Steel Slag as an Iron Fertilizer for Corn Growth and Soil Improvement in a Pot Experiment

The feasibility of steel slag used as an iron fertilizer was studied in a pot experiment with corn. Slag alone or acidified slag was added to two Fe-deficient calcareous soils at different rates. Results showed that moderate rates (10 and 20 g kg-1) of slag or acidified slag substantially increased corn dry matter yield and Fe uptake. Application of steel slag increased the residual concentration of ammonium bicarbonate-diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (AB-DTPA) extractable Fe in the soils. The increase of extractable Fe was usually proportional to the application rate, and enhanced by the acidification of slag. Steel slag appeared to be a promising and inexpensive source of Fe to alleviate crop Fe chlorosis in Fe-deficient calcareous soils.

Crop yields and soil organic carbon dynamics in a long-term fertilization experiment in an extremely arid region of northern Xinjiang, China

A long-term fertilization experiment was set up in northern Xinjiang, China to evaluate the dynamics of crop production and soil organic carbon （SOC） from 1990 to 2012 with seven fertilization treatments. The seven treatments included an unfertilized control （CK） and six different combinations of phosphorus （P）, potassium （K）, nitrogen （N）, straw （S） and animal manure （M）. The balanced fertilization treatments had significantly （P〈0.05） higher average yields than the unbalanced ones. The treatment with 2/3 N from potassium sulfate （NPK） and 1/3 N from farmyard manure （NPKM） had a higher average yield than the other treatments. The average yields （over the 23 years） in the treatments of NPK, and urea, calcium superphosphate （NP） did not differ significantly （P〉0.05） but were higher than that in the treatment with urea and potassium sulfate （NK; P〈0.05）. The results also show that the highest increases in SOC （P〈0.05） occurred in NPKM with a potential increase of 1.2 t C/（hm2.a）. The increase in SOC was only 0.31, 0.30 and 0.12 t C/（hm2.a） for NPKS （9/10 N from NPK and 1/10 N from straw）, NPK and NP, respectively; and the SOC in the NP, NK and CK treatments were approaching equilibrium and so did not rise or fall significantly over the 23-year experiment. A complete NPK plus manure fertilization program is recommended for this extremely arid region to maximize both yields and carbon sequestration.

基于“3414”肥效试验建立BP神经网络寻优的新模型初探

针对上海市崇明滧东地区传统施肥方式不能满足水稻需肥规律的问题,以水稻“3414”肥效试验结果为数据来源,以N、P_(2)O_(5)、K_(2)O施用量为优化目标,建立3-7-1拓扑结构BP神经网络模型,通过遗传算法得到最优产量下的最优施肥配比。预测结果表明:当地较优的施肥配比是N、P_(2)O_(5)、K_(2)O的施用量分别为24.94、0.87、4.27 kg/亩(1亩=667 m^(2)),预计最高产量为531.5 kg/亩。通过验证试验,在较优的施肥配比条件下,水稻的实际产量为548.7 kg/亩,验证了BP神经网络模型预测结果的准确性。

甘南高寒阴湿区宽幅匀播青稞“3414”肥效试验

为了将宽幅匀播技术与“3414”肥效试验相结合,应用于甘南高寒阴湿区青稞种植与示范推广中,推动该地区青稞种植产业发展。采用“3414”最优回归设计,以青稞甘青9号为指示品种,在宽幅匀播条件下研究了“3414”肥效试验对青稞生长及产量的影响,并建立了青稞产量与氮、磷、钾施量之间的肥效回归方程,以提高肥效,促进甘南高寒阴湿区青稞生产优质高产。结果表明,宽幅匀播条件下,甘青9号最佳产量为6640.32kg/hm^(2)时,施肥量为N36.34kg/hm^(2)、P_(2)O_(5)55.86kg/hm^(2)、K_(2)O7.09kg/hm^(2);最大产量为6834.09kg/hm^(2)时,施肥量为N80.66 kg/hm^(2)P_(2)O_(5)62.31kg/hm^(2)、K_(2)O16.58kg/hm。肥效回归方程中施肥量与青稞产量拟合度显著,可应用于大田生产。

Approach for improving precision of regression analysis of single-replication fertilization experiments in rice

The field experiment designs with single replication were frequently used for factorial experiments in which the numbers of field plots were limited, but the experimental error was difficult to be estimated. To study a new statistical method for improving precision of regression analysis of such experiments in rice, 84 fertilizer experiments were conducted in 15 provinces of China, including Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Anhui, Hunan, Sichuan, Heilongjiang, etc. Three factors with 14 treatments (N: 0—225kg/ha, P: 0 —112. 5kg/ha, K: 0—150kg/ha) and two replications were employed using approaching optimun design. There were 2352 (84×14×2=2352) Yield deviations (d) between the individual treatment yields and its arithmetic mean. The results indicated that:

剑麻“3414”肥料效应研究

采用“3414”肥料效应试验方案,研究了剑麻氮磷钾肥推荐用量及养分吸收状况,为剑麻科学精准施肥提供参考。结果表明,N_(2)P_(2)K_(2)处理收获叶片数和鲜叶产量均最高,其N、P_(2)O_(5)、K_(2)O施用量分别为163.9、71.1、310.1 kg/hm^(2),比例为1.0∶0.4∶1.9。试验区土壤N、P含量均处于中等水平,土壤K含量处于低水平;叶片N含量偏高,P含量适宜,而K含量偏低,说明钾素是限制该区域剑麻产量的主要因素。随着叶片收获,不同处理平均N、P、K带走量分别为273.4、29.0、292.8 kg/hm^(2)。本试验条件下,推荐氮磷钾肥用量分别为N 126.2~141.0、P_(2)O_(5)59.0~65.8、K_(2)O 252.7~280.6 kg/hm^(2),折尿素274.3~306.5 kg/hm^(2),过磷酸钙368.8~411.3 kg/hm^(2),氯化钾421.1~467.7 kg/hm^(2),平均分别为N 133.6 kg/hm^(2)、P_(2)O_(5)62.4 kg/hm^(2)、K_(2)O 266.7 kg/hm^(2),N∶P_(2)O_(5)∶K_(2)O=1.0∶0.5∶2.0。

基于“3414”试验的红心甘薯新品种‘莆薯17’优化施肥技术研究

为高产高效栽培红心甘薯新品种‘莆薯17’,采用“3414”肥料效应试验方案,研究氮磷钾配施对‘莆薯17’鲜薯产量的影响以及肥料效应。结果表明,影响‘莆薯17’产量的主要因素是钾肥,氮肥次之,磷肥最小。氮磷钾之间互作效应均可影响‘莆薯17’产量。氮磷钾施用量与‘莆薯17’产量的效应函数寻优结果表明,鲜薯获得最高产量(55646.98 kg/hm^(2))时的最大施肥量分别为氮肥206.88 kg/hm^(2)、磷肥100.37 kg/hm^(2)、钾肥252.86 kg/hm^(2),氮磷钾配比为1:0.49:1.22。氮肥最佳施肥量为199.42 kg/hm^(2),磷肥最佳施肥量为95.40 kg/hm^(2),钾肥最佳施肥量为238.50 kg/hm^(2),对应的最佳鲜薯产量为55574.07 kg/hm^(2),氮磷钾配比为1:0.48:1.2。

Effects of Long-Term Combined Application of Organic and Mineral Fertilizers on Microbial Biomass,Soil Enzyme Activities and Soil Fertility

Soil health is important for the sustainable development of terrestrial ecosystem. In this paper, we studied the relationship between soil quality and soil microbial properties such as soil microbial biomass and soil enzyme activities in order to illustrate the function of soil microbial properties as bio-indicators of soil health. In this study, microbial biomass C and N contents （Cmic ＆ Nmic）, soil enzyme activities, and soil fertility with different fertilizer regimes were carried out based on a 15-year long-term fertilizer experiment in Drab Fluvo-aquic soil in Changping County, Beijing, China. At this site, 7 different treatments were established in 1991. They were in a wheat-maize rotation receiving either no fertilizer （CK）, mineral fertilizers （NPK）, mineral fertilizers with wheat straw incorporated （NPKW）, mineral fertilizers with incremental wheat straw incorporated （NPKW＋）, mineral fertilizers plus swine manure （NPKM）, mineral fertilizers plus incremental swine manure （NPKM＋） or mineral fertilizers with maize straw incorporated （NPKS）. In different fertilization treatments Cmic changed from 96.49 to 500.12 mg kg^-1, and Nmic changed from 35.89 to 101.82 mg kg^-1. Compared with CK, the other treatments increased Cmic ＆ Nmic, Cmic/Corg （organic C） ratios, Cmic/Nmic, urease activity, soil organic matter （SOM）, soil total nitrogen （STN）, and soil total phosphorus （STP）. All these properties in treatment with fertilizers input NPKM＋ were the highest. Meantime, long-term combined application of mineral fertilizers with organic manure or crop straw could significantly decrease the soil pH in Fluvo-aquic soil （the pH around 8.00 in this experimental soil）. Some of soil microbial properties （Cmic/Nmic, urease activity） were positively correlated with soil nutrients. Cmic/Nmic was significantly correlated with SOM and STN contents. The correlation between catalase activity and soil nutrients was not significant. In addition, except of catalase activity, the soil pH in this experiment was negatively correlated with soil microbial properties. In conclusion, soil microbial properties reflect changes of soil quality and thus can be used as bio-indicators of soil health.

Changes of Organic Matter, N, P and K Content of Soils in Red Soil Areas Under Long-Term Experiment

The content of organic matter （OM）, nitrogen （N）, phosphorus （P）, and potassium （K） in the three selected soils, including Calcaric Purpli-Orthic Primosols （purple sand-shale parent material）, Dystric Turbi-Anthric Primosols （quaternary red clay parent material） and Typic Udi-Sandic Primosols （granite parent material） were studied under a long-term experiment by using crop straw and inorganic fertilizers at the Hunan Red Soil Experiment Station of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences. The results showed that the contents of OM, N, P and K in the three selected soils increased after 23 years application of crop straw and inorganic fertilizers, but the contents increased much less when crop straw or inorganic fertilizers was applied alone. The nutrient contents in the three soils developed from granite changed more remarkably than those in the soil derived from quaternary red clay and purple sand-shale. It was also found that the contents of OM, N, and P increased slightly in the treatments without applying fertilizers or returning the crop straw to the root bed. Combined application of inorganic fertilizers and crop straw could remarkably increase the contents of OM, alkalihydrolyzable N and available K, the positive correlation between application of organic fertilizers and increase of OM in soil did not always happened, it provided evidence for the relation between appropriate C/N ratio and accumulation of OM in soil. The increase of nutrient content was influenced by the soil properties. By comparing the contents of nutrient in 0-20 cm depth in the three different soils, it was concluded that the most increases of OM, alkali-hydrolyzable N, and available P were observed in Typic Udi-Sandic Primosols with the average increase by 3.03, 27.38, and 21.73 mg kg^-1, respectively. The available K increased in Dystric Turbi-Anthric Primosols with the average increase by 25.82 mg kg^-1, while it decreased in Calcaric Purpli-Orthic Primosols and Typic Udi-Sandic Primosols. It was concluded that the application of inorganic fertilizer and crop straw was important to improve the soil fertility for all of three selected soils. The straw return to the field had played a significant role for enhancement of the soil quality in the study areas. The application of inorganic fertilizer combined with the straw return to the fields could remarkably improve the soil fertility.

Preparation and efficacy evaluation of Paenibacillus polymyxa KM2501-1 microbial organic fertilizer against root-knot nematodes

Root-knot nematodes(RKNs) cause huge yield losses to agricultural crops worldwide. Meanwhile, livestock manure is often improperly managed by farmers, which leads to serious environmental pollution. To resolve these two problems, this study developed a procedure for the conversion of chicken manure to organic fertilizer by larvae of Hermetia illucens L. and Bacillus subtilis BSF-CL. Chicken manure organic fertilizer was then mixed thoroughly with Paenibacillus polymyxa KM2501-1 to a final concentration of 1.5×10^(8)CFU g^(-1). The efficacy of KM2501-1 microbial organic fertilizer in controlling root-knot nematodes was evaluated in pot and field experiments. In pot experiments, applying KM2501-1 microbial organic fertilizer either as a base fertilizer or as a fumigant at the dose of 40 g/pot suppressed root-knot disease by 61.76 and 69.05% compared to the corresponding control treatments, respectively. When applied as a fumigant at the dose of 1 kg m;in field experiments, KM2501-1 microbial organic fertilizer enhanced the growth of tomato plants, suppressed root-knot disease by 49.97%, and reduced second stage juveniles of RKN in soil by 88.68%. KM2501-1 microbial organic fertilizer controlled RKNs better than commercial bio-organic fertilizer in both pot and field experiments. These results demonstrate that this co-conversion process efficiently transforms chicken manure into high value-added larvae biomass and KM2501-1 microbial organic fertilizer with potential application as a novel nematode control agent.

Study on structural characteristics of pillared clay modified phosphate fertilizers and its increase efficiency mechanism

Three types of new high-efficiency phosphate fertilizers were made when pillared clays at certain proportions were added into ground phosphate rock. Chemical analyses showed that their soluble phosphorus content decreased more than that of superphosphate. Pot experiment showed that, under equal weights, the new fertilizers increased their efficiency by a large margin over that of superphosphate. Researches on their structures by means of XRD, IR and EPR spectrum revealed that their crystal structures changed considerably, improving their activity and preventing the fixation of available phosphorus in the soil, and consequently, greatly improved the bioavailability and became the main cause of the increase of biomass.

雪茄烟品种楚雪26号“3414”肥效试验

采用“3414”试验设计,研究氮磷钾肥料不同用量处理对雪茄烟品种楚雪26号产量和养分吸收利用的影响。结果表明:与不施肥处理相比,各施肥处理显著提高雪茄烟叶的产量,增产效果顺序为氮肥>钾肥>磷肥;氮磷钾肥料合理施用可以优化烟叶等级结构,增加茄衣和茄套的产量,提高产值;通过一元二次回归拟合发现,烟叶最大产量时的施氮量为138.75 kg/hm^(2)、施磷量为71.85 kg/hm^(2)、施钾量为361.65 kg/hm^(2)。综合考虑产量、产值、养分吸收等指标,氮肥推荐施用量为130~140 kg/hm^(2)、磷肥推荐施用量为60~70 kg/hm^(2)、钾肥推荐施用量为340~360 kg/hm^(2)。

Preparation and Effectiveness of Slow-release Polymeric Fertilizer Containing Multiple Nutrients Special for Maize

Slow-release polymeric fertilizer containing multiple nutrients was synthesized through condensation polymerization from raw materials of homemade low-molecular urea-formaldehyde and the compounds of potassium dihydrogen phosphate and phosphoric acid. Adjustment of the proportion of raw materials makes the ingredients of the fertilizer are N:P_2O_5:K_2O =1:0.75:0.13, which satisfy the nutritional requirement for maize growth. Field-experiment results prove that the yield of maize increases by 16.56% when using the polymeric fertilizer special for maize alone, by 56.51% when applying the polymeric fertilizer special for maize plus farmyard manure, and by 49.11% when applying the SV fertilizer special for maize plus manure.

基于“3414”试验模型的大蒜氮磷钾肥效应研究

为探索大蒜生产对N、P、K的有效利用率,建立高效的大蒜施肥模型,完善大蒜施肥技术体系,指导大蒜大田生产精准施肥,以四川早熟蒜为试验对象,采用“3414”肥料效应田间试验,摸清四川早熟蒜在弥渡县生产过程中的农艺性状、产量、肥料效应。结果表明,在该试验条件下,当667 m^(2)施N 29.64 kg、P_(2)O_(5)9.6 kg、K_(2)O 25.27 kg,可得到最佳蒜薹产量869.18 kg;当667 m^(2)施N 37.45 kg、P_(2)O_(5)10.27 kg、K_(2)O 28.78 kg,可得到最佳蒜头产量1678.48 kg,其中单位养分对蒜薹的平均增产量以氮肥最高(11.02 kg/kg),钾肥次之(0.85 kg/kg),磷肥最低(0.02 kg/kg);单位养分对蒜头的平均增产量以氮肥最高(19.26 kg/kg),钾肥次之(0.11 kg/kg),磷肥最低(-0.6 kg/kg),其中磷肥为负效应。

氮磷钾配施对茉莉花产量及花汛期的影响

为了探寻氮磷钾配施最佳方案,为茉莉花科学施肥提供参考,选择立地条件具有区域代表性的地块为试验地,以试验地原有种植的树龄15年的广西壮族自治区横州市主栽品种横州市双瓣茉莉为供试材料,采用“3414”试验设计开展施肥效应试验,研究氮磷钾配施对横州市茉莉花产量及花汛的影响,以明晰横州市茉莉花种植区域环境条件下鲜花产量对氮磷钾的需求差异,为茉莉花科学施肥及鲜花增产提供理论依据。结果表明:(1)广西横州市茉莉花种植试验地的土壤养分对横县双瓣茉莉生产而言,速效氮含量过剩,而有效磷和速效钾处于中等偏低水平;(2)在氮磷钾3种肥料的互作效应中,磷肥和钾肥的互作效应最高,其次为氮磷钾肥和氮钾肥的互作效应;(3)不同的施肥处理的茉莉花日产量消长同步,不同氮磷钾配施对茉莉花花汛期的影响不显著;(4)在茉莉花的稳定花期(6—9月)中,各月均有花汛期出现,其中,7月平均日产量最高,8月平均日产量最稳定;(5)氮磷钾配施对茉莉花产量有显著影响,影响由大到小为磷肥>钾肥>氮肥;(6)本研究中,三元二次方程拟合不成功,一元二次方程方面仅有N的效应方程拟合成功,P、K的效应方程均拟合失败,而在二元二次方程中,NP、NK、PK的3个效应方程均拟合成功;对拟合成功的方程进行求解,排除实际操作中无法达到的施肥量,综合考虑试验地土壤速效氮含量过剩及减少种植户的投资成本等因素,推荐施肥方式及施肥量为磷肥393.64 kg/hm^(2),钾肥381.59 kg/hm^(2)。

乌兰县藜麦“3414”田间肥效试验

为确定乌兰县藜麦种植的最佳施肥模式,于2021年进行了藜麦“3414”田间肥效试验。结果表明:氮磷、钾肥配合施用可以显著提高藜麦产量;藜麦对氮、磷、钾肥的依存度分别为67.27%、43.64%、30.91%,氮肥和磷肥对藜麦产量的影响较大,钾肥次之。

土壤肥料学实验课操作视频开发探索与实践

土壤肥料学实验是农科类核心专业基础课。本着让学生准确规范地掌握实验操作技能的同时,丰富和完善实验教学资源从而提高实验课的教学效果,为该专业今后的教学、科研和农业技术服务提供高品质的资源保障。作者根据多年课堂实践,总结学生在实验课中常见的错误操作,深入了解学生和实验教师需求,录制开发土壤肥料学实验基本操作视频。视频录制既考虑实验流程的完整性和时效性,又强化实验中关键环节的独立性、规范性和广适性。视频资源的开发和网络推广有效弥补传统课堂模式的不足,以其演示的直观化和内容可再现等特点,既方便学生课前预习,提高学生实验操作技能,又便于学生课后随时复习,巩固实验相关知识,对提高实验教学效果有明显的推动作用。

三亚市水稻氮磷钾肥利用率田间试验探析

海南省三亚市是中国南繁育种基地之一,水稻为全市的主要粮食作物,在生产过程中合理施用肥料以提高产量极其重要。本试验通过田间水稻种植试验和实验室检测及数据分析,探讨氮肥、磷肥、钾肥不同配施水平对水稻产量及肥料利用率的影响。结果表明,测土配方施肥的水稻产量最高,处理1的理论产量为558.04 kg/667m^(2),氮肥利用率为41.37%、磷肥利用率为22.73%、钾肥利用率为45.84%。本试验旨在为三亚市水稻种植中推广测土配方施肥技术提供数据支撑和参考。

3414"肥料试验模型拟合的探讨

以UNDP95-98年在河北唐山进行的27个"3414"冬小麦试验为例,研究了三元二次施肥模型与一元施肥模型对"3414"肥料试验结果的拟合情况。结果表明,三元二次施肥模型进行拟合试验成功率仅为56%,而采用一元施肥模型可以对全部试验进行数据处理。在同一试验中,与一元施肥模型相比,采用三元二次施肥模型计算的推荐施肥量偏高;根据一元施肥模型拟合计算分别有15%、44%、67%的点不需要施用N、P、K肥,而采用三元二次施肥模型则无法获得这一信息。因此,在"3414"试验中,一元施肥模型是三元二次施肥模型拟合的一种很好补充和优化手段。

应用“3414”肥料试验模型求解春玉米施肥参数的研究

利用现代肥料二次回归"3414"设计,对春玉米施肥参数进行了研究。结果表明:通过三元二次肥料效应函数获得的最高产量在各类型函数中最低,投入的肥料价值也最低,获得的产投比较高;通过一元二次肥料效应函数获得的最高产量最高,其中K处理一元二次肥料效应方程获得的最高产量和产投比最高。各类型函数所获得的最佳经济产量表现为:一元函数>二元函数>三元函数,但三元二次肥料效应函数所获得的产投比远远高于其他函数,可用于推荐施肥。通过三元二次肥料效应函数获得的春玉米推荐施肥指标为:N162.8kg/hm2,P2O5112.7kg/hm2,K2O149.7kg/hm2,需要投入的肥料成本为1776元/hm2,可获得最佳经济产量13241kg/hm2,产投比高达7.45。