中面临的实际问题,并提出了未来研究发展趋势。目前,断裂的封闭机理可以分为垂向和侧向封闭机理,前者包括断裂面封闭机理和断裂带排替压力差封闭机理,后者包括砂泥对接封闭机理、泥岩涂抹形成的侧向封闭机理和断裂带高排替压力封闭机理。断裂发育特征、断裂两盘岩性、应力场环境以及压实、胶结、溶蚀等成岩作用是影响断裂封闭性的主要因素,不同因素对断裂封闭性的作用方式不同,断裂在不同位置、不同时期的封闭性有着明显的差别。断裂封闭性评价研究方法可归结为以下4类:(1)传统地质学方法,包括定性分析和半定量分析;(2)数学地质方法,涵盖逻辑信息法、非线性映射分析法、模糊综合评判法、灰色关联分析法等;(3)构造应力场数值模拟及断裂封闭性相关参数计算法;(4)地球化学方法。碳酸盐岩地层断裂启闭机制与封闭性评价、应力和流体及其耦合作用对断裂封闭性的影响机制、多因素的断裂封闭性综合定量评价、断裂封闭性的时空演化及通源能力评估等是未来断裂封闭性研究的发展方向。

冀中坳陷文安斜坡顺向及反向断层侧向封闭性差异分析

为揭示含油气盆地中断层对油气成藏与分布的控制作用,以冀中坳陷文安斜坡为研究靶区,从顺向及反向断层控制油气富集部位及规模的差异出发,综合滑入断裂带内围岩成分及断裂带内部结构的不对称性等特征,分析不同配置类型断层的泥质含量与风险断距的差异及其对侧向封闭性的控制作用。研究结果表明:(1)在地层沉积环境相近的情况下,断层断距小于单层砂泥岩厚度和断层断距为单层砂泥岩层厚度的奇数倍时,反向断层目的点的泥质成分明显高于顺向断层;断层断距为单层砂泥岩层厚度的偶数倍时,反向断层目的点的泥质成分与顺向断层相等;在文安斜坡沙一段内反向断层的断层岩泥质含量平均值较顺向断层高6%。(2)为封闭较厚的上盘破碎带,顺向断层形成封闭时所需的临界断距明显大于反向断层,文安斜坡顺向断层风险断距的平均值约为反向断层的1.8倍。(3)理论与实例分析共同证实,反向断层更容易形成侧向封闭,这与油气主要富集在反向断层附近相吻合,但在文安斜坡内断层断距约为单层砂泥岩层厚度的偶数倍,断层岩泥质含量近似相等。这可能是导致文安斜坡顺、反向断层封闭烃柱高度近于一致的主要原因。上述结论可为油气田勘探开发提供有利的指导。

Features of the fault system and its relationship with migration and accumulation of hydrocarbon in Liaodong Bay

The fault system of Liaodong Bay developed extensively under the control of the Tanlu Fault. The fault system can be grouped into strike-slip faults of grade Ⅰ, trunk faults of grade Ⅱand branch faults （induced faults） of grade Ⅲ respectively based on its developmental scale. The faults of grade Ⅰ and Ⅱwere deep, early and large while the faults of grade Ⅲwere shallow, late and small. The formation, evolution and distribution features played a significant role in controlling the migration of oil and gas in both horizontal and vertical directions. The fluid transfer in the fault system occurred in the process of faulting. The strike-slip and trunk faults moved actively forming predominant pathways for oil and gas migration. The branch faults, with weak activity, generally controlled the development of traps and were beneficial for the accumulation and preservation of oil and gas. The faults of grade Ⅰ and Ⅱ formed the major migration pathways for oil and gas, but their fault activity rates appeared to vary along their strikes. The zones with a relatively low fault activity rate might be favorable for oil and gas accumulation. When the activities of strike-slip, trunk, and branch faults came to a halt, the fault seal behavior had a vitally important effect on the accumulation of oil and gas. The controlling role of the fault over fluid distribution was further analyzed by calculating the fault activity quantitatively.

多参数评价准噶尔盆地车莫古隆起北部断层封闭性

车莫古隆起北部地区在侏罗系中相继发现了一系列断块油气藏,断层封闭性的好坏控制了研究区油气的生成和聚集。为了研究多类型断层封闭能力,利用地震、测井等资料,采用断面正应力、断面紧闭指数、泥质含量和泥岩削刮比等参数,针对不同性质的断裂优选多种参数组合方式,开展断层封闭性评价,结合3Dmove软件虚拟井法进行封闭性分析,最后运用模糊数学评价方法得到综合评价指标,总结影响断层封闭能力的各种因素,预测有利断层。研究结果表明,车莫古隆起北部地区断层封闭性中等偏差,其中,现今封闭性好于成藏期。断层封闭能力主要受走向、规模以及泥岩与砂岩的厚度影响,与断面正压力无明显关系。沙窝地地区断层封闭性好于莫西庄地区,庄北地区断层封闭性最差。通过多种方法综合研究车莫古隆起北部断层封闭性,对预测有利断层、寻找油气富集的断块油气藏具有重要意义。

渤中8-4油田“S”型走滑转换带特征及其对浅层油气侧封的控制作用

新构造运动在渤海海域表现强烈,形成了渤中凹陷特有的走滑构造体系和浅层油气藏。前人研究集中在走滑运动论证和走滑转换带类型探讨上,缺乏对走滑构造带控藏作用的精细研究。利用地震资料,结合油田实例,探讨了渤中8-4油田走滑转换带特征和对油气侧封的控制作用。研究认为,渤中8-4油田主断裂为“S”型走滑转换带,发育释压带和增压带两类转换带。释压带地层陡,圈闭不发育,是油气由深向浅的充注段;增压带地层缓,背形特征清晰,低幅断鼻、断块圈闭集中发育,为油气汇聚区。建立了走滑断裂封闭指数以定量表征走滑转换带的侧封能力,通过近20个油田的统计分析,认为可以把走滑断裂封闭指数4作为走滑断层侧封的临界值。该成果为富砂背景下的浅层油气勘探工作提供了一种新的方法和思路。

基于CNN-VIT模型的非接触式机械密封多源故障状态识别方法

针对非接触式机械密封多源故障信号频率高、识别难和易受干扰的难题,搭建密封试验台,模拟4种典型故障工况和正常运行工况,布置声发射(AE)测试系统测取10000个特征样本,将卷积神经网络(CNN)结构与Vision Transformer模型相结合,并在CNN输出数据中引入Patch概念构建了一种改进模型,随后应用于密封故障状态识别,提出了一种新型的非接触式机械密封状态智能识别方法,并分析了改进模型各层网络决策对密封AE数据的影响。结果表明,AE技术能够高效监测非接触式机械密封多源故障状态信号,该方法对密封状态识别的准确率最高可达99.42%;改进模型更加关注稳定运行状态信号中频率为0~50 kHz和100~150 kHz的噪声频带数据,动环表面剥落状态信号中频率为100~150 kHz的噪声频带数据和270±40 kHz的摩擦AE频带数据。研究结果可为机械密封的智能化、高可靠、长寿命发展提供理论基础。

储气库运行上限压力的确定方法及在板中北储气库的应用

大港油田板中北储气库位于板桥断层上升盘,为断层切割的半背斜构造,属于断块型储气库,断层和盖层的承压能力决定了储气库运行的上限压力。针对缺乏考虑力学完整性的储气库上限压力的研究现状,从地质力学角度出发,综合三维地震解释成果、XMAC测井地应力解释成果、岩石力学测试等资料,基于岩石脆性破裂理论对研究区盖层的水力封闭能力和断层的稳定性进行了评价,以确定考虑力学完整性的储气库安全运行上限压力。结果表明:板中北储气库盖层水力封闭能力上限为39.30 MPa,断层稳定性薄弱点位于2条断层的交叉位置,最小活化压力为30.57 MPa;综合盖层水力封闭能力上限和断层稳定性可知,板中北储气库运行上限压力为30.57 MPa,而设计运行上限压力为30.50 MPa,设计较为合理。研究成果对于储气库上限压力的设计具有指导意义。

水驱油田断层封闭性动态评价模型

基于研究区实际地质、油藏开发资料,对断层封闭机理、影响断层封闭的主要因素进行分析,明确断层封闭机理为断层岩排驱压力封闭,不同情况下断层的封闭能力不同。影响断层封闭性主要因素有两盘岩性对接情况、断距、泥岩涂抹量、主应力大小、油水井配置及注采量。文中针对目前断层封闭性评价大都停留在静态层面,考虑油水井产量劈分、断层倾角等指标,以层为单位推导建立了一套针对已开发水驱油藏的断层封闭性动态评价数学模型,可根据油水井位置、注入采出量、井底流压实时定量对断层侧向封堵性、断层纵向稳定性进行评价。通过实例计算并与示踪剂测试结果对比,模型判定结果符合率达90.91%,表明模型可用于复杂断块油田断层动态封闭性计算。

苏北盆地刘庄储气库密封性评价研究

对储气库密闭性进行评价是其建设与运行的重要任务,苏北盆地刘庄储气库属于断层控制的断鼻构造边水储气库,通过岩石力学实验与理论分析相结合的方法,从盖层和断层2个方面综合评价刘庄储气库的密封性;从宏观、微观和力学方面评价盖层密封强度;从侧向和垂向评价断层密封能力。研究表明:阜宁组二段一砂组与阜宁组三段二砂组泥岩为研究区内的巨厚盖层,该盖层全区分布且区域分布稳定,岩性组合优越,其黏土矿物含量在30%以上,储气库盖层杨氏模量和脆性指数整体相对较低,杨氏模量普遍小于20 GPa,脆性指数普遍小于45%,黏土矿物组成以伊蒙混层矿物为主,遇水易膨胀,盖层具有良好的油气封堵性。刘①断层断距和倾角均较大,结合研究区内断层面正压力法和上覆地层埋深的经验得出控藏断层垂向密封;砂泥对接定性方法和泥岩涂抹因子定量方法均证明刘庄控藏断层具有较强的侧向封堵性。

复杂断块油藏滚动增储关键技术

PL油田为大型复杂断块油田,主要含油层位为新近系明化镇组和馆陶组,储层受浅水辫状河三角洲、曲流河沉积控制。该油田经过20年的开发,已进入双高阶段,寻找优质接替储量,保证稳产上产成为油田开发的主要矛盾。开发实践证明,油田边部断块油底之下潜力受制于控藏断层的封闭能力;开发老区潜力分布在隐性断层控制的正向微构造单元,受断层开启性和隐性断层双重因素控制.

断层封闭性评价及过断层钻井关键技术研究与应用

旅大某油田14口井于垂深847~993 m处钻遇辽西一号断层,此断层为继承性生长正断层,总体为北东走向的通海底断层。针对钻遇断层可行性和过断层安全钻进问题,运用泥岩涂抹因子、断面正压力分析方法结合实际钻井情况,对辽西一号断层封闭性进行了评价。通过分析研究,创新性地提出了过断层面钻进泥浆比重设计和过断层井轨迹优化设计的过断层坍塌压力计算方法,并依据计算结果对过断层井进行轨迹优化;形成了过断层钻井液防漏堵漏技术。研究成果为钻遇断层可行性分析、井眼轨迹设计和过断层安全钻进提供了一定指导。

基于断层岩压实成岩程度指数的断裂侧向封闭时空分布预测方法及其应用

为了研究含油气盆地受断裂控制圈闭中油气分布规律,在断裂侧向封闭机理及与断层岩压实成岩程度之间关系研究的基础上,通过断层岩压实成岩程度指数空间分布和断裂侧向封闭所需的最小断层岩压实成岩程度指数,确定断裂侧向封闭空间的分布;通过不同地质时期断层岩古压实成岩程度指数恢复和断裂侧向封闭所需的最小断层岩压实成岩程度指数,确定断裂侧向封闭时间的分布;二者结合建立了一套基于断层岩压实成岩程度指数的断裂侧向封闭时空分布预测方法,并利用其预测渤海湾盆地歧口凹陷大张坨断裂在沙河街组一段(沙一段)下亚段内断裂侧向封闭的时空分布。结果表明:除了西部端部外,大张坨断裂其余部位在沙一段下亚段内的皆为封闭部位;从距今1.17 Ma至现今,大张坨断裂在沙一段下亚段内皆处于封闭状态,较有利于下伏沙河街组三段(沙三段)源岩生成油气在大张坨断裂处沙一段下亚段内聚集与保存;与已知大张坨断裂处沙一段下亚段的油气富集规律相吻合。研究成果证实了该方法用于断裂侧向封闭时空分布预测是可行的。

飞机调温活门卡滞故障分析及改进措施

调温活门是飞机加温系统中的重要部件,能控制加温气体流量,进而实现座舱温度调节。调温活门故障会直接导致飞机加温系统功能失效,影响乘客体验,还制约了飞机通勤频率。根据调温活门的结构形式以及工作原理,并从密封形式、零件材料、转轴尺寸等方面分析故障产生的原因,并提出了改进措施,有效地消除了故障,并确保系统功能正常,可为其他类似问题的分析和解决提供参考。