Laboratory Implementation of Direct Torque Controller based Speed Loop Pseudo Derivative Feedforward Controller for PMSM Drive

This paper,evaluate the effectiveness of a proposed speed loop pseudo derivative feedforward(PDFF)controller-based direct torque controller(DTC)for a PMSM drive against the performance of existing PI speed controller-based DTC and hysteresis current controller(HCC).The proposed PDFF-based speed regulator effectively reduces oscillation and overshoot associated with rotor angular speed,electromagnetic torque,and stator current.Two case studies,one using forward-to-reverse motoring operation and the other involving reverse-to-forward braking operation,has been validated to show the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy.The proposed controller's superior performance is demonstrated through experimental verification utilizing an FPGA controller for a 1.5 kW PMSM drive laboratory prototype.

Application Effect of Feedforward Control in Outpatient Blood Specimen Management

Objective:To analyze the application effect of feedforward control in outpatient blood specimen management.Methods:1,200 patients who had their venous blood collected in outpatient phlebotomy room of our hospital's outpatient clinic from January 2021 to April 2021 were selected as study subjects and divided into 600 cases in the control group and 600 cases in the observation group.The two groups of patients were compared in terms of their satisfaction with the staff,the efficiency of the nurses and the quality of nursing care,turnaround time before specimen analysis,the rejection rate of the blood specimens,and the time of result reporting.Results:After the implementation of feedforward control,patients'satisfaction with staff,nurses work efficiency and quality of care,turnaround time before specimen analysis,specimen rejection rate,and result reporting time in the observation group were significantly higher than those in the control group(P<0.05).Conclusion:The application of feedforward control in the management of outpatient blood specimens has significant effect,which effectively improves patients'satisfaction,enhances the efficiency of nurses and the quality of nursing care,shortens the turnaround time of specimens before analysis and the reporting time of results,and reduces the rejection rate of specimens.

Data Driven Vibration Control:A Review

With the ongoing advancements in sensor networks and data acquisition technologies across various systems like manufacturing,aviation,and healthcare,the data driven vibration control(DDVC)has attracted broad interests from both the industrial and academic communities.Input shaping(IS),as a simple and effective feedforward method,is greatly demanded in DDVC methods.It convolves the desired input command with impulse sequence without requiring parametric dynamics and the closed-loop system structure,thereby suppressing the residual vibration separately.Based on a thorough investigation into the state-of-the-art DDVC methods,this survey has made the following efforts:1)Introducing the IS theory and typical input shapers;2)Categorizing recent progress of DDVC methods;3)Summarizing commonly adopted metrics for DDVC;and 4)Discussing the engineering applications and future trends of DDVC.By doing so,this study provides a systematic and comprehensive overview of existing DDVC methods from designing to optimizing perspectives,aiming at promoting future research regarding this emerging and vital issue.

Feedback and Feedforward Optimal Control for Offshore Jacket Platforms

The optimal control is investigated for linear systems affected by external harmonic disturbance and applied to vibration control systems of offshore steel jacket platforms. The wave-induced force is the dominant load that offshore structures are subjected to, and it can be taken as harmonic excitation for the system. The linearized Morison equation is employed to estimate the wave loading. The main result concerns the existence and design of a realizable optimal regulator, which is proposed to damp the forced oscillation in an optimal fashion. For demonstration of the effectiveness of the control scheme, the platform performance is investigated for different wave states. The simulations are based on the tuned mass damper and the active mass damper control devices. It is demonstrated that the control scheme is useful in reducing the displacement response of jacket-type offshore platforms.

Dynamic Feedforward Control of a Novel 3-PSP 3-DOF Parallel Manipulator

Parallel manipulators with less than six degrees of freedom （DOF） have been increasingly used in high-speed hybrid machine tools. The structural features of parallel manipulators are dynamic, a characteristic that is particularly significant when these manipulators are used in high-speed machine tools. However, normal kinematic control method cannot satisfy the requirements of the control system. Many researchers use model-based dynamic control methods, such as the dynamic feedforward control method. However, these methods are rarely used in hybrid machine tools because of the complex dynamic model of the parallel manipulator. In order to study the dynamic control method of parallel manipulators, the dynamic feedforward control method is used in the dynamic control system of a 3-PSP （prismatic-spherical-prismatic） 3-DOF spatial parallel manipulator used as a spindle head in a high-speed hybrid machine tool. Using kinematic analysis as basis and the Newton-Euler method, we derive the dynamic model of the parallel manipulator. Furthermore, a model-based dynamic feedforward control system consisting of both kinematic control and dynamic control subsystems is established. The dynamic control subsystem consists of two modules. One is used to eliminate the influence of the dynamic characteristics of high-speed movement, and the other is used to eliminate the dynamic disturbances in the milling process. Finally, the simulation model of the dynamic feedforward control system of the 3-PSP parallel manipulator is constructed in Matlab/Simulink. The simulations of the control system eliminating the influence of the dynamic characteristics and dynamic disturbances are conducted. A comparative study between the simulations and the normal kinematic control method is also presented.The simulations prove that the dynamic feedforward control method effectively eliminates the influence of the dynamic disturbances and dynamic characteristics of the parallel manipulator on high-speed machine tools, and significantly improves the trajectory accuracy. This is the first attempt to introduce the dynamic feedfordward control method into the 3-PSP spatial parallel manipulator whose dynamic model is complex and provides a study basis for the real-time dynamic control of the high-speed hybrid machine tools.

Feedforward and Feedback Optimal Control for Linear Systems with Sinusoidal Disturbances

The linear systems affected by additive external sinusoidal disturbances is studied. The problem is to damp this forced oscillation in an optimal fashion. The main result of this paper is a new design approach is proposed of realizable feedforward and feedback optimal control law for a linear time invariant system with sinusoidal disturbances. The algorithm of solving the optimal control law is given. It is shown that the control law is easily realized and is robust with respect to errors produced by the external sinusoidal disturbances through simulation results.

Feedforward and feedback optimal control for linear time-varying systems with persistent disturbances

The optimal control problem for linear time-varying systems affected by external persistent disturbances with known dynamic characteristics but unknown initial conditions is consider and a design procedure of a feedforward and feedbaek optimal controller is presented. The condition of existence and uniqueness of the control law is given. The disturbanee observer is proposed to make the feedforward control law realizable physically. Simulation results demonstrate that the feedforward and feedbaek optimal control law is more effective and robust than the elassical state feedbaek control law with respect to external disturbanees.

Feedforward Variable Structural Proportional-Integral-Derivative for Temperature Control of Polymerase Chain Reaction

To track the rapidly changing temperature profiles of thermal cycling of polymerase chain reaction （PCR） accurately, an innovative feedforward variable structural proportional-integral-derivative （FVSPID） controller was developed. Based on the step response test data of the heat block, a reduced first order model was estabfished at different operating points. Based on the reduced model, the FVSPID controller combined a feedforward path with the variable structural proportional-integral-derivative （PID） control. The modified feedforward action provided directly the optimal predictive power for the desired setpoint to speed up the dynamic response. To cooperate with the feedforward action, a variable structural PID was applied, where the P mode was used in the case of the largest errors to speed up response, whereas the PD mode was used in the case of larger errors to suppress overshoot, and finally the PID mode was applied for small error conditions to eliminate the steady state offset. Experimental results illustrated that compared to the conventional PID controller, the FVSPID controller can not only reduce the time taken to complete a standard PCR protocol, but also improve the accuracy of gene amplification.

FEEDFORWARD CONTROL STRATEGIES FOR TRACKING PERFORMANCE IN MACHINE AXES

Three feedforward (FFD) control techniques for position-servo machine axesare compared. All three FFD controllers are used with two different PID feedback (FBK) controllers.The two different FBK controllers have two different closed-loop bandwidths. They are demonstratedusing experimental data from a linear motor test system and from simulations. Laboratory resultsusing the linear motor hardware demonstrate that the velocity & acceleration (V&A) FFD controllerimproves tracking in all case considered, while the other two FFD controllers actually degradeperformance in many cases. Through simulation this degradation is attributed to extreme sensitivityto round off errors. This sensitivity is the result of a complex controller that is implementedoutside of the feedback loop.

The application of feedforward control in the nursing emergency management of COVID-19

Objective:To explore the application of feedforward control in the nursing emergency management of COVID-19.Methods:The feedforward control theory was applied to the emergency management of COVID-19 nursing,including grasping the latest epidemic information,preparing for the early stage,formulating nursing workflow,implementing flexible management,standardizing isolation and protection measures,unifying nursing document record format,and implementing humanistic care.Results:During the period of support to Wuhan,the nursing work in the isolated area was orderly,the nursing staff's job satisfaction was high,no nursing errors and hospital infections occurred.Conclusion:Efficient feedforward control in the nursing emergency management that could avoid work blindness to a certain extent and play a guiding role in maintaining the normal operation of treatment and nursing work and protecting the safety of patients and medical staff in the ward during the epidemic period of COVID-19.

Feedforward and feedback optimal control for linear time-varying systems with persistent disturbances

The optimal control problem was studied for linear time-varying systems,which was affected by external persistent disturbances with known dynamic characteristics but unknown initial conditions. To damp the effect of disturbances in an optimal fashion,we obtained a new feedforward and feedback optimal control law and gave the control algorithm by solving a Riccati differential equation and a matrix differential equation. Simulation results showed that the achieved optimal control law was realizable,efficient and robust to reject the external disturbances.

STUDY ON THE FEEDFORWARD COMPENSATION OF THE MOTIONERRORS OF NC MACHINE TOOLS

A feedforward compensation naethod of the motion errors of NC machine tools imple- mented with software is proposed , with which the motion errors can be compensated whithout changing the original computer control systems of the NC machine tools. The experimental results show that the circular interpolation profile machining errors decrease by a factor of 2/3 after com- pensated.

Quantum state protection from finite-temperature thermal noise with application to controlled quantum teleportation

We propose a quantum state protection scheme via quantum feedforward control combined with environment-assisted measurement to protect arbitrary unknown initial states from the finite-temperature thermal noise(FTTN).The main strategy is to transfer the quantum system to a noise-robust state by weak measurement and feedforward control before the noise channel.Then we apply the environment-assisted measurement on the noise channel to select our desired damped states that are invertible to the initial state.After the noise channel,the reversal operations are applied to restore the initial state.We consider the protection of a single-qubit system,derive the analytical expressions of the success probability and the fidelity,and analyze the influence of key parameters on the performance of the proposed scheme.Unlike previous studies,there is no trade-off between the fidelity and the success probability in the proposed scheme;hence one could maximize them separately.Simulation results show that the proposed scheme can greatly improve the fidelity of the quantum state with a certain success probability.Moreover,the proposed scheme is successfully applied to improving the fidelity of controlled quantum teleportation through two independent FTTN channels from the perspective of protecting the shared entanglement.

Intelligent feedforward gust alleviation based on neural network

This paper proposes a neural network-based intelligent feedforward gust alleviation framework,which includes a neural network identification model and a neural network controller.A neural network training dataset is formed by collecting flight data and the gust data encountered during the aircraft flight.A neural network identification model is first trained to accurately predict the aircraft’s output.Then,based on the output of the identification model and the collected flight data,the parameters of the time-delay neural network controller are obtained through a learning process.The simulation results show that the designed intelligent controller has good gust alleviation effects for both continuous turbulence excitation and discrete gust excitation.For example,when the aircraft is 40000 kg and the flight speed is 0.81Ma,the controller achieves a 67.82%reduction in wingtip acceleration and a 35.90%reduction in center of mass acceleration under continuous turbulence excitation.When considering the measurement uncertainties,such as noise existing in the collected data,the trained controller can still achieve an acceptable gust alleviation effect.Finally,considering a flight in which the aircraft mass is constantly changing,the intelligent controller,which continuously learns from new flight data,maintains a good gust alleviation effect throughout the flight.

Simulation Study on Active Roll Control of Vehicles

The effects of active control on the vehicle roll were studied. Based on the theory that distributing the greater roll stiffness to the rear axle can improve tracking trajectory capacity and increase maneuver stability, an eight degrees of freedom vehicle model was established and feedforward feedback control strategy was devised to control distribution of lateral load transfer on the front axle and the rear one. Simulation results showed that the proposed control strategy can improve comfort, maneuver stability and safety effectively.

FREQUENCY-DOMAIN IMPLEMENTATION OF FILTERED-X ALGORITHMS WITH ON-LINE SYSTEM IDENTIFICATION FOR VIBRATION CONTROL

This paper describes the implementation of frequency-domain least mean squares (LMS) and Filtered-X algorithms and compares the performance of the frequencydomain adaptive control algorithm to a comparable timedomain controller. When the frequency-domain LMS step size is allowed to vary as a function of frequency,the frequency-domain algorithm exhibits a better vibration reduction than the time-domain algorithm for the weaker frequencies in the energy spectrum.

Effectiveness of a Passive-active Vibration Isolation System with Actuator Constraints

In the prediction of active vibration isolation performance, control force requirements were ignored in previous work. This may limit the realization of theoretically predicted isolation performance if control force of large magnitude cannot be supplied by actuators.The behavior of a feed-forward active isolation system subjected to actuator output constraints is investigated. Distributed parameter models are developed to analyze the system response, and to produce a transfer matrix for the design of an integrated passive-active isolation system. Cost functions comprising a combination of the vibration transmission energy and the sum of the squared control forces are proposed. The example system considered is a rigid body connected to a simply supported plate via two passive-active isolation mounts. Vertical and transverse forces as well as a rotational moment are applied at the rigid body, and resonances excited in elastic mounts and the supporting plate are analyzed. The overall isolation performance is evaluated by numerical simulation. The simulation results are then compared with those obtained using unconstrained control strategies. In addition, the effects of waves in elastic mounts are analyzed. It is shown that the control strategies which rely on tmconstrained actuator outputs may give substantial power transmission reductions over a wide frequency range, but also require large control force amplitudes to control excited vibration modes of the system. Expected power transmission reductions for modified control strategies that incorporate constrained actuator outputs are considerably less than typical reductions with unconstrained actuator outputs. In the frequency range in which rigid body modes are present, the control strategies can only achieve 5-10 dB power transmission reduction, when control forces are constrained to be the same order of the magnitude as the primary vertical force. The resonances of the elastic mounts result in a notable increase of power transmission in high frequency range and cannot be attenuated by active control. The investigation provides a guideline for design and evaluation of active vibration isolation systems.

Parallel Distributed Compensation/H∞Control of Lane‑keeping System Based on the Takagi‑Sugeno Fuzzy Model

Current research on lane-keeping systems ignores the effect of the driver and external resistance on the accuracy of tracking the lane centerline.To reduce the lateral deviation of the vehicle,a lane-keeping control method based on the fuzzy Takagi-Sugeno(T-S)model is proposed.The method adopts a driver model based on near and far visual angles,and a driver-road-vehicle closed-loop model based on longitudinal nonlinear velocity variation,obtaining the expected assist torque with a robust H∞controller which is designed based on parallel distributed compensation and linear matrix inequality.Considering the external influences of tire adhesion and aligning torque when the vehicle is steering,a feedforward compensation control is designed.The electric power steering system is adopted as the actuator for lane-keeping,and active steering redressing is realized by a control motor.Simulation results based on Carsim/Simulink and real vehicle test results demonstrate that the method helps to maintain the vehicle in the lane centerline and ensures driving safety.

Control Performance Evaluation of Serial Urology Manipulator by Virtual Prototyping

Prostatic hyperplasia and tumor are common diseases,and the minimally invasive surgery inserting the instruments through the urethra into the prostate is commonly conducted.Taking the robotic manipulator for such surgery into consideration,this paper analyses the workspace of the end effector,and proposes the distribution error of the fixed point and the tracking error of manipulator end effector on the cone bottom surface of the workspace as the basis for control implementation of the manipulator.The D-H coordinate system of the manipulator is established and the trajectory planning of the end effector in the Cartesian space is carried out.The digital model was established,and dynamics simulation was performed in Solidworks and Matlab/Simulink environment to guide the manipulator design.Trajectory mapping and synchronization control between virtual model and the actual manipulator are realized based on digital twin technique.The virtual manipulator can reflect the real-time state of the manipulator with data interaction by comparing the dynamics simulation results with the motor current values obtained by experiment.Experiment was carried out with PD feedback control and Newton-Euler dynamics based feedforward control to get the trajectory tracking characteristic of each motor,errors of the fixed point and tracking performance of the end effector of the manipulator.The results show that compared with PD feedback control,feed forward control implementation can achieve a reduction of 30.0%in the average error of the fixed point of the manipulator and a reduction of 33.3%in the maximum error.

Nonlinear observer-controller design for dynamic positioning of ships

The main focus is nonlinear model-based dynamic positioning (DP) control system design. A nonlinear uniform global exponential stability (UGES) observer produces noise-free estimates of the position, the slowly varying environmental disturbances and the velocity, which are used in a proportional-derivative (PD) + feedforward control law. The stability of this observer-controller system is proved by introducing a specific nonlinear cascaded system. The simulation results have successfully demonstrated the performance of designed DP control system.