Application Effect of Cassava Starch Anaerobic Fermentation Liquid on Watermelon Production

In order to find out a new way for environment-friendly and resourcelized utilization of cassava starch processing wastewater, the cassava starch anaerobic fermentation liquid was applied in watermelon production, and its effects on the growth and development, yield and fruit quality of watermelon were investigated. The results showed that the cassava starch anaerobic fermentation liquid significant- ly promoted the vegetative and reproductive growth and improved the yield and fruit quality of watermelon. Compared with conventional fertilization, the application of cassava starch anaerobic fermentation both with COD concentration of 1 200 mg/L according to the amount of 150 t/hm2 promoted the growth of vines and leaves of watermelon plants, brought forward the flowering, fruiting and harvest of watermelon and significantly increased the fruit number, fruit weight, yield, fruit size, fruit shape index, soluble solid content, soluble sugar content, soluble protein content and Vita- min C content of watermelon. At the same time of improving the yield and quality of watermelon, cassava starch anaerobic fermentation liquid was turned into treasure as a liquid fertilizer. This study provides a new ideal for the yield and quality im- provement of watermelon and the wastewater treating of starch factories.

Preliminary Study on the Liquid Fermentation and Polysaccharide Production of Ganoderma

Strain of Ganoderma japonicum with higher mycelial growth rate and higher levels of polysaccharide production was selected from seven tested strains of Ganoderma. The effects of nitrogen source, carbon source and metal ions on the polysaccharide production of selected Ganoderma japonicum were studied. The results showed that the optimum nitrogen source and carbon source were 2% and 0.2% ,respectively. And the existence of 0.2% Fe^2＋ could improve the polysaccharide yield significantly. The result of fermentor enlargement test indicated that extracellular crude polysaccharide content per 100 mL fermentation liquor and mycelium content yielded highest amount of 181.7 mg and 151.0 mg,respectively,with relatively mild change of pH value. It was concluded that fermentation in fermentor was more suitable for the secretion of C, anoderma polysaccharide.

Study on the Liquid Fermentation Condition of Trichoderma hamatum Th12 Strain

[Objective] The research aimed to study the optimum liquid fermentation condition of Trichoderma hamatum Th12 strain,which provided the theory basis for studying and developing the biological control agent of Trichoderma spp.[Method] By using the diluted soil plate method and the plate confrontation method,Trichoderma hamatum Th12 strain was identified.Moreover,the influences of carbon source,nitrogen source,fermentation time,fermentation temperature,initial pH,inoculation amount,bottling capacity and shaker speed on the mycelium yield of Trichoderma hamatum Th12 were studied.[Result] The optimum liquid fermentation conditions of Trichoderma hamatum Th12 strain were：glucose as the carbon source,peptone as the nitrogen source,fermentation temperature was 25 ℃,initial pH was 6,inoculation amount was 0.8 ml,bottling capacity was 50 ml,shaker speed was 180 r/min.Trichoderma hamatum Th12 strain was cultivated 3 d under the condition,and the mycelium yield was the highest.[Conclusion] Under the optimum liquid cultivation condition,Trichoderma hamatum Th12 strain could provide the mycelium amount which was used for preventing and controlling Fusarium oxysporum and Rhizoctonia solani of lawn to the utmost extent.

Fermented liquid feed for pigs： an ancient technique for the future

Fermented liquid feed is feed that has been mixed with water at a ratio ranging from 1：1.5 to 1：4. By mixing with water lactic acid bacteria and yeasts naturally occurring in the feed proliferate and produce lactic acid, acetic acid and ethano which reduces the pH of the mixture. This reduction in pH inhibits pathogenic organisms from developing in the feed. In addition, when this low pH mixture is fed, it reduces the pH in the stomach of pigs and prevents the proliferation of pathogens such as coliforms and Salmonella in the gastrointestinal tract. For piglets, the use of fermented liquid feed offers the possibility of simultaneously providing feed and water, which may facilitate an easier transition from sow＇s milk to solid feed. Secondly, offering properly produced fermented liquid feed may strengthen the role of the stomach as the first line of defense against possible pathogenic infections by lowering the pH in the gastrointestinal tract thereby helping to exclude enteropathogens. Finally, feeding fermented liquid feed to pigs has been shown to improve the performance of suckling pigs, weaner pigs and growing-finishing pigs. In this review, current knowledge about the use of fermented liquid feed in pig diets will be discussed. This will include a discussion of the desirable properties of fermented liquid feed and factors affecting fermentation. In addition, advantages and disadvantages of fermented liquid feed will be discussed including its effects on gastrointestinal health, intestinal pH and the types of bacteria found in the gastrointestinal tract as well as the effects of fermented liquid feeds on pig performance.

Waste Activated Sludge Alkaline Fermentation Liquid as Carbon Source for Biological Nutrients Removal in Anaerobic Followed by Alternating Aerobic-Anoxic Sequencing Batch Reactors

Activated sludge process has been widely used to remove phosphorus and nitrogen from wastewater. However,the nitrogen and phosphorus removal is sometimes unsatisfactory due to the low influent COD.Another problem with the activated sludge process is that large amount of waste activated sludge is produced,which needs further treatment.In this study,the waste activated sludge alkaline fermentation liquid was used as the main carbon source for phosphorus and nitrogen removal under anaerobic followed by alternating aerobic-anoxic conditions,and the results were compared with those using acetic acid as the carbon source.The use of alkaline fermentation liquid not only affected the transformations of phosphorus,nitrogen,intracellular polyhydroxyalkanoates and glycogen, but also led to higher removal efficiencies for phosphorus and nitrogen compared with acetic acid.It was observed that ammonium was completely removed with either alkaline fermentation liquid or acetic acid as the carbon source. However,the former resulted in higher removal efficiencies for phosphorus(95%)and nitrogen(82%),while the latter showed lower ones(87%and 74%,respectively).The presence of a large amount of propionic acid in the alkaline fermentation liquid was one possible reason for its higher phosphorus removal efficiency.Exogenous instead of endogenous denitrification was the main pathway for nitrogen removal with the alkaline fermentation liquid as the carbon source,which was responsible for its higher nitrogen removal efficiency.It seems that the alkaline fermentation liquid can replace acetic acid as the carbon source for phosphorus and nitrogen removal in anaerobic fol- lowed by alternating aerobic-anoxic sequencing batch reactor.

Purification of four strains of endophytic fungi from Astragalus and their optimized liquid fermentations

This study was designed to isolate endophytic fungi from A. mongholicus （growing in northeast China） to determine whether they can produce bioactive metabolites. Four strains of endophytic fungi （strains 16, 17, 23 and 75） were successfully isolated from A. mongholicus using the surface disinfection method. According to ITS-rDNA sequences analysis, strains 16 and 75 were identified as Fusarium oxysporum, and strains 17 and 23 were identified as Bionectria ochroleuca. We applied the Box-Behnken design （BBD） to optimize the liquid fermentation conditions and obtain the maximum cell dry weight （CDW） yield. Opti-mal parameters were obtained under the following experimental condi-tions：temperature of 28＆#176;C, potato dextrose agar （PDA） liquid medium of 80 mL and rotation speed of 150 rpm. The four isolated endophytic fungi did not produce astragalosides I-IV, flavonoids or polysaccharides. Iso-lation of additional species of endophytic fungi from A. mongholicus and determination of their capacity to produce biologically active substances are subjects in need of further research.

Optimization of clear liquid fermentation condition for ethanol production from Canna edulis Kerl

In this paper, clear liquid fermentation condition for ethanol production from Canna edulis Kerl with orthogonal design was studied. We have studied five factors that influenced clear liquid fermentation condition for ethanol production from Canna edulis Kerl by the single-factor test. The five factors were α-amylase amount, glu-coamylase amount, pH, nitrogen and auxiliary materials amount. Selected the best amounts of α-amylase, glucoamylase, pH, nitrogen source and auxiliary materials by means of the singe- factors test. And then, we used the Orthogonal test to optimize the fermentation process. The study showed that the best fermentation condi-tions were α-amylase amount 7 u/g C.eduli, glu-coamylase amount 145u/g C. edulis, pH 4.4 and the amount of urea 0.08%, 1% of rice bran as auxiliary materials. The rate of alcohol which was produced by the best fermentation conditions is 21.5% that increased by 1.3% than the rate of alcohol by the single-factor test.

尾菜发酵液对生菜生长的影响机理

目的将尾菜发酵制成液体肥料及土壤调理剂,解决大量设施尾菜处理难题,促进废弃物合理利用。方法将番茄藤蔓打碎后添加酶、红糖,经厌氧发酵制成发酵液,测定主要成分;以乳酸,硫酸铵、磷酸二氢钾和硫酸钾代替发酵液中有机酸和养分,进行生菜盆栽试验。结果施用发酵液、乳酸与肥料均会使土壤速效养分含量上升,与对照组相比,100%发酵液能使土壤中速效磷增加29.8%,67%发酵液处理使速效钾提高20.9%;发酵液的施用不仅提高了生菜产量,而且改善了生菜品质,施用后使生菜叶片中可溶性糖含量增加,并降低了叶片中的硝酸盐含量。结论尾菜发酵液对生菜生长的效果以乳酸对土壤速效磷、速效钾养分的活化作用为主,从而提高土壤养分含量并增加作物产量,同时发酵液能够改善生菜农艺性状。

植物发酵剂对育肥羔羊消化性能和瘤胃菌群结构的影响

试验旨在研究饮水中添加植物发酵剂对育肥羔羊消化性能和瘤胃菌群结构的影响。选择90只3月龄小尾寒羊,随机分为3组,每组5个重复,每个重复6只羔羊。按照不同植物发酵剂∶饮用水的比例,设低剂量组(1∶1 000,T1组)和高剂量组(1∶500,T2组),另设不添加发酵剂的对照组(C组)。试验期120 d。结果显示,与C组相比,T2组羔羊的平均日增重显著增加(P<0.05),料重比显著降低(P<0.05);T1组和T2组羔羊对粗蛋白、粗脂肪和中性洗涤纤维的表观消化率极显著升高(P<0.01),T2组羔羊的瘤胃纤维素酶、脂肪酶和α-淀粉酶活性显著升高(P<0.05)。与C组相比,植物发酵剂组瘤胃OTU数目,PD_whole_tree指数和Shannon指数均有提高趋势;T2组瘤胃厚壁菌门的相对丰度明显增加,拟杆菌门的相对丰度明显降低;T1组的优势菌理研菌科RC9肠道群的相对丰度明显升高,T2组非优势菌鼠李属的相对丰度明显增加。研究表明,饮水中添加植物发酵剂(1∶500)有效改善了羔羊的消化性能和瘤胃微生物结构。

桑叶发酵浓缩液喷雾干燥工艺优化

目的研究桑叶发酵浓缩液喷雾干燥工艺条件。方法采用L^(9)(3^(4))正交设计试验法,以出粉率、含水量及1-脱氧野尻霉素(DNJ)含量为评价指标,考察发酵浓缩液相对密度、进风口温度、进料量、空气流量等对桑叶发酵浓缩液喷雾干燥工艺条件的影响。结果桑叶发酵浓缩液喷雾干燥工艺的优化组合条件为:发酵浓缩液的相对密度1.0,进风口温度190℃,进料量20 ml/min,空气流量600 L/h。结论所得产品颗粒均匀细腻,流动性较好,最大限度地保证了出粉率,提高了DNJ含量,为更好地利用桑叶资源提供了新思路和途径。

桦褐孔菌发酵豆乳的工艺探究及品质分析

为开发出一种新型桦褐孔菌发酵豆乳饮料,采用液体发酵技术,以东北黄豆为原料,以桦褐孔菌为发酵剂研制发酵型功能性豆乳饮料。以桦褐孔菌发酵豆乳多糖含量作为指标,采用单因素试验及响应面法对桦褐孔菌豆乳发酵工艺进行优化。结果表明:桦褐孔菌豆乳的最佳发酵工艺条件为接种量6.3%、豆浆添加量119 mL、发酵温度28℃、发酵时间4 d,测得多糖含量4.55μg/mL。发酵后饮料添加5%蔗糖、0.10%乳酸和2.00%的蜂蜜可明显提高产品适口性和品质。

脂肪酸对牛樟芝液态发酵产三萜的影响

为提高牛樟芝菌丝体产三萜类化合物的能力,以5种常见的脂肪酸为外源添加物,筛选出促进牛樟芝菌丝体生长和提高总三萜得率的最优培养基及培养方法,并对比分析空白对照组和添加脂肪酸的实验组所得菌丝体形态、发酵液颜色及黏度的差异。研究结果表明:不同脂肪酸的添加对牛樟芝菌丝体产三萜均有促进作用,其中亚麻酸对三萜生产的促进效果最强,其他脂肪酸的促进效果排序为亚油酸>油酸>硬脂酸>软脂酸;在添加亚麻酸的最优条件下(添加2.0 g/L亚麻酸、培养8 d)获得最大三萜得率为(5.0±0.1)%,是空白对照组的2.1倍。该研究方法操作容易,成本较低,效果显著,是促进牛樟芝菌丝体生长和三萜合成的有效策略,为牛樟芝三萜的规模化发酵提供参考和借鉴。

野生紫芝组培、驯化及其菌丝体富硒液体发酵工艺研究

从野生紫芝子实体5个不同部位分离纯培养获得其菌丝体,测试6种培养基的菌丝体培养效果,通过单因素试验和正交试验对紫芝菌丝体液体发酵工艺条件进行优化,测试菌丝体在系列化添加H_(2)SeO_(3)的培养基中1~6 d的硒含量以考察其富硒动力学。结果表明:紫芝菌盖边缘部位的离体组织无性生殖能力最强;初筛试验显示由1.5%玉米浸提液和2%的蔗糖组合而成的玉米蔗糖培养基最佳;正交试验所得最佳发酵工艺条件为发酵温度为25℃、振荡速度为140 r/min、培养基装液量为80 mL;复筛试验所得最佳营养素搭配为:玉米蔗糖培养基、0.025%MgSO_(4)、0.15%KH_(2)PO_(4)、0.3%蛋白胨,优化后紫芝菌丝体增产48.96%;菌丝体硒含量随培养基中硒浓度的升高而提高,其富硒动力学过程符合指数增长模型,菌丝体的硒含量≥0.24μg/g。此研究开发了东北寒地黑土区特有的真菌资源和玉米资源,为借助真菌菌丝体生产富硒食品原料提供了一条新途径。

液体发酵茯苓菌5.78培养条件及培养基优化

中国传统原药茯苓(Wolfiporia cocos)具有重要的药用价值,其主要活性成分为三萜类和多聚糖类。为了通过发酵菌丝实现工业化生产茯苓三萜类化合物,本研究采用单因素实验设计不同培养条件和培养基主要成分进行发酵培养,比较分析菌丝干重和总三萜含量,筛选液体发酵生产茯苓三萜的适宜培养条件和培养基。结果表明,碳源葡萄糖、氮源胰蛋白胨、无机盐CaCl_(2)、生物因子土壤浸出物,初始pH 5.5,接种量6%、装液量40 mL和培养11 d可以有效提高茯苓总三萜获得量。初步优化液体发酵培养条件和培养基组分可以为进一步优化茯苓发酵培养生产三萜类化合物提供实验基础。

卵孢长根菇液体发酵培养基配方优化

以卵孢长根菇菌株H1为试材,以菌丝生物量为主要评价指标,在碳氮源单因素试验的基础上,采用Plackett-Burman设计对影响卵孢长根菇液体发酵培养生物量的主效因素进行筛选,通过最陡爬坡试验及Box-Benhnken响应面法对卵孢长根菇液体发酵培养基成分进行优化,以期获取优良液体菌种,为工厂化大规模生产卵孢长根菇提供保障。结果表明,适合卵孢长根菇的最适碳源为玉米粉,最适氮源为豆粕粉。当摇床转速150 r/min、培养温度为25℃时,优化后卵孢长根菇液体发酵培养基成分为葡萄糖25.8 g/L、玉米粉26.0 g/L、KH_(2)PO_(4)1.0 g/L、豆粕粉1.5 g/L、酵母粉1.0 g/L、MgSO_(4)0.4 g/L、维生素B1(VB1)0.01 mg/L,其卵孢长根菇菌丝生物量可达23.2 g/L。与常规培养基对比,培养周期缩短3 d,菌丝活力更高。

洛阳传统绿豆酸浆工艺优化及发酵特性分析

用绿豆酸浆制成的浆面条是洛阳的传统特色小吃,采用单因素和正交实验研究绿豆酸浆的最佳加工工艺,并对其发酵过程中氨基酸、有机酸等物质的变化进行检测分析。结果表明,在料液比1∶15,微生物接种量3.2×10^(5) CFU/mL,25℃发酵24 h的条件下,得到可溶性蛋白质和可溶性固形物质量分数分别为36.7 g/L和1.21%,感官评分为83.9的绿豆酸浆产品。在发酵过程中,淀粉含量在发酵9 h后逐渐下降,还原糖含量在发酵过程中先上升后下降,蛋白质含量降低幅度较小。发酵24 h时,绿豆酸浆pH下降到4.3,总酸含量为13.62 g/L,乳酸是绿豆酸浆中主要有机酸。游离氨基酸含量上升至1718.56 mg/100 mL,甘氨酸、谷氨酸、亮氨酸含量较高。结合相关性分析和主成分分析结果得出,富马酸、琥珀酸和酒石酸3种有机酸,谷氨酸、赖氨酸和苯丙氨酸等氨基酸对绿豆酸浆品质影响较大,发酵24 h时游离氨基酸综合评分最高。

黄芩煎剂益生菌发酵液有效成份的分析

为研究单菌株及多菌株发酵后的黄芩煎剂对黄芩活性成分及化学成分的影响,本实验分别利用植物乳杆菌单菌株及植物乳杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌和黑曲霉3株益生菌分别对黄芩煎剂进行72 h液态发酵,最终获取单菌株和多菌株发酵液,再分别利用?KTAavant分子层析液相色谱和薄层色谱分别对各发酵样品成分种类和有效成分含量进行测定。分子层析色谱分析结果显示,经单菌株和多菌株发酵黄芩煎剂后,发酵液中各种化学成分的含量出现显著变化,与黄芩煎剂相比,发酵液中低分子量的化学组份含量明显增加,且多菌株发酵液中低分子量化学组份的含量显著高于单菌株植物乳杆菌发酵液(P<0.001)。薄层色谱分析结果显示,黄芩煎剂经单菌株和多菌株分别发酵后,黄芩煎剂中的活性成分均发生了明显变化,其中多菌株发酵液活性成分含量极显著高于黄芩标准对照药材(P<0.0001),多菌株发酵液活性成分含量极显著高于黄芩煎剂(P<0.0001),且多菌株发酵液中的有效成分含量极显著高于单菌株发酵液(P<0.0001)。本研究首次证实采用多菌株(植物乳杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌和黑曲霉)发酵黄芩煎剂可以有效提高药液中的活性成分和化学成分含量,为进一步研究黄芩的药用价值提供了重要参考。

绣球菌多糖营养液发酵培养长型双歧杆菌的研究

为探索绣球菌多糖对长型双歧杆菌增殖生长的影响,以绣球菌多糖替代MRS肉汤培养基中的葡萄糖制备成发酵培养长型双歧杆菌的绣球菌多糖营养液,绣球菌多糖的质量浓度设置为0%~1.8%形成7个浓度梯度,同时选取MRS肉汤培养基和PYG液体培养基作为对照,向上述9组培养基接种少量且等量的长型双歧杆菌,发酵培养0、12、24、36、48、72 h,取样测定活性双歧杆菌生长动态变化,考察双歧杆菌在各组培养基中的增殖趋势。结果表明,绣球菌多糖能被长型双歧杆菌分解利用,活菌浓度与培养基中绣球菌多糖质量浓度存在明显的正相关性,当绣球菌多糖质量浓度为0.3%时,发酵原液的活菌峰值数量即可超过10~6CFU/mL,当绣球菌多糖质量浓度为1.0%时,发酵原液的活菌峰值数量超过10~7CFU/mL,其优势在于能够较长时间维持双歧杆菌接近峰值活菌数量水平,具有减缓双歧杆菌衰亡的作用。此项研究为液体发酵法获得更高的双歧杆菌活性菌体数量及保持液态产品较高的活菌数量提供了新材料和新方法。

生物技术对造纸法烟草薄片的浓缩液影响研究

从生物技术中提取的某些物质能够有效地去除造纸法烟草薄片的浓缩液中的有害物质。为对造纸法烟草薄片的化学组成进行合理调整,提高其质量,以产香酵母为原料,对其发酵过程中常见的化学组分及香气物质进行分析,确定最佳发酵工艺,将醇化与产香酵母发酵相结合,并进行感官评价,研究其对烟叶质量的影响。结果表明,在70℃下进行48 h的热醇化处理,可以明显增加浓香型物质的种类及含量,增加呈香物质的种类及含量。采用产香酵母发酵78小时,提取出的香气物质最多达53种,其总量达到1061.69µg/mL。采用生物技术能有效地去除浓缩液中的苯酚、氯酚、多酚类等有害物质,同时还能提高烟草薄片的品质,降低了烟草薄片中的有害物质含量。

液态发酵饲料对仔猪生产性能和肠道健康的影响

【目的】探究液态发酵饲料对仔猪生产性能、养分消化率、血液指标、粪便微生物菌群和粪臭物质含量的影响,为液态发酵饲料在仔猪生产中的应用提供理论依据。【方法】选取60头28日龄、体质量(8.0±0.3)kg/头的健康长白×荣昌二元断奶仔猪,随机分为基础饲粮组(MF,饲喂干粉料)、液态饲料组(LF,饲喂液态饲料)和液态发酵饲料组(FLF,饲喂液态发酵饲料)3组,每组5个重复,每个重复4头。饲养试验42 d,其中预饲期5 d,正试期37 d。饲养试验结束后,测定各组仔猪生产性能、血液指标、粪便菌群及粪臭物质含量,并从每组选取5头体质量约22 kg/头的仔猪,采用全收粪法进行代谢试验,预饲期3 d,正试期4 d,分别评价干粉料、液态饲料和液态发酵饲料的养分表观消化率。【结果】(1)与MF组和LF组相比,FLF组仔猪日采食量分别提高19.52%和12.14%(P<0.01),日增体质量分别提高21.11%和23.64%(P<0.01),料重比有下降趋势,但差异不显著(P>0.05)。(2)与MF组和LF组相比,FLF组仔猪的血清二胺氧化酶活性和D-乳酸、脂多糖、IL-1β含量下降,而IL-10含量上升,但均差异不显著(P>0.05)。(3)与MF组和LF组相比,FLF组Shannon指数显著降低(P<0.05),而Simpson指数显著增大(P<0.05);FLF组仔猪粪便中厚壁菌门的相对丰度上升,拟杆菌门的相对丰度下降,但均差异不显著(P>0.05);FLF组仔猪粪便中链球菌属相对丰度较LF组显著降低(P<0.05),罕见小球菌属相对丰度较MF组显著降低(P<0.05)。(4)FLF组仔猪粪便中的对甲酚、丙酸、丁酸、异戊酸和戊酸含量较MF组和LF组降低,吲哚、粪臭素和乙酸含量较LF组升高,但差异均不显著(P>0.05)。(5)与MF组相比,FLF和LF组仔猪消化能及氮、粗脂肪、粗灰分、钙、磷的表观消化率均有所上升,但差异均不显著(P>0.05)。【结论】液态发酵饲料可提高仔猪生产性能,降低粪便菌群多样性和潜在致病菌数量,但对仔猪血液指标、粪便臭味物质含量和饲料养分表观消化率无显著影响。