Comparative effects of soy protein concentrate,enzyme‑treated soybean meal,and fermented soybean meal replacing animal protein supplements in feeds on growth performance and intestinal health of nursery pigs

Background Soy protein supplements,with high crude protein and less antinutritional factors,are produced from soybean meal by different processes.This study evaluated the comparative effects of various soy protein supplements replacing animal protein supplements in feeds on the intestinal immune status,intestinal oxidative stress,mucosaassociated microbiota,and growth performance of nursery pigs.Methods Sixty nursery pigs(6.6±0.5 kg BW)were allotted to five treatments in a randomized complete block design with initial BW and sex as blocks.Pigs were fed for 39 d in 3 phases(P1,P2,and P3).Treatments were:Control(CON),basal diet with fish meal 4%,2%,and 1%,poultry meal 10%,8%,and 4%,and blood plasma 4%,2%,and 1%for P1,P2,and P3,respectively;basal diet with soy protein concentrate(SPC),enzyme-treated soybean meal(ESB),fermented soybean meal with Lactobacillus(FSBL),and fermented soybean meal with Bacillus(FSBB),replacing 1/3,2/3,and 3/3 of animal protein supplements for P1,P2,and P3,respectively.Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure in SAS 9.4.Results The SPC did not affect the BW,ADG,and G:F,whereas it tended to reduce(P=0.094)the ADFI and tended to increase(P=0.091)crypt cell proliferation.The ESM did not affect BW,ADG,ADFI,and G:F,whereas tended to decrease(P=0.098)protein carbonyl in jejunal mucosa.The FSBL decreased(P<0.05)BW and ADG,increased(P<0.05)TNF-α,and Klebsiella and tended to increase MDA(P=0.065)and IgG(P=0.089)in jejunal mucosa.The FSBB tended to increase(P=0.073)TNF-α,increased(P<0.05)Clostridium and decreased(P<0.05)Achromobacter and alpha diversity of microbiota in jejunal mucosa.Conclusions Soy protein concentrate,enzyme-treated soybean meal,and fermented soybean meal with Bacillus could reduce the use of animal protein supplements up to 33%until 7 kg body weight,up to 67%from 7 to 11 kg body weight,and entirely from 11 kg body weight without affecting the intestinal health and the growth performance of nursery pigs.Fermented soybean meal with Lactobacillus,however,increased the immune reaction and oxidative stress in the intestine consequently reducing the growth performance.

Isolation of bacteria from fermented food and grass carp intestine and their efficiencies in improving nutrient value of soybean meal in solid state fermentation

Background: Soybean meal is an excellent and cost-effective protein source; however, its usage is limited in the piglet due to the presence of anti-nutritional factors and the antigens glycinin and β-conglycinin. The objective of the current study was to screen and select for bacteria that can be efficiently adopted to ferment soybean meal in order to solve this problem.Results: Bacteria were isolated from fermented soy foods and the grass carp intestine, and strains selected for high protease, cellulase and amylase activities. The isolated bacteria were characterized as Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis and Bacilus amyloliquefacien, respectively. Fermentation with food-derived Isolate-2 and fish-derived F-9 increased crude protein content by 5.32% and 8.27%, respectively; improved the amino acid profile by increasing certain essential amino acids, broke down larger soy protein to 35 k Da and under, eliminated antigenicity against glycinin and β-conglycinin, and removed raffinose and stachyose in the soybean meal following a 24-h fermentation.Conclusions: Our results suggest these two B. amyloliquefaciens bacteria can efficiently solid state ferment soybean meal and ultimately produce a more utilizable food source for growing healthy piglets.

Comparison of Antioxidant Activities in Black Soybean Preparations Fermented with Various Microorganisms

Black soybeans [Glycine max（L.） Merrill] were fermented with various GRAS（generally recognized as safe） microorganisms,including Aspergillus sp.,Bacillus sp.and yeast（Issatchenkia orientalis） at 30°C for 3 d.The antioxidant contents,including total phenolics and total flavonoids,and the antioxidant activities of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazine（DPPH）,ferric reducing antioxidant power（FRAP） and HO.scavenging were analyzed in preparations of fermented black soybeans.Fermented cultures proved to yield significant levels of antioxidants compared with non-fermented cultures（P 〈 0.05）.Fermented black soybean preparations possessed antioxidant activities could be attributed to the total phenolics and flavonoids present.

An initial investigation replacing fish meal with a commercial fermented soybean meal product in the diets of juvenile rainbow trout

The inclusion of PepSoyGen (PSG), a commercially-available fermented soybean meal product, was evaluated with juvenile rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss in an initial 70-day feeding trial, with a supplemental trial involving a subset of the experimental diets continuing for an additional 40 d. Six diets containing 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, or 50% PSG, with the PSG directly replacing fish meal, were used in the first trial. There were no significant differences in weight gain or feed conversion ratio between the fish meal-based control diet and diets containing up to 30% PSG. However, weight gain was significantly reduced and feed conversion ratio significantly increased with the 40% and 50% PSG diets. No health assessment differences were observed in fish receiving any of the diets, and no evidence of gross gut inflammation was evident. There were no significant differences in weight gain or feed conversion ratio among the four dietary treatments ranging from 0% to 30% PSG which were fed for an additional 40 d after the initial 70-d trial (110 days total). Based on these results, juvenile rainbow trout diets can contain up to 30% PSG without any loss of rearing performance, thereby replacing at least 60% of the fish meal.

Horizontal transfer of vanA between probiotic Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis in fermented soybean meal and in digestive tract of growing pigs

Background: The aim of this study was to investigate the intergeneric transfer of vancomycin resistance gene vanA between probiotic enterococci in the fermentation progress of soybean meal and in the digestive tract of growing pigs.One vanA genotype vancomycin resistant E.faecium strain,Efm4,and one chloramphenicol-resistant E.faecalis strain,Efs2,were isolated from twenty-nine probiotic basis feed material/additive samples.For in vitro conjugation,Efm4 and Efs2 were used as starter to ferment soybean meal.For in vivo conjugation,thirty growing pigs were randomly assigned to five groups(n = 6),treated with a basic diet,or supplemented with 10% fermented soybean meal,1% Efm4,5% Efs2 or a combination of 1% Efm4 + 5% Efs2 for 7 d,respectively.Fecal samples of pigs in each group were collected daily for the isolation and dynamic analysis of Efm4,Efs2 and transconjugants.The sequence types(STs) of Efm4,Efs2 and transconjugants were analyzed by multilocus sequence typing(MLST).The vanA harboring plasmid in Efm4 and transconjugants was analyzed by S1-pulsed field gel electrophoresis(PFGE)and further verified by multiple alignments.Results: The results showed that,in FSBM,transconjugants were detected 1 h after the fermentation,with a conjugation frequency of ~ 10^-3 transconjugants/recipient.Transconjugants proliferated with Efm4 and Efs2 in the first 8 h and maintained steadily for 10 d till the end of the experiment.Additionally,in vivo experiment showed that transcojugants were recovered in one of six pigs in both FSBM and Efm4 + Efs2 groups,with conjugation frequency of ~ 10^-5 and ~ 10^-4,respectively.MLST revealed the ST of Efm4,Efs2 and transconjugants was ST1014,ST69 and ST69,respectively.S1-PFGE confirmed the existence of the vanA-harboring,142,988-bp plasmid,which was also a multi-drug resistant plasmid containing Tn1546-like transposon.Conclusions: The findings revealed the potential safety hazard existing in the commercial probiotic enterococci in China,because the horizontal transfer from farm to fork could potentially pose a safety risk to the public.

Lactic acid bacteria mediated fermented soybean as a potent nutraceutical candidate

Objective: To study some soybean cultivars commonly used in Northern Thailand that exhibit high nutritional profile and to investigate the changes in bioactive principles and antioxidant capacity of the fermented soy broth that was prepared using the selected soybean cultivar and Lactobacillus paracasei HII02 mediated fermentation process.Methods: The best soybean cultivar was subjected to fermentation, and then analyzed the phytochemical, antioxidant and nutritional changes by high performance liquid chromatography and spectrophotometric analysis.Results: Sor Jor 2 soybean cultivar showed rich nutritional profile and was subjected to fermentation process. Lactobacillus paracasei HII02 mediated fermentation of Sor Jor 2 soybean exhibited stable physical and chemical characteristics. Lactic acid bacteria mediated fermentation also increased the aglycone forms of isoflavone content, exhibited antioxidant capacity and thereby enhanced the quality of the fermented soy broth. It also prevented the growth of coliforms in fermented soybean.Conclusions: The study results suggest that fermented soybean is rich in nutrition and considered to be safe for consumption for the improvement of health and to treat the malnutrition.

Free Amino Acid Profiles of Fermented Soybean Products Prepared by Bacillus subtilis and Rhizopus oligosporus

Fermented soybean is one of the traditional foods widely consumed in many Asian countries. Most products（i.e., Natto, Jang, Kinema and Thua nao） are produced mainly by the bacterial activity. This study was performed as a part of the program to improve the soybean fermentation, and a use of the co-culture between the bacterium Bacillus subtilis and the fungus Rhizopus oligosporus was selected. For fermentation, the raw soybeans were washed, sterilized by autoclaving, and inoculated with a mixed microbial starter culture of B. subtilis（102 CFU · g-1） and R. oligosporus（102 conidia · g-1）. The Free Amino Acid（FAA） contents were then investigated by using High Performance Liquid Chromatography（HPLC）. The results showed that the amounts of FAAs and essential amino acids in the fermented soybean samples were found at significantly higher concentration when compared to those of the cooked, non-fermented soybean samples（p〈0.05）. These data indicated that an involvement of microbial fermentation helped to accelerate an increase of FAA. The food compositional data were useful as a reference（and/or guidance） for the nutritional value, when compared to other fermented soybeans and related products.

The Effect of Soybean Meal Fermented by Aspergillus usami on Phosphor Metabolism in Growing Pigs

[Objective] The experiment aimed to check the pigs＇ digestive utilization of phosphor and other nutrient components in fermented soy- bean meal. [ Method] 15 8-week old two-way cross growing pigs （average weight was 23.6 kg） were selected and divided randomly into 3 groups, 5 pigs per group. The method of total feces collection was adopted to compare the digestibility of phosphor and other nutrient components in growing pigs fed respectively by fermented soybean meal by Aspergillus usami and normal soybean meal. The experimental design were normal soybean group （NS group, P： 0.087%）, fermented soybean meal group （FS group, P： 0.089%）, normal soybean ＋ fermented soybean meal mixing group （ MS group, P： 0.089% ）. [ Result] The results indicated that the digestibility of growing pigs in FS group was significantly higher than that of NS group. Meanwhile, the digestibility of crude protein was significantly improved. [ Conclusion] The above results indicated that Feeding with soybean meal fermented by Aspergillus usami not only could increase the digestibility of phosphor and protein, but also decrease the excretion of phosphor and nitrogen.

Effects of Brown Fish Meal Replacement with Fermented Soybean Meal on Growth Performance, Feed Efficiency and Enzyme Activities of Chinese Soft-shelled Turtle, Pelodiscus sinensis

A 120-day feeding experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of partial replacement of brown fish meal (BFM) by fermented soybean meal (FSBM) in diets of Chinese soft-shelled turtle (Pelodiscus sinensis). The turtles (initial mean body weight, (115.52 ± 1.05) g) were fed with three experimental diets, in which 0%, 4.72% and 9.44% BFM protein was replaced by 0%, 3% and 6% FSBM, respectively. Results showed that the feeding rate (FR), specific growth rate (SGR) and feed efficiency ratio (FER) of turtles fed with the diet containing 3% FSBM were not significantly different from the control group (0% FSBM) (P > 0.05). However, FR, SGR and FER of turtles fed with the diet containing 6% FSBM were significantly lower than those of the control group (P < 0.05). No significant differences were observed in the activities of serum glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase and glutamicpyruvic transaminase among dietary treatments (P > 0.05). However, the uric acid concentration in turtles fed with the diet containing 3% or 6% FSBM was significantly lower than that in the control group (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in the activities of lysozyme, alkaline phosphatase and total superoxide dismutase among dietary treatments (P > 0.05). The results suggested that FSBM could replace 4.72% BFM protein in turtle diets without exerting adverse effects on turtle growth, feed utilization and measured immune parameters.

Application of Antimicrobial Bacillus subtilis Strain as a Starter Culture to Improve Qualities and Safety of Fermented Soybean (SIENG) Produced in Cambodia

Fermented foods play a very important role in Cambodian health and nutrition,as well as other developing countries where food preservation methods may be limited.SIENG,a Khmer fermented soybean product,naturally contains both beneficial and pathogenic microorganisms.Traditional fermentation that relies on natural microbial flora and environmental conditions results in variable product quality and can lead to spoilage.A starter culture such as Bacillus subtilis can ensure the safety and stability of the products.The objective of this study is to control the growth of Gram positive pathogens contaminated into traditional fermented soybean(SEING)by using antimicrobial Bacillus subtilis isolated from the same kind of food.Out of 120 SIENG samples,49 B.cereus strains were isolated,and 12 of B.cereus were positively synthesized compared with the lyophilized control enterotoxin.Two of these strains(BTM8-7 and BTM8-8)produced high levels of enterotoxin.We identified five Bacillus strains with the ability to fight against indicator pathogenic microorganisms.Among the five strains,B.CeM6-2 had the highest activity level against Lactobacillus plantrum ATCC 8014 and the largest diameter.B.CeM6-2 tolerated up to 20 h at 30℃ and 22 h at 37℃.In testing the strains with PK and PK-PMSF enzymes,bacteriocin produced by the strain B.CeM6PK untreated and B.CeM6-2PK-PMSF had a significantly stronger ability to suppress all the pathogenic indicators from 0 h to 47 h compared to the B.CeM6-2PK.Moreover,CeM6-2 outperformed the Miyagino strains,as it actively produced bacteriocin that fought against all four indicator strains of Gram positive and lactic acid groups,especially against Listeria monocytogenes,Streptococcus pyrogene,Leuconostoc mesenterids and L.plantarum,from 0 h-58 h and 0 h-40 h at 35℃.CeM6-2(1%)strain had the highest ability to fight against B.cereus at 24 h and at 34 h to 44 h incubation as well.CeM6-2(10:0 mL)and CeM6-2(9:1 mL)have the strongest ability to fight against B.cereus at room temperature(48 h and 72 h).The longer incubation and time at room temperature produce the highest level of bacteriocin.Thus,bacteriocins produced by B.CeM6-2 can be used as a preservative in food processing industries to avoid food spoilage even in higher temperatures and time.

大豆皂脚与玉米秸秆厌氧发酵沼渣共热解特性及应用

将大豆皂脚与玉米秸秆厌氧发酵沼渣两种固体废弃物以不同比例混合后进行共热解,采用元素分析、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、N_2吸附-脱附法(BET)对得到的共热解炭进行表征,并将共热解炭循环应用到玉米秸秆厌氧发酵环境中,考察共热解炭对厌氧发酵过程的影响。结果表明:共热解炭的产率随着沼渣加入量的增大而增大;沼渣加入量较少时,可以促进共热解气的生成,但对共热解液的产生有较弱的抑制作用;共热解炭的比表面积和平均孔径介于两种单一热解炭之间,并且平均孔径随沼渣加入量的增大呈减小趋势;将大豆皂脚与沼渣的质量比为4∶3下制备的共热解炭加入厌氧发酵系统中,发酵30 d时累积产气量达到390.80 mL/g,累积产甲烷量达到213 mL/g,累积产气量达到总产气量80%所需要的时间t_(80)为(14±1) d,比不添加热解炭的空白组提前了12.5%。

发酵降低大豆组织蛋白豆腥味的复合菌株筛选

采用顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用技术并结合风味活度值和感官评价,比较了生香酵母、活性干酵母、植物乳杆菌和肉葡萄球菌对大豆组织蛋白(textured soybean protein,TSP)豆腥味的降低效果,筛选出可有效降低豆腥味的2种菌株,并研究其复配质量比和添加方式。结果表明,4种菌对大豆组织蛋白豆腥味均有一定的消减效果,其中活性干酵母的降腥效果最明显,其发酵TSP中豆腥味物质含量减少了70%;肉葡萄球菌的增香作用最大,其发酵TSP中良好风味物质的含量增加了865.41%。选择活性干酵母作为降腥菌、肉葡萄球菌作为增香菌,二者复配适宜的的质量比为10∶1,添加方式为先加肉葡萄球菌于20℃发酵12 h后加活性干酵母于该温度下发酵20 h。

渥堆期间水分对浏阳豆豉微生物及品质风味的影响

目的:通过调控渥堆期间水分提高浏阳豆豉的品质风味。方法:采用宏基因测序技术,结合顶空固相微萃取—气质联用(HS-SPME-GC-MS)技术,研究了曲料不同水分(低35%、中42%、高50%)对渥堆期间浏阳豆豉的细菌群落变化及挥发性组成的影响。结果:渥堆水分对渥堆过程中细菌多样性具有明显的影响:第一次渥堆发酵、第二次渥堆发酵两个阶段棒状杆菌的相对丰度与渥堆水分呈正相关,第一次渥堆发酵阶段葡萄球菌相对丰度与渥堆水分呈负相关,且第二次渥堆发酵阶段中未分类的葡萄球菌和片球菌与渥堆水分呈负相关。中水分渥堆豆豉的挥发性物质种类最丰富,且吡嗪类物质比其他水分渥堆豆豉高,但醛类、酸类含量较低。进一步的相关性分析显示葡萄球菌属对差异性挥发性物质的影响最大,与6种差异性挥发性物质如2,3,5-三甲基吡嗪、2-乙基-3,5,6-三甲基吡嗪、愈创木酚等显著正相关;其次是海洋芽孢杆菌属。结论:渥堆水分通过改变细菌多样性影响浏阳豆豉的品质。

基于响应面法的黄豆酱生产工艺优化及色泽分析

以鹤壁本地黄豆、面粉为原料,以黑曲霉和米曲霉(质量比为1∶1)混合成发酵剂,调整发酵温度(30,36,42℃)、发酵时间(35,40,45 d)和盐水浓度(占固体物质质量比10%、15%、20%)制作发酵黄豆酱。利用响应面法优化其发酵工艺,并对发酵黄豆酱的色差、感官评分、还原糖、氨基酸态氮及主要挥发性风味物质进行比较分析。结果表明,在盐水浓度15%、发酵温度36℃和发酵时间35 d条件下发酵的黄豆酱效果最佳,其感官评分可达到48.2±1.73(满分50);L^(*)值为47.57±1.62,a^(*)值为11.49±2.74,b^(*)值为36.32±1.73;还原糖含量为12.55%,氨基酸态氮含量为0.6831 g/100 g。以此方法进行黄豆酱发酵,可使黄豆酱色泽光亮、酱香浓郁、咸香适中、形态良好。

不同渥堆工艺对浏阳豆豉多酚抗氧化及免疫活性的影响

目的探究不同渥堆工艺对浏阳豆豉多酚抗氧化及免疫活性的影响,确定最佳工艺条件。方法测定不同渥堆盐度(0、3%、5%)、水分(35%、42%、50%)浏阳豆豉多酚的组成、抗氧化能力及免疫活性差异。并利用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法进一步分析活性最佳工艺豆豉的多酚组分。结果渥堆期间多酚含量变化明显,且随着渥堆水分的增加,豆豉的多酚及黄酮含量越高。体外抗氧化实验结果显示高水分、低盐度渥堆有助于提升豆豉对2,2’-联氮-二(3-乙基-苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸)二铵盐阳离子自由基、1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼自由基的清除能力,其中以50%水分无盐渥堆豆豉的抗氧化活性最强。细胞实验表明,各样品组均呈剂量依赖性抑制经脂多糖刺激的RAW264.7细胞释放NO,免疫活性最佳为42%水分、5%盐度渥堆的豆豉样品。42%水分下无盐渥堆豆豉与5%盐渥堆豆豉的酚类差异代谢物共筛选出多酚及其衍生物(6)、黄酮类(13)以及异黄酮类(6)25种,相关性分析发现其中雌马酚、槲皮素与浏阳豆豉的抗氧化活性呈显著正相关,而木犀草素、山奈酚、川陈皮素等与其免疫活性呈显著正相关。结论50%水分无盐渥堆豆豉多酚表现出较强的抗氧化活性,42%水分、5%盐度渥堆豆豉多酚的免疫活性最佳。本研究为浏阳豆豉的进一步高值化利用提供理论依据。

饲料中添加发酵豆粕对湘云鲫生长性能、肠道及肝脏健康的影响

为研究饲料中添加发酵豆粕对湘云鲫幼鱼生长性能、肠道及肝脏健康的影响,试验以豆粕含量26%、鱼粉含量20%的饲料作为基础鱼粉组(FM组)饲料,在FM组饲料的基础上添加12%发酵豆粕等蛋白替代10%豆粕和2%鱼粉制成发酵豆粕替代组(FSM组)饲料,对初始体重为(37.26±0.16)g的湘云鲫幼鱼进行为期56 d的养殖试验。结果显示:与FM组相比,FSM组增重率、特定生长率、尾均摄食量、饵料系数、肥满度、脏体比、肝体比、干物质沉积率、蛋白质沉积率及脂肪沉积率均无显著变化(P>0.05);肌肉粗蛋白质含量显著提高(P<0.05),粗灰分含量显著降低(P<0.05),全鱼粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、粗灰分以及肌肉粗脂肪含量没有显著变化(P>0.05)。在肠道健康方面,FSM组肠道绒毛数目和绒毛高度和FM组间无显著差异(P>0.05);与FM组相比,FSM组血浆D-乳酸含量显著降低了21.5%(P<0.05),血浆内毒素含量和二胺氧化酶活性在FSM组和FM组间无显著差异(P>0.05);FSM组肠道脂肪酶活性较FM组显著提高了10.2%(P<0.05),胰蛋白酶、淀粉酶和Na+-K+ATP酶活性在两组间差异不显著(P>0.05);与FM组相比,FSM组肠道总超氧化物歧化酶活性和丙二醛含量无显著差异(P>0.05)。在肝脏健康方面,发酵豆粕添加对湘云鲫肝脏结构无明显影响,两组均肝细胞索明显,排列较整齐,肝细胞结构完整;与FM组相比,FSM组血浆谷丙转氨酶活性和总胆固醇含量显著降低(P<0.05),其中谷丙转氨酶活性显著降低11.3%,总胆固醇含量降低23.1%,溶菌酶活性和免疫球蛋白M含量显著提高(P<0.05),两组间甘油三酯、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇含量以及谷草转氨酶活性均无显著差异(P>0.05)。

发酵豆粕对白羽肉鸡生长性能、免疫功能的影响

试验旨在研究用发酵豆粕替代肉鸡饲粮中豆粕用量的40%对白羽肉鸡生长性能、免疫功能的影响。试验选取体况一致和体重接近的120只7日龄AA公雏肉仔鸡,随机分为2个处理组,每组6个重复,每个重复10只鸡。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,发酵豆粕组用发酵豆粕替代40%豆粕。试验期为30 d。结果表明:①与对照组相比,发酵豆粕组白羽肉鸡生长性能指标均无显著变化(P>0.05)。②与对照组相比,发酵豆粕显著降低了白羽肉鸡21日龄和37日龄空肠中内毒素(ET)的含量(P<0.05)。综上所述,在本试验条件下,饲粮中用发酵豆粕替代肉鸡饲粮中豆粕用量的40%可降低白羽肉鸡肠道ET水平,从而增强了机体免疫力和抵抗力。