A novel multi-resolution network for the open-circuit faults diagnosis of automatic ramming drive system

The open-circuit fault is one of the most common faults of the automatic ramming drive system(ARDS),and it can be categorized into the open-phase faults of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor(PMSM)and the open-circuit faults of Voltage Source Inverter(VSI). The stator current serves as a common indicator for detecting open-circuit faults. Due to the identical changes of the stator current between the open-phase faults in the PMSM and failures of double switches within the same leg of the VSI, this paper utilizes the zero-sequence voltage component as an additional diagnostic criterion to differentiate them.Considering the variable conditions and substantial noise of the ARDS, a novel Multi-resolution Network(Mr Net) is proposed, which can extract multi-resolution perceptual information and enhance robustness to the noise. Meanwhile, a feature weighted layer is introduced to allocate higher weights to characteristics situated near the feature frequency. Both simulation and experiment results validate that the proposed fault diagnosis method can diagnose 25 types of open-circuit faults and achieve more than98.28% diagnostic accuracy. In addition, the experiment results also demonstrate that Mr Net has the capability of diagnosing the fault types accurately under the interference of noise signals(Laplace noise and Gaussian noise).

Intelligent Diagnosis Method for Typical Co-frequency Vibration Faults of Rotating Machinery Based on SAE and Ensembled ResNet-SVM

Intelligent fault diagnosis is an important method in rotating machinery fault diagnosis and equipment health management.To deal with co-frequency vibration faults,a type of typical fault in rotating machinery,this paper proposes a fault diagnosis method based on the stacked autoencoder(SAE)and ensembled ResNet-SVM.Furthermore,the time-and frequency-domain features of several co-frequency vibration faults are summarized based on the mechanism analysis and calculated using actual vibration data.To realize and validate the high-precision diagnosis method of rotating equipment with co-frequency faults proposed in this study,the following three criteria are required:First,to improve the effectiveness and robustness of the ensembled model and the sliding window using data augmentation,adding noise,autoencoder(AE)and SAE methods are analyzed in terms of principle and practical effects.Second,ResNet is used as the feature extractor for the ensembled ResNet-SVM model.Feature extraction is carried out twice,and the extracted co-frequency fault features are more comprehensive.Finally,the data augmentation method and ensemble ResNet-SVM are combined for fault diagnosis and compared with other methods.The experimental results show that the accuracy of the proposed method can exceed 99.9%.

Earthquake relocation using a 3D velocity model and implications on seismogenic faults in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region

To enhance the understanding of the geometry and characteristics of seismogenic faults in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region,we relocated 14805 out of 16063 earthquakes(113°E-120°E,36°N-43°N)that occurred between January 2008 and December 2020 using the double-difference tomography method.Based on the spatial variation in seismicity after relocation,the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region can be divided into three seismic zones:Xingtai-Wen'an,Zhangbei-Ninghexi,and Tangshan.(1)The Xingtai-Wen'an Seismic Zone has a northeastsouthwest strike.The depth profile of earthquakes perpendicular to the strike reveals three northeast-striking,southeast-dipping,high-angle deep faults(>10 km depth),including one below the shallow(<10 km depth)listric,northwest-dipping Xinghe fault in the Xingtai region.Two additional deep faults in the Wen'an region are suggested to be associated with the 2006 M 5.1 Wen'an Earthquake and the 1967 M 6.3 Dacheng earthquake;(2)The Zhangbei-Ninghexi Seismic Zone is oriented north-northwest.Multiple northeast-striking faults(10-20 km depth),inferred from the earthquake-intensive zones,exist beneath the shallow(<10 km depth)Xiandian Fault,Xiaotangshan Fault,Huailai-Zhuolu Basin North Fault,Yangyuan Basin Fault and Yanggao Basin North Fault;(3)In the Tangshan Seismic Zone,earthquakes are mainly concentrated near the northeast-striking Tangshan-Guye Fault,Lulong Fault,and northwest-striking Luanxian-Laoting Fault.An inferred north-south-oriented blind fault is present to the north of the Tangshan-Guye Fault.The 1976 M 7.8 Tangshan earthquake occurred at the junction of a shallow northwest-dipping fault and a deep southeast-dipping fault.This study emphasizes that earthquakes in the region are primarily associated with deep blind faults.Some deep blind faults have different geometries compared to shallow faults,suggesting a complex fault system in the region.Overall,this research provides valuable insights into the seismogenic faults in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region.Further studies and monitoring of these faults are essential for earthquake mitigation efforts in this region.

Dynamic Vision Enabled Contactless Cross-Domain Machine Fault Diagnosis With Neuromorphic Computing

Dear Editor,This letter presents a novel dynamic vision enabled contactless cross-domain fault diagnosis method with neuromorphic computing.The event-based camera is adopted to capture the machine vibration states in the perspective of vision.

Expert Experience and Data-Driven Based Hybrid Fault Diagnosis for High-SpeedWire Rod Finishing Mills

The reliable operation of high-speed wire rod finishing mills is crucial in the steel production enterprise.As complex system-level equipment,it is difficult for high-speed wire rod finishing mills to realize fault location and real-time monitoring.To solve the above problems,an expert experience and data-driven-based hybrid fault diagnosis method for high-speed wire rod finishing mills is proposed in this paper.First,based on its mechanical structure,time and frequency domain analysis are improved in fault feature extraction.The approach of combining virtual value,peak value with kurtosis value index,is adopted in time domain analysis.Speed adjustment and side frequency analysis are proposed in frequency domain analysis to obtain accurate component characteristic frequency and its corresponding sideband.Then,according to time and frequency domain characteristics,fault location based on expert experience is proposed to get an accurate fault result.Finally,the proposed method is implemented in the equipment intelligent diagnosis system.By taking an equipment fault on site,for example,the effectiveness of the proposed method is illustrated in the system.

Label Recovery and Trajectory Designable Network for Transfer Fault Diagnosis of Machines With Incorrect Annotation

The success of deep transfer learning in fault diagnosis is attributed to the collection of high-quality labeled data from the source domain.However,in engineering scenarios,achieving such high-quality label annotation is difficult and expensive.The incorrect label annotation produces two negative effects:1)the complex decision boundary of diagnosis models lowers the generalization performance on the target domain,and2)the distribution of target domain samples becomes misaligned with the false-labeled samples.To overcome these negative effects,this article proposes a solution called the label recovery and trajectory designable network(LRTDN).LRTDN consists of three parts.First,a residual network with dual classifiers is to learn features from cross-domain samples.Second,an annotation check module is constructed to generate a label anomaly indicator that could modify the abnormal labels of false-labeled samples in the source domain.With the training of relabeled samples,the complexity of diagnosis model is reduced via semi-supervised learning.Third,the adaptation trajectories are designed for sample distributions across domains.This ensures that the target domain samples are only adapted with the pure-labeled samples.The LRTDN is verified by two case studies,in which the diagnosis knowledge of bearings is transferred across different working conditions as well as different yet related machines.The results show that LRTDN offers a high diagnosis accuracy even in the presence of incorrect annotation.

Hierarchical multihead self-attention for time-series-based fault diagnosis

Fault diagnosis is important for maintaining the safety and effectiveness of chemical process.Considering the multivariate,nonlinear,and dynamic characteristic of chemical process,many time-series-based data-driven fault diagnosis methods have been developed in recent years.However,the existing methods have the problem of long-term dependency and are difficult to train due to the sequential way of training.To overcome these problems,a novel fault diagnosis method based on time-series and the hierarchical multihead self-attention(HMSAN)is proposed for chemical process.First,a sliding window strategy is adopted to construct the normalized time-series dataset.Second,the HMSAN is developed to extract the time-relevant features from the time-series process data.It improves the basic self-attention model in both width and depth.With the multihead structure,the HMSAN can pay attention to different aspects of the complicated chemical process and obtain the global dynamic features.However,the multiple heads in parallel lead to redundant information,which cannot improve the diagnosis performance.With the hierarchical structure,the redundant information is reduced and the deep local time-related features are further extracted.Besides,a novel many-to-one training strategy is introduced for HMSAN to simplify the training procedure and capture the long-term dependency.Finally,the effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated by two chemical cases.The experimental results show that the proposed method achieves a great performance on time-series industrial data and outperforms the state-of-the-art approaches.

Causal temporal graph attention network for fault diagnosis of chemical processes

Fault detection and diagnosis(FDD)plays a significant role in ensuring the safety and stability of chemical processes.With the development of artificial intelligence(AI)and big data technologies,data-driven approaches with excellent performance are widely used for FDD in chemical processes.However,improved predictive accuracy has often been achieved through increased model complexity,which turns models into black-box methods and causes uncertainty regarding their decisions.In this study,a causal temporal graph attention network(CTGAN)is proposed for fault diagnosis of chemical processes.A chemical causal graph is built by causal inference to represent the propagation path of faults.The attention mechanism and chemical causal graph were combined to help us notice the key variables relating to fault fluctuations.Experiments in the Tennessee Eastman(TE)process and the green ammonia(GA)process showed that CTGAN achieved high performance and good explainability.

Analysing Recent Breakthroughs in Fault Diagnosis through Sensor:A Comprehensive Overview

Sensors,vital elements in data acquisition systems,play a crucial role in various industries.However,their exposure to harsh operating conditions makes them vulnerable to faults that can compromise system performance.Early fault detection is therefore critical for minimizing downtime and ensuring system reliability.This paper delves into the contemporary landscape of fault diagnosis techniques for sensors,offering valuable insights for researchers and academicians.The papers begin by exploring the different types and causes of sensor faults,followed by a discussion of the various fault diagnosis methods employed in industrial sectors.The advantages and limitations of these methods are carefully examined,paving the way for highlighting current challenges and outlining potential future research directions.This comprehensive review aims to provide a thorough understanding of current advancements in sensor fault diagnosis,enabling readers to stay abreast of the latest developments in this rapidly evolving field.By addressing the challenges and exploring promising research avenues,this paper seeks to contribute to the development of more robust and effective sensor fault diagnosis methods,ultimately improving the reliability and safety of industrial and agricultural systems.

Dynamic Vision-Based Machinery Fault Diagnosis With Cross-Modality Feature Alignment

Intelligent machinery fault diagnosis methods have been popularly and successfully developed in the past decades,and the vibration acceleration data collected by contact accelerometers have been widely investigated.In many industrial scenarios,contactless sensors are more preferred.The event camera is an emerging bio-inspired technology for vision sensing,which asynchronously records per-pixel brightness change polarity with high temporal resolution and low latency.It offers a promising tool for contactless machine vibration sensing and fault diagnosis.However,the dynamic vision-based methods suffer from variations of practical factors such as camera position,machine operating condition,etc.Furthermore,as a new sensing technology,the labeled dynamic vision data are limited,which generally cannot cover a wide range of machine fault modes.Aiming at these challenges,a novel dynamic vision-based machinery fault diagnosis method is proposed in this paper.It is motivated to explore the abundant vibration acceleration data for enhancing the dynamic vision-based model performance.A crossmodality feature alignment method is thus proposed with deep adversarial neural networks to achieve fault diagnosis knowledge transfer.An event erasing method is further proposed for improving model robustness against variations.The proposed method can effectively identify unseen fault mode with dynamic vision data.Experiments on two rotating machine monitoring datasets are carried out for validations,and the results suggest the proposed method is promising for generalized contactless machinery fault diagnosis.

Uncertainty-Aware Deep Learning: A Promising Tool for Trustworthy Fault Diagnosis

Recently,intelligent fault diagnosis based on deep learning has been extensively investigated,exhibiting state-of-the-art performance.However,the deep learning model is often not truly trusted by users due to the lack of interpretability of“black box”,which limits its deployment in safety-critical applications.A trusted fault diagnosis system requires that the faults can be accurately diagnosed in most cases,and the human in the deci-sion-making loop can be found to deal with the abnormal situa-tion when the models fail.In this paper,we explore a simplified method for quantifying both aleatoric and epistemic uncertainty in deterministic networks,called SAEU.In SAEU,Multivariate Gaussian distribution is employed in the deep architecture to compensate for the shortcomings of complexity and applicability of Bayesian neural networks.Based on the SAEU,we propose a unified uncertainty-aware deep learning framework(UU-DLF)to realize the grand vision of trustworthy fault diagnosis.Moreover,our UU-DLF effectively embodies the idea of“humans in the loop”,which not only allows for manual intervention in abnor-mal situations of diagnostic models,but also makes correspond-ing improvements on existing models based on traceability analy-sis.Finally,two experiments conducted on the gearbox and aero-engine bevel gears are used to demonstrate the effectiveness of UU-DLF and explore the effective reasons behind.

Complementary-Label Adversarial Domain Adaptation Fault Diagnosis Network under Time-Varying Rotational Speed and Weakly-Supervised Conditions

Recent research in cross-domain intelligence fault diagnosis of machinery still has some problems,such as relatively ideal speed conditions and sample conditions.In engineering practice,the rotational speed of the machine is often transient and time-varying,which makes the sample annotation increasingly expensive.Meanwhile,the number of samples collected from different health states is often unbalanced.To deal with the above challenges,a complementary-label(CL)adversarial domain adaptation fault diagnosis network(CLADAN)is proposed under time-varying rotational speed and weakly-supervised conditions.In the weakly supervised learning condition,machine prior information is used for sample annotation via cost-friendly complementary label learning.A diagnosticmodel learning strategywith discretized category probabilities is designed to avoidmulti-peak distribution of prediction results.In adversarial training process,we developed virtual adversarial regularization(VAR)strategy,which further enhances the robustness of the model by adding adversarial perturbations in the target domain.Comparative experiments on two case studies validated the superior performance of the proposed method.

Bearing Fault Diagnosis Based on Deep Discriminative Adversarial Domain Adaptation Neural Networks

Intelligent diagnosis driven by big data for mechanical fault is an important means to ensure the safe operation ofequipment. In these methods, deep learning-based machinery fault diagnosis approaches have received increasingattention and achieved some results. It might lead to insufficient performance for using transfer learning alone andcause misclassification of target samples for domain bias when building deep models to learn domain-invariantfeatures. To address the above problems, a deep discriminative adversarial domain adaptation neural networkfor the bearing fault diagnosis model is proposed (DDADAN). In this method, the raw vibration data are firstlyconverted into frequency domain data by Fast Fourier Transform, and an improved deep convolutional neuralnetwork with wide first-layer kernels is used as a feature extractor to extract deep fault features. Then, domaininvariant features are learned from the fault data with correlation alignment-based domain adversarial training.Furthermore, to enhance the discriminative property of features, discriminative feature learning is embeddedinto this network to make the features compact, as well as separable between classes within the class. Finally, theperformance and anti-noise capability of the proposedmethod are evaluated using two sets of bearing fault datasets.The results demonstrate that the proposed method is capable of handling domain offset caused by differentworkingconditions and maintaining more than 97.53% accuracy on various transfer tasks. Furthermore, the proposedmethod can achieve high diagnostic accuracy under varying noise levels.

Fault Diagnosis for Buckling Friction Components in Wet Multi-Disc Clutches Using IHHT

The wet multi-disc clutches are extensively used in various transmission systems,withone of the most prevalent failure modes being the buckling deformation of friction components.Animproved Hilbert-Huang transform method(IHHT)is proposed to address the limitations of tradi-tional time-domain vibration analyses,such as low accuracy and mode mixing.This paper first clas-sifies the buckling degree of the friction components.Next,wavelet packet transform(WPT)isapplied to the vibration signals of different buckling plates to partition them into distinct fre-quency bands.Then,the instantaneous features are extracted by empirical mode decomposition(EMD)and Hilbert transform(HT)to discarding extraneous intrinsic mode function(IMF)com-ponents.Comparative analyses of Hilbert spectral entropy and time-domain features confirm theenhanced precision of IHHT under specific classifiers,which is better than traditional methods.

Machine Fault Diagnosis Using Audio Sensors Data and Explainable AI Techniques-LIME and SHAP

Machine fault diagnostics are essential for industrial operations,and advancements in machine learning have significantly advanced these systems by providing accurate predictions and expedited solutions.Machine learning models,especially those utilizing complex algorithms like deep learning,have demonstrated major potential in extracting important information fromlarge operational datasets.Despite their efficiency,machine learningmodels face challenges,making Explainable AI(XAI)crucial for improving their understandability and fine-tuning.The importance of feature contribution and selection using XAI in the diagnosis of machine faults is examined in this study.The technique is applied to evaluate different machine-learning algorithms.Extreme Gradient Boosting,Support Vector Machine,Gaussian Naive Bayes,and Random Forest classifiers are used alongside Logistic Regression(LR)as a baseline model because their efficacy and simplicity are evaluated thoroughly with empirical analysis.The XAI is used as a targeted feature selection technique to select among 29 features of the time and frequency domain.The XAI approach is lightweight,trained with only targeted features,and achieved similar results as the traditional approach.The accuracy without XAI on baseline LR is 79.57%,whereas the approach with XAI on LR is 80.28%.

Artificial Intelligence-Driven Vehicle Fault Diagnosis to Revolutionize Automotive Maintenance:A Review

Conventional fault diagnosis systems have constrained the automotive industry to damage vehicle maintenance and component longevity critically.Hence,there is a growing demand for advanced fault diagnosis technologies to mitigate the impact of these limitations on unplanned vehicular downtime caused by unanticipated vehicle breakdowns.Due to vehicles’increasingly complex and autonomous nature,there is a growing urgency to investigate novel diagnosis methodologies for improving safety,reliability,and maintainability.While Artificial Intelligence(AI)has provided a great opportunity in this area,a systematic review of the feasibility and application of AI for Vehicle Fault Diagnosis(VFD)systems is unavailable.Therefore,this review brings new insights into the potential of AI in VFD methodologies and offers a broad analysis using multiple techniques.We focus on reviewing relevant literature in the field of machine learning as well as deep learning algorithms for fault diagnosis in engines,lifting systems(suspensions and tires),gearboxes,and brakes,among other vehicular subsystems.We then delve into some examples of the use of AI in fault diagnosis and maintenance for electric vehicles and autonomous cars.The review elucidates the transformation of VFD systems that consequently increase accuracy,economization,and prediction in most vehicular sub-systems due to AI applications.Indeed,the limited performance of systems based on only one of these AI techniques is likely to be addressed by combinations:The integration shows that a single technique or method fails its expectations,which can lead to more reliable and versatile diagnostic support.By synthesizing current information and distinguishing forthcoming patterns,this work aims to accelerate advancement in smart automotive innovations,conforming with the requests of Industry 4.0 and adding to the progression of more secure,more dependable vehicles.The findings underscored the necessity for cross-disciplinary cooperation and examined the total potential of AI in vehicle default analysis.

Fault Diagnosis Scheme for Railway Switch Machine Using Multi-Sensor Fusion Tensor Machine

Railway switch machine is essential for maintaining the safety and punctuality of train operations.A data-driven fault diagnosis scheme for railway switch machine using tensor machine and multi-representation monitoring data is developed herein.Unlike existing methods,this approach takes into account the spatial information of the time series monitoring data,aligning with the domain expertise of on-site manual monitoring.Besides,a multi-sensor fusion tensor machine is designed to improve single signal data’s limitations in insufficient information.First,one-dimensional signal data is preprocessed and transformed into two-dimensional images.Afterward,the fusion feature tensor is created by utilizing the images of the three-phase current and employing the CANDE-COMP/PARAFAC(CP)decomposition method.Then,the tensor learning-based model is built using the extracted fusion feature tensor.The developed fault diagnosis scheme is valid with the field three-phase current dataset.The experiment indicates an enhanced performance of the developed fault diagnosis scheme over the current approach,particularly in terms of recall,precision,and F1-score.

Selective and Adaptive Incremental Transfer Learning with Multiple Datasets for Machine Fault Diagnosis

The visions of Industry 4.0 and 5.0 have reinforced the industrial environment.They have also made artificial intelligence incorporated as a major facilitator.Diagnosing machine faults has become a solid foundation for automatically recognizing machine failure,and thus timely maintenance can ensure safe operations.Transfer learning is a promising solution that can enhance the machine fault diagnosis model by borrowing pre-trained knowledge from the source model and applying it to the target model,which typically involves two datasets.In response to the availability of multiple datasets,this paper proposes using selective and adaptive incremental transfer learning(SA-ITL),which fuses three algorithms,namely,the hybrid selective algorithm,the transferability enhancement algorithm,and the incremental transfer learning algorithm.It is a selective algorithm that enables selecting and ordering appropriate datasets for transfer learning and selecting useful knowledge to avoid negative transfer.The algorithm also adaptively adjusts the portion of training data to balance the learning rate and training time.The proposed algorithm is evaluated and analyzed using ten benchmark datasets.Compared with other algorithms from existing works,SA-ITL improves the accuracy of all datasets.Ablation studies present the accuracy enhancements of the SA-ITL,including the hybrid selective algorithm(1.22%-3.82%),transferability enhancement algorithm(1.91%-4.15%),and incremental transfer learning algorithm(0.605%-2.68%).These also show the benefits of enhancing the target model with heterogeneous image datasets that widen the range of domain selection between source and target domains.

Fault Diagnosis Method of Rolling Bearing Based on MSCNN-LSTM

Deep neural networks have been widely applied to bearing fault diagnosis systems and achieved impressive success recently.To address the problem that the insufficient fault feature extraction ability of traditional fault diagnosis methods results in poor diagnosis effect under variable load and noise interference scenarios,a rolling bearing fault diagnosis model combining Multi-Scale Convolutional Neural Network(MSCNN)and Long Short-Term Memory(LSTM)fused with attention mechanism is proposed.To adaptively extract the essential spatial feature information of various sizes,the model creates a multi-scale feature extraction module using the convolutional neural network(CNN)learning process.The learning capacity of LSTM for time information sequence is then used to extract the vibration signal’s temporal feature information.Two parallel large and small convolutional kernels teach the system spatial local features.LSTM gathers temporal global features to thoroughly and painstakingly mine the vibration signal’s characteristics,thus enhancing model generalization.Lastly,bearing fault diagnosis is accomplished by using the SoftMax classifier.The experiment outcomes demonstrate that the model can derive fault properties entirely from the initial vibration signal.It can retain good diagnostic accuracy under variable load and noise interference and has strong generalization compared to other fault diagnosis models.

Fault diagnosis method of link control system for gravitational wave detection

To maintain the stability of the inter-satellite link for gravitational wave detection,an intelligent learning monitoring and fast warning method of the inter-satellite link control system failure is proposed.Different from the traditional fault diagnosis optimization algorithms,the fault intelligent learning method pro-posed in this paper is able to quickly identify the faults of inter-satellite link control system despite the existence of strong cou-pling nonlinearity.By constructing a two-layer learning network,the method enables efficient joint diagnosis of fault areas and fault parameters.The simulation results show that the average identification time of the system fault area and fault parameters is 0.27 s,and the fault diagnosis efficiency is improved by 99.8%compared with the traditional algorithm.