超声波溶胞预处理对污泥溶出物和分形结构的影响

为了强化好氧系统中污泥隐性生长对污泥减量的作用,研究了超声波溶胞预处理后污泥溶出物和微观分形结构的变化。探讨了污泥上清液溶解性化学需氧量(SCOD)和污泥粒径(d_(0.5))、比表面积(SSA)、分形维数(D2、D3)等随超声时间和声能密度的变化特征。结果表明,SCOD随声能密度和超声时间增加而增加,能较好地反映污泥的溶解状态。在超声时间5 min、超声脉冲比1∶1的固定条件下,声能密度0.6 W/m L为d_(0.5)和SSA变化的转折点,当声能密度小于0.6W/m L时对d_(0.5)和SSA作用明显,而大于0.6 W/m L时对d_(0.5)和SSA作用微弱。在声能密度0.6 W/m L、超声脉冲比1∶1的固定条件下,1~5 min内SCOD溶出明显提高,超声对污泥溶胞效果较好,5 min后污泥溶胞效率很难进一步提高。皮尔逊相关性分析表明,SSA和D3分别与SCOD呈现显著的相关性。SSA和D3反映了污泥结构的密实程度和溶出状况,因此,可以在线监测微观结构参数SSA和D3来间接反映污泥溶胞效果,从形态学角度为污泥后续处理处置提供前期指导。

土体干缩裂隙网络定量分析

土体干缩裂隙网络定量分析对深入研究裂隙发育机制及正确评价裂隙土的工程性质有重要意义。在室内对三组不同土体开展了干燥试验,采用数字图像处理技术对获得的裂隙图像进行了二值化、除噪和骨架化等预处理操作,提出了一整套与裂隙网络几何形态特征密切相关的量度指标体系并进行了定量分析,借助概率密度函数,从统计学角度探讨了关键量度指标的分布特征。结果表明:土质对干缩裂隙网络的几何形态特征有重要影响,表面裂隙率、裂隙节点个数、裂隙总长度、裂隙平均宽度和土块个数通常随黏粒含量和塑性指数的增加而增加;量度指标之间既有区别又有联系,如表面裂隙率与裂隙平均宽度存在正相关性,裂隙条数受节点个数的控制,土块个数越多,则对应土块平均面积越小,表面裂隙率越大,分形维数也越大;单位面积内的节点个数、土块个数和表面裂隙率可作为定量描述裂隙网络几何形态特征的基本指标;裂隙长度、宽度和土块面积的平均值与它们的主要分布范围及最可几值之间存在较好的相关性。

膜生物反应器中膜污染滤饼层渗透模型的研究

在膜生物反应器中,活性污泥在膜表面沉积形成滤饼层是造成膜污染的主要因素。采用扫描电镜和自动图像分析技术研究了膜过滤滤饼层的微观结构,并以分形理论和Darcy定律为基础,推导出用于预测膜污染滤饼层渗透性能的数学模型,验证了该渗透模型的可靠性,并利用该渗透模型进行了膜生物反应器中污泥浓度对滤饼层渗透性能影响的研究。结果表明,活性污泥颗粒沉积形成的柔性滤饼层具有明显的多孔结构,并且具有很好的分形特征;膜污染滤饼层的分形维数能够真实反映滤饼层的孔隙率大小;用该渗透模型得到的渗透系数K′可以作为有效预测滤饼层渗透性能的参数;滤饼层渗透系数K′随污泥浓度的增大而递减,污泥浓度低于10000mg·L-1时,K′的变化趋势较小,污泥浓度达到10000mg·L-1以上时,K′急剧下降。

温度循环作用下深埋隧洞围岩细观结构的定量描述

高温作用和温度循环作用是岩石力学发展面临的新课题。从经历温度循环的裂隙岩体的微裂隙扩展机制研究入手,采用SEM仪器进行了各温度下大理岩断口细观结构试验。基于统计学理论,从细观层次对不同温度下的岩石断口微裂隙参数数据统计分析,得到了岩石微裂隙几何参数在不同温度下的分布概型,并运用Monte-Carlo随机模拟的方法,再现微裂隙在工程岩体中的分布。进行了二维裂隙网络模型的分形计算,分析不同温度条件下岩石细观损伤的分维数及其演化的分形特征,为从传统的力学方法来探索岩石内部介质的微观变化提供了理论依据和参考。

一种新型改进四叉树方法在分形图像压缩的设计与实现

详细阐述了Jacquin和Fisher的两种分形图像压缩方法,基于Fisher的自适应四叉树,提出了一种新型改进四叉树搜索方法.该方法根据值域块的几何特征分类来选择合适的匹配块,通过区域相关的快速搜索与四叉树方法相结合,并利用VC6.0开发工具加以验证与实现.实验结果表明,与Fisher方法相比,在同类图像压缩和重构中,新型改进四叉树方法压缩时间缩短,压缩比和PSNR得到较大的提高.

An Elastic-plastic Adhesion Model for Contacting Fractal Rough Surface and Perfectly Wetted Plane with Meniscus

The strong stiction of adjacent surfaces with meniscus is a major design concern in the devices with a micro-sized interface. Today, more and more research works are devoted to understand the adhesion mechanism. This paper concerns the elastic-plastic adhesion of a fractal rough surface contacting with a perfectly wetted rigid plane. The topography of rough surface is modeled with a two-variable Weierstrass-Mandelbrot fractal function. The Laplace pressure is dealt with the Dugdale approximation. Then the adhesion model of the plastically deformed asperities with meniscus can be established with the fractal microcontact model. According to the plastic flow criterion, the elastic-plastic adhesion model of the contacting rough surfaces with meniscus can be solved by combining the Maugis-Dugdale （MD） model and its extension with the Morrow method. The necessity for considering the asperities＇ plastic deformation has been validated by comparing the simulation result of the presented model with that of the elastic adhesion model. The stiction mechanism of rough surfaces with meniscus is also discussed.

Plant diversity, population structure, and regeneration status in disturbed tropical forests in Assam, northeast India

We investigated the plant population structure and the phy- tosociological and regeneration status in two disturbed tropical forests in Assam Province, the Hojai Reserve Forest and Kumorakata Reserve Forest. A total of 166 species （80 trees, 20 shrubs and 66 herbs） of 136 genera and 63 families were recorded in both study sites. The disturbance index at the two sites, Kumorakata Reserve Forest and Hojai Reserve Forest, were recorded at 11.4% and 3.70% respectively. Reverse J-shaped population curve and exploitation of tree species in higher girth classes were recorded at both study sites. In the girth classes （10-30 cm, 30-60 cm, 60-90 cm and 90-120 cm in size） the percentage of cut stump density was higher than the percentage of individual living trees. The 18% （Kumorakata Reserve Forest） and 7% （Hojai Reserve Forest） spe- cies were recorded as not regenerating. Illegal felling and over-exploitation of forest resources may lead to species-specific changes in the population structure and can alter the future structure and composi- tion of the forests.

Crystal Structure and Magnetic Property of 2-（Imidazo[1,2-α]pyri-din-2-yl）- 2-oxoacetic Acid and Its Perchlorate

We herein report two crystals based on 2-（imidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-2-yl）-2-oxoacetic acid rad- ical and its perchlorate, and investigate the relationship between magnetic properties and crystal stacking structures or supramolecular interactions. 2-（imidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-2-yl）- 2-oxoaeetic acid radical in two crystals mainly exist as diamagnetic dimer formed via short atomic contacts or supramolecular interactions （hydrogen bonds, anion-Tr or lone- pair-~r interactions）, leading to low magnetic susceptibilities. 2-（imidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-2-yl）- 2-oxoaeetic acid radical crystal exhibits quasi-one-dimensional columnar stacking chain and weak antiferromagnetism. However, its perchlorate crystal possesses one-dimensional double- stranded chain structure assembled through double hydrogen bonds and anion-To interactions, and reveals weak ferromagnetism.

Local Geometric Proof of Riemann Conjecture

Riemann hypothesis (RH) is a difficult problem. So far one doesn’t know how to go about it. Studying ζ and using analysis method likely are two incor-rect guides. Actually, a unique hope may study Riemann function , , by geometric analysis, which has the symmetry: v=0 if β=0, and basic expression . We show that |u| is single peak in each root-interval of u for fixed β ∈(0,1/2]. Using the slope ut, we prove that v has opposite signs at two end-points of Ij. There surely exists an inner point such that , so {|u|,|v|/β} form a local peak-valley structure, and have positive lower bound in Ij. Because each t must lie in some Ij, then ||ξ|| > 0 is valid for any t (i.e. RH is true). Using the positivity of Lagarias (1999), we show the strict monotone for β > β0 ≥ 0 , and the peak-valley structure is equiva-lent to RH, which may be the geometric model expected by Bombieri (2000). This research follows Liuhui’s methodology: “Computing can detect the un-known and method”.

Analysing the structure of the optical path length of a supersonic mixing layer by using wavelet methods

The nano-particle-based planar laser scattering （NPLS） technique is used to measure the density distribution in the supersonic mixing layer of the convective Mach number 0.12, and the optical path difference （OPL）, which is quite crucial for the study of aero-optics, is obtained by post processing. Based on the high spatiotemporal resolutions of the NPLS, the structure of the OPL is ana]ysed using wavelet methods. The coherent structures of the OPL are extracted using three methods, including the methods of thresholding the coefficients of the orthogonal wavelet transform and the wavelet packet transform, and preserving a number of wavelet packet coefficients with the largest amplitudes determined by the entropy dimension. Their performances are compared, and the method using the wavelet packet is the best. Based on the viewpoint of multifractals, we study the OPL by the wavelet transform maxima method （WTMM）, and the result indicates that its scaling behaviour is evident.

Improved strength and ductility of high alloy containing Al–12Zn–3Mg–2.5Cu alloy by combining non-isothermal step rolling and cold rolling

Al-12Zn-3Mg-2.5Cu alloy was prepared using a liquid metallurgy route under the optimized conditions. A sample cut from the ingot was rolled non-isothermally from 400℃ to 100℃ in 100℃ steps, with 15% reduction in thickness; it was then cold rolled isothermally at room temperature for 85% reduction. The cold-rolled alloys were characterized by electron microscopy, hardness test, and tensile test to elucidate their structural evolution and evaluate their mechanical behavior. In the results, the cast alloy consists of a-aluminum and various intermetallic compounds. These compounds are segregated along the grain boundaries, which makes the alloy difficult to roll at room tem- perature. The combined effect of non-isothermal step rolling and cold rolling results in the nano/microsized compounds distributed uniformly in the matrix. The hardness is substantially increased after rolling. This increase in hardness is attributed to the ultra-fine grain size, fine-scale intermetallic compounds, and structural defects （e.g., dislocations, stacking faults, and sub-grains）. The ultimate tensile strength of the rolled alloy is approximately 628 MPa with 7% ductility.

Design, Synthesis, Crystal Structure and Photophysical Properties of New Oxadiazole Extended Viologen Fluorophore

Viologens (N,N'-dimethyl-4,4-bipyridinium) are advanced functional materials, found important applications in electrochromic devices, molecular machines, organic batteries, and carbohydrate oxidation catalysts in alkaline fuel. In this article, we investigated the design, synthesis and photophysical properties of N,N'-dimethyl-2,5-Bis(pyridinium)oxadiazole 4 and its precursor 2,5- Bis(pyridine)oxadiazole 2. The crystal structure and photophysical properties of viologen 4 and precursor 2 have been determined. The viologen molecule 4 crystallized in monoclinic form, space group P21/n with four molecules in unit cell. Precursor molecule 2 also crystalized in monoclinic form, space group C2/c with four molecules in unit cell. From X-rd data, we found three cations in the molecular structure of viologen molecule 4, which is unusual in viologens. In the three-dimensional molecular packing diagram of molecule 4, the three cations and iodate anions are stabilized by C···C, C···I, N···I, N···H, H···I, N—H···I and C—H···I. The dihedral angle between planes having oxadiazole and two benzene rings are 5°and 8°, suggesting the molecule 4 is a slightly strained one. The molecular structure of precursor molecule 2 stabilized by C···C and N···H short contacts between the molecules. The molecule 4 displayed strong absorbance at 315 nm and emissions between 390 - 410 nm.

Spectroscopy and carrier dynamics of one-dimensional nanostructures

In recent years,one-dimensional(1D)nanomaterials have raised researcher's interest because of their unique structur-al characteristic to generate and confine the optical signal and their promising prospects in photonic applications.In this re-view,we summarized the recent research advances on the spectroscopy and carrier dynamics of 1D nanostructures.First,the condensation and propagation of exciton-polaritons in nanowires(NWs)are introduced.Second,we discussed the properties of 1D photonic crystal(PC)and applications in photonic-plasmonic structures.Third,the observation of topological edge states in 1D topological structures is introduced.Finally,the perspective on the potential opportunities and remaining chal-lenges of 1D nanomaterials is proposed.

A Review of Studies of Polymeric Membranes by Positron Annihilation Lifetime Spectroscopy

A review is presented of studies of polymeric membranes by applying positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy （PALS）. PALS has been used to study subnanometer-sized holes, to determine their size distribution and free-volume fractions, and to probe molecular-sized vacancies in glassy polymers. At present, PALS is believed to be a highly effective physical method for the examination of polymeric membranes.

Evaluating the Competitive Position of Port of Douala in Central Africa Regional Ports Market Conduct Using the SSA

This paper aims to analyze the competitive position of Port of Douala in Central African ports market structure. In other words, it consists of measuring port market level and competitiveness through an assessment of their growth rate and market share. The purpose of the paper is to provide us with information on periodical changing status of ports competing with each other. It also provides us with an effective managerial tool to port operators in the assessment of ports market share and position. For doing so, the measurement technique as Shift-Share Analysis was applied in the study by using a panel dataset of the 7 selected ports of Central Africa sub-region from 2008 to 2018. The paper used the recent dynamics and characteristics of port market in terms of port throughputs to compare the yearly trend and market share. By conducting the study of the market growth rate model, the findings showed that the Port of Douala was the top leader of the market in 2009, 2015, 2016 and 2018. The findings also revealed the competitive positions of these ports under study have changed over the period of study due to the significant change of their market share with average growth rates. The final results showed that several determinant factors have affected the present hierarchy of competitiveness level in the selected ports market especially with small and medium size ports that are strengthening their positions vis-a-vis larger ones. However, the results could be used for analyzing the relative efficiency and overall performance of the Central African Sub-regional seaports including the Cameroonian ports.

The MuItilayer Fabric Structures for Conveyer Belts

The fabric structures for both the base structures and thecover of multilayer conveyer belts are introduced in thispaper.It is also of general significances to use these fab-rics in composite materials.

Formation of Hybrid Ring Structure of Cyanurate/Isocyanurate in the Reaction be-tween 2,4,6-Tris(4-Phenyl-Phenoxy)-1, 3,5-Triazine and Phenyl Glycidyl Ether

Reaction products of 2,4,6-tris(4-phenyl-phenoxy)-1,3,5-triazine derived from 4-phenylphenol cyanate ester and phenyl glycidyl ether were analyzed. In addition to an isocyanurate compound and an oxazolidone compound which were well known as reaction products of cyanate esters and epoxy resins, compounds with hybrid ring structure of cyanurate/isocyanurate were determined. Gibbs free energies of the compound having hybrid ring structure of cyanurate/isocyanurate with two isocyanurate moiety were found to be lower than that of the compound with cyanurate ring structure through calculations. Calculation data supported the existence of hybrid ring structure of cy-anurate/isocyanurate. It was revealed that isomerization from cyanurate to isocyanurate occurs via hybrid ring structure of cyanurate/isocyanurate in the reaction of aryl cyanurate and epoxy.

Large-scale data-driven and physics-based models offer insights into the relationships among the structures,dynamics,and functions of chromosomes

The organized three-dimensional chromosome architecture in the cell nucleus provides scaffolding for precise regulation of gene expression.When the cell changes its identity in the cell-fate decision-making process,extensive rearrangements of chromo-some structures occur accompanied by large-scale adaptations of gene expression,underscoring the importance of chromosome dynamics in shaping genome function.Over the last two decades,rapid development of experimental methods has provided unprecedented data to characterize the hierarchical structures and dynamic properties of chromosomes.In parallel,these enormous data offer valuable opportunities for developing quantitative computational models.Here,we review a variety of large-scale polymer models developed to investigate the structures and dynamics of chromosomes.Different from the underlying modeling strategies,these approaches can be classified into data-driven(‘top-down’)and physics-based(‘bottom-up’)categories.We discuss their contributions to offering valuable insights into the relationships among the structures,dynamics,and functions of chromosomes and propose the perspective of developing data integration approaches from different experimental technologies and multidisciplinary theoretical/simulation methods combined with different modeling strategies.

高温影响下花岗岩孔径分布的分形结构及模型

温度是影响岩石物理性质的重要因素，为了探究温度对岩石孔径分布的影响规律，利用压汞法测试25℃～1200℃高温热处理后花岗岩样品的孔隙特征，并研究了不同高温影响下岩石孔隙的分形结构和孔隙率演化模型。结果表明：（1）随着温度的升高，岩石孔隙率呈指数增加，500℃～800℃是岩石孔隙结构变化的阈值温度区间，500℃之前孔隙率增长较缓慢，增长幅度约50％，之后孔隙率大幅增加3～5倍；（2）温度升高所导致的岩石新孔隙以孔径1～10μm的中孔为主，低于500℃时中孔占15％左右，而后稳步上升，800℃时大幅增加至28．24％，1000℃以后又增至40％以上，体积增长了11．8倍，这将导致岩石防渗阻渗能力大大减弱；（3）各温度下岩石孔隙分布均具有良好的统计分形特性，孔隙分形维数在2．99～3．00范围，随温度升高，分形维数降低，且温度越高，降低幅度越大，表明孔隙均匀性增加；（4）基于理想Menger海绵的Friesen模型预测各孔径下累计孔隙率演化误差较大，而张季如和陶高梁模型对不同高温岩石孔径分布具有良好的预测精度。研究结果将为高放核废料深层地下存储、地热开发等高温岩石工程设计及施工提供科学依据。