Screening of Fermentation Starters for Organic Fertilizer Composted from Chicken Manure

In order to find fermentation starters that can promote rapid and effective composting of chicken manure,shorten the fermentation period,and improve the compost quality,fermentation starters with different microbial combination ratios(C1,C2,C3,C4 and C5) were designed and fermentation experiment was carried out on these five fermentation starters,commercially available organic fertilizer starter(SS),and chicken manure without inoculating fermentation starter. In the process of the fermentation,the changes in the fermentation temperature,water content and pH value were monitored; the effects of organic manure on the germination rate and growth of rapeseed seeds were measured;viable count,water content,and pH value of prepared fermentation starters were measured; main indicators( organic matter,nitrogen,phosphorus,and potassium) of organic fertilizer generated from fermentation were measured. From the indicators,the formula C3 and C4 were better,in the beginning of fermentation,the temperature rose rapidly,and it reached 40 ℃ in the second day; the water content dropped to below 35% in the 18 th day; the pH value underwent the process of declining-rising-stable,and the overall value showed slight rise,but the change was not great( 0-0. 5). C3 and C4 fermentation products had better effects on the germination and growth of rapeseeds. The germination rate of the rapeseed seeds was 100% and 97. 5% and the bud length was 15. 94 mm and 14. 57 mm,respectively,and the root length was45. 97 mm and 39. 44 mm,respectively. The content of organic matter in fermented organic manure was 86. 62% and 85. 17% respectively,and the total content of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium was 8. 85% and 8. 22% respectively,and the pH was 7. 5 and 8. 0 respectively.All of these complied with the industry standard NY525-2012( organic matter ≥ 45%,and nitrogen,phosphorus,and potassium ≥ 5%,pH 5. 5-8. 5). The fermentation of fresh chicken manure was completed within 20 days,conforming to the requirements of large-scale organic fertilizer production factory for composting chicken manure into organic fertilizer.

Application Prospects for the Innovation of Defined Fungal Starter in Rice Wine Fermentation

The feasibility of pilot-scale manufacture of defined fungal starter and its application in rice wine production from different local starchy materials were investigated. Starter consisting of Arnylomyces rouxii and Saccharomyces cerevisiae gave high performance in winemaking when prepared in conditions of rice flour 80% and cassava flour 20% with 4 incubation days. The starter level at 20% was favourably employed for manufacture with the initial amount of I0 kg mixed-flours, Dry starter granules which were vacuum packed could adapt ambient temperature （approx. 28-32℃） during 8 months of storage. The defined starter performed as superior inoculum for winemaking from different agricultural starchy resources. The undesirable bacteria were found at approx. 2 Log CFU/g of dry starter. By morphology, biochemical and physiological growth and the genetic partial 16S analyses, three bacterial isolates were characterized as Bacillus subtilis/amvloliquefaciens which may contaminate tbod but not cause food poisoning and not considered as a human pathogen.

Effect of inoculating mixed starter cultures of Lactobacillus and Staphylococcus on bacterial communities and volatile flavor in fermented sausages

The objective of this study was to explore the effects of the inoculation of mixed starter cultures of Lactobacillus and Staphylococcus(labeled L-S)on microbial community and flavor in fermented sausages during the ripening process.Culture-dependent(colony count)and culture-independent(high-throughput sequencing)methods were employed to evaluate bacterial communities.Volatile compounds were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,and the results were analyzed by principal component analysis(PCA).The identified bacteria with high relative abundance included Lactobacillus and Pediococcus,and the relative abundances of Leuconostoc and Weissella in fermented sausages were remarkably decreased at the end of the ripening process.At the end of ripening,2-nonenal,tetradecanal,ethylstearate and terpinyl acetate played substantial roles in the flavor development of the L-S fermented sausages.Sensory evaluation showed a high score in the L-S fermented sausages.Sausages can be inoculated with L-S starter culture to improve the safety and flavor of meat products.

Fermented Dairy Products: Starter Cultures and Potential Nutritional Benefits

Fermented dairy products have long been an important component of nutritional diet. Historically, fermentation proc-ess involved unpredictable and slow souring of milk caused by the organisms inherently present in milk. However, modern microbiological processes have resulted in the production of different fermented milk products of higher nutri-tional value under controlled conditions. These products represent an important component of functional foods, and intense research efforts are under way to develop dairy products into which probiotic organisms are incorporated to make them more valuable. This article provides an overview of the different starter cultures and health benefits of fer-mented dairy products, which can be derived by the consumers through their regular intake.

Study on the Saccharification Process of Citrus Vinegar by Fruit-Grain Mixed Fermentation

This study aimed to enhance acid production rate and yield of citrus vinegar, and improve the quality of liquid fermented with fruit juice. [ Method] The saccharification process of citrus vinegar was investigated preliminarily with fruit-grain mixed fermentation method using liquor starters as saccharif- erous agents. [Result] The results indicated that the optimal glutinous rice saccharification conditions were as follows： fruit-grain ratio 3： 1, Aspergillus niger- Monascus purpureus ratio 3： 1, saccharifieafion temperature 60℃, and saccharification time 2.5 h. Under the optimized saccharification conditions, reducing sugar content in saceharified glutinous rice reached 146.43 mg/ml; after fermentation, alcohol content in fermentation broth was 6%, amino nitrogen content was 0.44 mg/ml, and acid yield was 3.1 g/L. [ Conclusion] Citrus vinegar brewed based on the optimized technological conditions exhibited better sensory and physico-chemical properties than that brewed with pure juice.

Effect of Different Ratios of DL-type Starter Culture： Mould Geotrichum candidum on the Viscosity and Sensory Properties of Fermented Milk

A great variety of dairy products with different flavour, texture and health-promoting properties can be obtained from milk using different technologies and starter cultures. Fermented milks are consumed in many parts of the world and are relished for their acidic taste and health benefits. The aim of this study was to compare effects of different ratios of DL-type starter culture： mould Geotrichum candidum grown in milk on its viscosity and sensory properties on the 5th, 10th and 15th day of storage at 4 ~C~ in order to determine the best ratio to prepare fermented milk on basis of Iranian acceptance. We have examined the production of fermented milk by 80： 20, 70： 30, and 60：40 ratios of DL-type starter culture： mould Geotrichum candidum grown in milk. The results obtained from viscosity measurement and sensory evaluation showed no significant difference between these treatments used in the study and were not satisfactory; their viscosity was not accepted and scores attributed to odour and flavor of fermented milks by panelists were low.

Cyanides Reduction and Pasting Properties of Cassava (Manihot Esculenta Crantz) Flour as Affected by Fermentation Process

BACKGROUND: The effect of fermentation process on total cyanides content reduction and pasting properties of cassava flour was evaluated. The fermentation process studied was spontaneous fermentation (SF) and the fermentation with the addition of mixed-starter at the 0 hour of fermentation (FAS). Unfermented cassava flour (UCF) was also produced to serve as a control. Total cyanides and pasting properties of flours from the fermented cassava were compared with unfermented flour. RESULTS: The results showed that the addition of mixed-starter effected a significant reduction in total cyanides level (79.6% to 99%) depending on the fermentation period. Pasting properties of cassava flour were also affected by fermentation process. SF flour paste (stability ratio = 0.6) was more resistant to shear thinning than FAS and UCF (stability ratio = 0.5) indicating that, SF flour has the ability to withstand severe processing conditions better than FAS and UCF pastes. Fermentation up to 48 h had resulted in cassava flour SF having a higher peak viscosity value (6615 cP), but did not affect the tendency to retrograde. CONCLUSION: The use of mixed-starter in fermentation greatly reduced cyanide intake of the population in Africa and has potential to eliminate Konzo without significant modifications of flour properties.

Microbiological and Nutritional Assessment of Starter-Developed Fermented Tigernut Milk

Fermented tigernut milk (FTM) was prepared from three different varieties (fresh yellow, big and small dry brown) of tigernut (Cyperus esculenta) obtained from Bodija market, Ibadan, Oyo state. Fifty two microbial isolates were obtained from FTM at different fermentation times, 32 of which were on MRS agar, 12 on nutrient agar and 8 on malt extract agar. Lactic acid bacteria were identified as Lactobacillus plantarum (LP), Lactococcus lactis (LC), Lactobacillus brevis, Lactococcus cremoris, Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Lactococcus thermophilus (LT). The non-LAB identified includes E. coli, Bacillus species and Proteus species while the yeasts include Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida kefyr. Lactic acid bacteria were found to predominate the total microflora of the FTM with their count ranging between 2.0 × 104 cfu/ml to 2.0 × 108 cfu/ml. Microbiological examination revealed that the FTM was safe for consumption as non-LAB counts were below the limit of acceptance which is 2.0 × 105 cfu/ml for dairy milk by Codex Alimentarius Commission. The quantity of lactic acid produced by the LAB isolates ranged between 0.86 g/l - 2.86 g/l while that of hydrogen peroxide ranged between 0.16 g/l - 0.51 g/l. Starter cultures were selected based on predominance of isolate, physiological characteristics, quantity of lactic acid and hydrogen peroxide production. The tiger nut varieties were fermented with the following starter combinations LP, LP/LC, LP/LC/LT, LP/LT while the fifth was spontaneously fermented. The nutritional, chemical and sensory properties of the starter fermented tiger nut milk were evaluated. The highest protein content (24.80%) was obtained in FTM with mixed cultures of LP/LC/LT while the least (3.00%) was obtained in spontaneously fermented milk. There was a significant difference in the FTM varieties. The highest fat content (9.40%) was obtained in spontaneously fermented tiger nut milk while the least (3.40%) was found in FTM with mixed cultures of LP/LC/LT. Fermentation decreased the pH and increased the lactic acid of the starter developed FTM, while sensory evaluation test showed that the FTM with mixed cultures of LP/LC/LT was highly acceptable. In conclusion, an excellent and acceptable FTM can be produced using treatments which comprise of pasteurization at 90°?for 15 minutes, fermentation at 45℃?for 18 hours using mixed cultures of Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactococcus lactis and Lactococcus thermophilus.

Evolution of free amino acids, biogenic amines and volatile compounds in fermented sausages inoculated with Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and Staphylococcus simulans

Lactic acid bacteria and coagulase-negative staphylococci play an important role in the production of fermented sausages,such as inhibiting the growth of undesirable bacteria and antioxidant.In this study,the effects of inoculation with different starter cultures(Lactiplantibacillus plantarum HN108 and Staphylococcus simulans NJ209)on the free amino acids(FAAs),biogenic amines(BAs)and volatile compounds of fermented sausages were investigated using an amino acid analyzer,ultra performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry,respectively.The pH and carbonyl content of the inoculated group was significantly lower than those in the control group(P<0.05).L.plantarum HN108 significantly reduced the content of FAAs and BAs in fermented sausage production(P<0.05),while S.simulans NJ209 promoted the formation of FAAs(especially bitter amino acids)and exhibited slight BAs-reducing activity.In addition,L.plantarum HN108 promoted the formation of volatile compounds such as ketones,alcohols and alkenes in sausages.In conclusion,L.plantarum HN108 could contribute to reducing the content of putrescine and tyramine and forming the desirable flavor compounds in fermented sausages.Thus,L.plantarum HN108 is expected to be a starter culture that can improve the safety and flavor of fermented sausages.

Effect of Lactic Acid Bacteria and Yeast Starter Cultures on the Soaking Time and Quality of “Ofada” Rice

Freshly harvested paddy rice was randomly obtained from three different farms in “Ofada” town, Ogun State, Nigeria and processed according to the traditional parboiling method. The rice was inoculated singly with cultures of Lactobacillus amylophilus, Leuconostoc mesenteroides, Saccharomyces uvarum and Saccharomyces cerevisiae which were isolated from the soak-water. In order to assess the effect of starter cultures on the soaking time of the rice, the pH and titratable acidity were determined at 12 h interval. The chemical composition and the sensory quality of the rice were also determined at the end of the soaking period while uninoculated rice served as control. The chemical composition of the rice as well as the pH and TTA of the soak-water were significantly (p < 0.05) different from the control while the processing time was shortened to 48 h. The rice inoculated with Saccharomyces uvarum and Saccharomyces cerevisae had the highest protein content and best sensory attributes.

Use of Starter Cultures in Olives: A Not-Correct Use Could Cause a Delay of Performances

The role of lactic acid bacteria for a correct course of fermentation of table olives has been extensively reviewed and it is a common idea that the inoculum of selected strains could exert a strong benefit for product quality;however, the basic assumption of this research is that a not-correct preparation of starter could affect its performances in brines and delay the benefit of a starter inoculum. Thus, some selected strains of LAB (lactic acid bacteria) and yeasts were inoculated into brines of Bella di Cerignola olives (Spanish style), as a single starter (LAB or yeasts) or a combined preparation (LAB + yeasts) and compared to a natural fermentation, focusing on the performances of the process (acidification, production of lactic acid) and trying to verify the basic assumption. LAB and yeasts were grown in the opportune lab media and then directly inoculated in brine after the lye treatment. LAB exerts a kind of benefit (increased content of lactic acid) only for 2 - 3 weeks;then, the inoculated samples behave in the same way as not-inoculated ones. Thus, this research underlined that a starter culture, not prepared in the correct way, could not be useful to guide the fermentation.

Development of Starter Culture for the Production of African Condiments and Seasoning Agents

As a process, food fermentation dates back at least 6000 years and is likely to be derived from microbial interactions of an appropriate nature. Fermentation has allowed our ancestors to survive the winter season in temperate and cooler regions and those in the tropics to survive the periods of drought by improving food shelf-life and safety. Traditional fermentation process is still used as a replacement where there is no refrigeration or other means available for food storage. In general, fermented foods can be defined as foods produced through controlled microbial growth and the conversion of food components through enzymatic actions. They are generally appreciated for characteristics such as pleasant taste, aroma, texture and improved cooking and processing properties. Microorganisms contribute to the development of characteristic properties such as taste, smell, visual appearance, texture, shelf-life and protection by virtue of their metabolic activities. Enzymes indigenous to the raw materials may play a role in enhancing these characteristics. The use of starter cultures is a hallmark of industrial food fermentation and their introduction has been followed by a continuous search to improve them. Examples of desired properties in starter cultures include robustness during manufacturing, fast growth, high biomass yield and product yield and specific organoleptic properties. Quality, safety and acceptability of traditional fermented foods may be significantly improved through the use of starter cultures selected on the basis of multifunctional considerations, also taking into account the probiotic concept and possibilities offered for improved health benefits. Focused studies toward the introduction of starter cultures for small-scale fermentations seem more than justified, and in fact, deserve the highest priority.

不同发酵剂对发酵牛肉品质、风味特性和安全性的影响

牛肉富含蛋白质、脂肪含量低,深受消费者喜爱,然而其难咀嚼、附加值低。为提高牛肉的口感风味,研究本单位的3株专利菌株——W9-3罗伊氏乳杆菌、M3-16副干酪乳杆菌和MY4马克斯克鲁维酵母制备的单菌和复配发酵剂对牛肉理化、感官品质、生物胺形成和挥发性风味的影响。结果表明,与未发酵和自然发酵的牛肉相比,添加发酵剂可降低牛肉的pH(均小于5.5)、水分活度(降低0.6%~4.1%)、TBA值和羰基值,抑制组胺、色胺、酪胺和丁二胺等生物胺的形成,提升熟化牛肉的亮度和弹性,降低硬度、黏着性、咀嚼性和黏聚性。其中复配组优于单菌组。利用SPME-GC-MS方法从焙烤发酵牛肉中鉴定出86种挥发性化合物,其相对含量和主成分分析结果表明,用发酵剂发酵的烤牛肉的风味物质与未发酵和自然发酵相比形成多种新的醇、醛和酮类。感官评价表明,使用发酵剂能在一定程度上提高牛肉的组织形态、外观色泽、气味和口感。尤其是复配发酵剂可改善发酵牛肉品质,提升风味,抑制生物胺。本文为牛肉发酵工艺优化提供理论依据。

Development of Maize-Tigernut Fortified Weaning Food Using Starter Cultures

The effects of starter fermentation on the nutritional qualities of maize-tigernut fortified weaning foods were investigated. The dry-milled, malted maize grains fortified with dry-milled roasted tigernut flours (70:30) were subjected to 48 hrs of spontaneous and starter fermentation (singly and as combined starters). Nutritional, sensory characteristics and feeding trials of the weaning foods were evaluated. Four fermented weaning blends were formulated: FMT (spontaneously fermented maize-tigernut), SFMT1 (Lactobacillus plantarum F2C fermented maize-tigernut), SFMT2 (Lactobacillus plantarum U2A fermented maize-tigernut) and SFMT3 (combined starter-fermented maize-tigernut). SFMT2 had the highest crude protein, fat, fibre, ash and least carbohydrate content among the blends. The highest energy content (456.84 Kcal/100 g) was observed in blend SMFT2 which was also higher than that of both negative (Nutrend) and positive (Conventional animal feed) controls. The least antinutrient and vitamin contents were recorded in SFMT2. Blend SFMT1 had the highest Vitamin B1 (0.67 mg/100 g), Vitamin A (472.60 ug/100 g), phosphorus (75.45 mg/100 g) and zinc (1.05 mg/100 g) contents while the highest calcium (17.17 mg/100 g) and iron (22.82 mg/100 g) were recorded in SFMT2. Sample SFMT2 was rated the highest in all of the sensory characteristics except colour and the highest overall acceptability (6.00) which was not different significantly from all other starter produce blends. Biological evaluation showed blend SFMT2 fed animals having the highest weight by 28 days (73.14 g), mean weight gain (5.46 g), mean feed intake (18.71 g) and mean protein efficiency ratio PER (3.65). However, all the PER values including that of controls (2.30) were higher than the value of 2.10 recommended by the Protein Advisory Group (PAG) for complementary foods. The RBC, WBC and PCV of the trial groups were within the rat hematologic reference ranges. Blend SFMT2 (L. plantarum U2A fermented blend) gave the best performance after rat feeding trials.

肉制品发酵技术对肉品品质的调控及应用研究进展

发酵是现代食品工业中一种重要的加工技术,可用于大规模生产发酵肉制品。本文探讨了发酵技术对肉制品品质的调控作用,从发酵剂的筛选与构建、发酵剂的接种策略、影响发酵的因素及工艺优化三个方面概述了发酵剂和发酵工艺在肉制品加工中的研究与应用现状,并讨论了发酵技术在我国肉制品产业应用中的发展趋势。总的来说,新型发酵技术的应用打破了传统肉类产业的局限性,未来可针对不同发酵肉制品品质需求特点,调整发酵工艺和策略,生产符合现代人们生活需要的营养、美味、安全和多样化的发酵肉制品。

不同发酵方式对酸豇豆品质的影响

以新鲜豇豆为原料,采用自然发酵(CK组)、接种商业菌种(CS组)、接种自筛直投式菌剂(DVS组)3种方式发酵豇豆,测定发酵过程中发酵液的总酸、pH值及发酵成熟后豇豆的盐度、亚硝酸盐、氨基酸态氮、游离氨基酸、乳酸菌数、色差、感官品质、质构特性,分析发酵方式对酸豇豆品质的影响。结果表明,在发酵过程中,DVS组的总酸增长速度最快,在1~6 d均高于CS组、CK组;CS组、DVS组的pH值下降速率比CK组快,在7 d时CS组p H值最低,DVS组仅次于CS组;在发酵至第7天时,DVS组菌落总数分别比CK组、CS组高33.86%、42.31%。发酵成熟后,DVS组的盐度、亚硝酸盐、b^(*)值最低,氨基酸态氮、游离氨基酸、乳酸菌数、感官评分、硬度、粘力、胶着性、咀嚼性最高,L^(*)值、a^(*)值、弹性与其他发酵方式无显著性差异(P>0.05)。综合可知,DVS组不仅发酵启动快,且酸豇豆成品的综合品质更优。

基于干酪乳杆菌ZLC01的山羊奶发酵乳及其特征性代谢物研究

山羊奶膻味重、化学成分和组成结构复杂,传统发酵剂生产的山羊奶发酵乳品质较差。该研究以传统发酵剂加工的山羊奶发酵乳(fermented goat milk,LBST-GMFM)作为对照,通过自主筛选发酵剂研究新型山羊奶发酵乳(new fermented goat milk,LBSTL-GMFM)的产品质量,采用超高效液相色谱-四级杆-飞行质谱结合主成分分析和正交偏最小二乘判别分析等多元分析方法表征发酵乳的特征代谢物及代谢途径。结果表明,发酵剂B[V(保加利亚乳杆菌6098)∶V(嗜热链球菌21728)∶V(干酪乳杆菌ZLC01)=1∶1∶3]有效改善山羊奶膻味重、组织状态较差的问题;LBSTL-GMFM的酸度[(107.26±4.75)°T]、黏度[(1952.93±21.95)mPa·s]、持水力[(97.17±2.36)%]、乳酸菌活菌数(2.06×10^(9)CFU/g)高于对照组(P<0.05)。共检测到58种差异代谢物,44种代谢物下调,14种代谢物上调,主要为氨基酸、肽及其衍生物、脂肪酸及其衍生物、芳香类化合物及其衍生物。4-异丙基苯甲酸、维生素C、橙皮苷、甲基富马酸、酪氨酰脯氨酸是LBSTL-GMFM的特征代谢物,赋予发酵乳适口的酸甜味和浓郁酸香味。代谢物通路富集分析显示,干酪乳杆菌ZLC01主要通过苯丙氨酸代谢,酪氨酸代谢,苯丙氨酸、酪氨酸和色氨酸的生物合成等氨基酸代谢途径来改善发酵乳的风味品质。自主筛选的干酪乳杆菌ZLC01有效改善了山羊奶发酵乳的风味品质及组织状态,可为山羊奶产品的研究和开发提供理论依据。

复配发酵剂对发酵香肠的品质及挥发性风味的影响

为评判植物乳杆菌(L77)和木糖葡萄球菌(S120)复配发酵剂的优良特性,本研究以不接菌为空白对照组,采用顶空固相微萃取/气相色谱-质谱联用(HS-SPME/GC-MS)等技术分析比较了L77-S120组和L77组对发酵香肠的常规理化和微生物指标、主体挥发性风味化合物数量含量及香型、感官品质的影响。结果显示,L77-S120组的TBARS值、亚硝酸盐含量和肠杆菌数量均显著低于空白组和L77组(P<0.05);L77-S120组的主体挥发性风味物质的数量和含量最多,有10种醛类、3种醇类、2种酯类、1种酸类,4种其他类,差异风味化合物包括庚醛、(E)-2-庚烯醛、蘑菇醇、2-戊基呋喃、反-2-辛烯醛、反-2,4-癸二烯醛、反-2-十一烯醛、2-乙基丁酸、癸酸乙酯、戊醛和壬醇,并且主体挥发性风味物质产油脂香、奶油香和花果香的能力最强。结合感官评价,植物乳杆菌L77和木糖葡萄球菌S120复配组合更适合作为发酵香肠的产香型发酵剂。

六堡茶真菌固态发酵优势单菌的筛选

以苍梧群体种六堡毛茶为原料,利用从六堡茶中分离到的20株真菌接种至灭菌六堡毛茶进行固态发酵,通过感官审评、生化成分检测结合主成分分析,探索不同真菌的发酵效果,筛选出可显著提升六堡茶品质或赋予六堡茶新风味的固态发酵优势真菌。结果显示,9株真菌发酵性能优异,分别为塔宾曲霉、黑曲霉、芒果青霉、角膜曲霉、赤曲霉、间型曲霉、团青霉、阿姆斯特丹曲霉、赤酵母。对9株真菌发酵茶样进行理化成分分析,结果显示:接种塔宾曲霉、黑曲霉、团青霉和阿姆斯特丹曲霉发酵能显著改变茶叶中18种化学成分的含量。综合考量确定团青霉和阿姆斯特丹曲霉为发酵优良真菌。本研究可为后期人工控菌发酵六堡茶提供优良菌种资源,并为六堡茶发酵工艺改良、产品研发创新及品质提升提供科学的理论依据。

复合菌发酵对非油炸方便面品质的影响

通过酵母菌、保加利亚乳杆菌、嗜热链球菌发酵制备非油炸方便面,通过复水测试、质构分析、电子鼻分析、扫描电子显微镜观察等探讨复合菌发酵工艺对非油炸方便面品质的影响。结果表明,酵母菌主要对样品的复水性和质构产生影响,保加利亚乳杆菌、嗜热链球菌主要对风味起到改善作用。一次发酵工艺有利于维持非油炸方便面的耐泡性,二次发酵工艺有利于改善复水性和风味。经过二次发酵,非油炸方便面的最佳复水时间可缩短到4.0 min,复水后样品的R(2)、R(7)的响应值高达2.8和2.9。由扫描电子显微镜观测结果可知,复合菌发酵能够赋予非油炸方便面疏松多孔的内部结构,其中二次发酵样品的孔隙分布更为均匀。综合评价非油炸方便面的品质,一次发酵、二次发酵工艺中复合菌的适宜添加量均为1.5%酵母菌+0.075%保加利亚乳杆菌+0.075%嗜热链球菌。