Impacts of different feeding modes on the gonadal development, total edible yield, and nutritional composition of male Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis)

This study analyzed the tissue indices,proximate composition,fatty acid and amino acid composition of edible tissues of male E.sinensis under three feeding modes(formulated diets(FD),natural diets(ND),and traditional diets(TD)).The results showed that different feeding modes had no impacts on the overall gonadal development,as no significant difference was found in gonadsomatic index among three treatments.For edible yield,three modes all had similar levels of the meat yield,hepatosomatic index,and total edible yield.Although different feeding modes did not affect the individual edible yield and gonadal development,significant differences were detected in the nutritional composition of males from three modes.For proximate composition,significant differences were found in the total lipids of gonads and the carbohydrate of hepatopancreas and meat.For fatty acids,crabs from ND had a higher proportion of monounsaturated fatty acids.In gonads and hepatopancreas,FD had a higher proportion of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids.For amino acids,FD had higher amino acid contents,while ND had the lowest.Except tryptophan,the essential amino acids scores of the meat were all greater than 100.As there was no significant difference on meat quality and meat yields between three feeding modes,this study suggests that the formulated diet could replace the natural diet and traditional diet towards sustainable crab farming in future.

Correlation of 4-month infant feeding modes with their growth and iron status in Beijing

Background Growth and development of infants has been an important topic in pediatrics for a long time. Infants must be provided with food containing all necessary nutrients. Breast milk is believed to be the most desirable natural and cheapest food for well-balanced nutrition. But with the progress in the development of substitute food in developed countries, it is thought that formula milk can meet the requirement for infant growth. During early infancy, growth, as the most sensitive index of health, is therefore a critical component in evaluating the adequacy of breast-feeding, mixed-feeding and formula feeding. Iron status is another important index of infant health. Iron deficiency anemia remains the most prevalent nutritional deficiency index in infants worldwide. This study is to compare infants in Beijing at 4 months who are on three different feeding modes （breast feeding, mixed feeding and formula feeding） in physical changes and iron status. The results may provide new mothers with support in feeding mode selection, which will also be helpful to the China Nutrition Association in feeding mode education. Methods This is a cohort study. One thousand and one normal Beijing infants were followed regularly for 12 months. Body weight and horizontal length were measured. Hemoglobin, red blood cell counts, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin and serum iron were analyzed at 4 months. Results The breast feeding percentage in the first 4 months was 47.9%. The feeding mode was not significantly related to maternal delivery age, education, labor pathway nor infant sex （P 〉0.05）. Infant boys and girls exclusively breast-fed from 0 to 4 months had the highest weight at 0-6 months. The anemia rate of breast-fed infant boys at 4 months was the highest. Conclusions Breast feeding should be given more emphasis. It is compulsory for new mothers to breast-feed their infants if possible. Social environment should also guarantee the requirement for breast feeding. Furthermore the normal values of hemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume and serum iron, which were originally used to judge children＇s iron deficiency anemia, might not be optimal for evaluating infants. There might be a need to develop sex-specific cutoff levels of hemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume and serum iron for infants.

THE EFFECT OF MONOMERS FEEDING METHODS ON EMULSION COPOLYMERIZATION OF VINYLIDENE CHLORIDE AND ACRYLATES

The emulsion copolymerization of vinylidene chloride (VDC) with methyl-methacrylate(MMA) and acrylonitrile (AN) was carried out by batch, seeded batch and semicontinuous pro-cesses,respectively. Significant differences were found in the physical and mechanical propertiesof the latexes and films, depending on the methods of monomer feeding. The results both intheory and experiments demonstrated that the copolymer composition and the length of the VDC sequences in the copolymer could be controlled by the modes of monomer feeding process.

Influence of Feeding Mode on Flow and Temperature Field for Twin Roll Strip Casting Process

A three-dimensional finite element method was developed to simulate the fluid flow,heat transfer and solidification for twin roll strip casting.An improved two-equationκ-εmodel was used to incorporate the turbulence in fluid flow.The influence of vertical feeding and submerged entry nozzle feeding on the flow and temperature field was discussed.The optimum submersion depth and entry angle of submerged nozzle were obtained through comparison of the simulation results.

Outdoor Feeding Without Antibiotics,a Better Pattern for the Liver Health of Gushi Chicken

A 180 d feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of different feeding modes on liver of Gushi chicken.The chickens from 1-day-old were fed in the warm house for 30 d,and then divided into four groups by different feeding modes(O-noant,outdoor without antibiotics;O-ant,outdoor with antibiotics;D-noant,indoor without antibiotics;D-ant,indoor with antibiotics),respectively,to evaluate the effect on liver.The results showed that different feeding modes significantly influenced the growth,liver weight,subcutaneous fat thickness,liver fat and liver free amino acid contents.The outdoor feeding without antibiotic reflected remarkably(P﹤0.05)low liver weight and fat content with normal morphology.While,other groups showed different levels of fat metabolism disorder in the liver.Based on chicken liver healthy,the outdoor feeding without antibiotic was the optimal feeding mode for Gushi chicken.

Effect of Monomer Feeding Mode on the Preparation of Hollow Latexes with High MAA Content in the Core Latex Preparation

In order to prepare hollow latex particles with optimum morphology based on osmotic swelling principle, three- layer core/shell latex particles with 40 wt% MAA in the core were first prepared via multistep seeded emulsion copolymerization, in which monomers were added by a semi-continuous process with monomer addition under two different forms： pure monomers＇ mixture （monomer addition）, and pre-emulsified monomers （pre-emulsion addition）. Then, the hollow latex particles with different morphologies were obtained after alkali post-treatment. Influences of the monomer feeding mode on the emulsion polymerization and the particle morphology were investigated. Results showed that the pre- emulsion addition could significantly improve the polymerization stability in each step, and greatly enhance the uniformity of shell encapsulation. The sizes of the core and core/shell latex particles obtained by the pre-emulsion addition were smaller and more uniform than those synthesized by the monomer addition, and the hollow latex particles with intact morphology were generated by alkali post-treating of the core/shell latexes prepared from the pre-emulsion addition. As the core size increased, the morphology of the post-treated particles underwent evolution from hollow to collapse. Moreover, the mechanism of the particle morphological evolution was proposed.

Macroscale and microscale analysis of Anammox in anaerobic rotating biological contactor

Inoculated with conventional anaerobic activated sludge, the Anammox process was successfully developed in an anaerobic rotating biological contactor （AnRBC） fed with a low ratio of CfN synthetic wastewater. Operated in a single point feed mode, the AnRBC removed 92.1% （n = 126） of the influent N at the highest surface load of 12 g/（m2.day）. The biomass increased by 25% and 17.1 g/（m2·day） of maximum N removal surface load was achieved by elevating flow rate with another feed point. Fluorescence in situ hybridization and polymerase chain reaction analysis indicated that the Anammox genus Candidatus Kuenenia stuttgartiensis dominated the community. Both Anammox and denitrifying activity were detected in biofilm by the application of microelectrodes. In the outer layer of the biofilm （0-2500 μm）, nitrite and ammonium consumed simultaneously in a ratio of 1.12/1, revealing the occurrence of Anammox. In the inner layer （〉 2500 μm）, a decrease of nitrate was caused by denitrification in the absence of nitrite and ammonium.

Aerobic granular sludge formation based on substrate availability:Effects of flow pattern and fermentation pretreatment

The influences of flow patterns(mixed-flow and plug-flow)and fermentation pretreatment on aerobic granular sludge(AGS)formation with various substrate availability levels were investigated by running four identical laboratory-scale sequencing batch reactors(R1-R4),comparing two anaerobic feeding strategies and three kinds of substrates.R1 achieved faster granulation with a fast influent fill step followed by a modified anaerobic mixed-flow phase,but the AGS showed poorer stability with a cracked structure and a high suspended solids concentration in the effluent.The anaerobic plug-flow feeding mode(with influent fed slowly from the bottom)in R2 provided deeper penetration depth for the substance to reach the core of A G S and accordingly strengthen A G S stability.An acidogenic upflow sludge bed reactor was introduced as a pretreatment to improve the AGS performance by enhancing glucose pre-fermentation(R4).AGS fed with mixed volatile fatty acids(VFA)after glucose fermentation showed similar performance compared with the reactor fed with acetate in the aspects of stability,structure,size distribution and nitrogen removal efficiency,and 74%similarity in the microbial community.For actual wastewater with low VFA concentrations,fermentation treatment was suggested as a promising pretreatment for stable AGS granulation and operation.