Development of an enhanced online tritium monitoring system using plastic scintillation fiber array

Tritium,a radioactive nuclide discharged by nuclear power plants,poses challenges for removal.Continuous online monitoring of tritium in water is crucial for real-time radiation data,given its predominant existence in the environment as water.This paper presents the design,simulation,and development of a tritium monitoring device utilizing a plastic scintillation fiber(PSF)array.Experimental validation confirmed the device’s detection efficiency and minimum detectable activity.The recorded detection efficiency of the device is 1.6×10^(-3),which exceeds the theoretically simulated value of 4×10^(-4)by four times.Without shielding,the device can achieve a minimum detectable activity of 3165 Bq L^(-1)over a 1600-second measurement duration.According to simulation and experimental results,enhancing detection efficiency is possible by increasing the number and length of PSFs and implementing rigorous shielding measures.Additionally,reducing the diameter of PSFs can also improve detection efficiency.The minimum detectable activity of the device can be further reduced using the aforementioned methods.

Fiber Coupling of Laser Diode Bar to M ultimode Fiber Array

A piece of multimode optical fiber with a low num er ical aperture (NA) is used as an inexpensive microlens to collimate the output r adiation of a laser diode bar in the high numerical aperture (NA) direction.The emissions of the laser diode bar are coupled into multimode fiber array.The radi ation from individual ones of emitter regions is optically coupled into individu al ones of fiber array.Total coupling efficiency and fiber output power are 75% and 15W,respectively.

A low-outgassing-rate carbon fiber array cathode

In this paper, a new carbon fiber based cathode — a low-outgassing-rate carbon fiber array cathode — is investigated experimentally, and the experimental results are compared with those of a polymer velvet cathode. The carbon fiber array cathode is constructed by inserting bunches of carbon fibers into the cylindrical surface of the cathode. In experiment, the diode base pressure is maintained at 1×10^（-2） Pa–2×10^（-2） Pa, and the diode is driven by a compact pulsed power system which can provide a diode voltage of about 100 kV and pulse duration of about 30 ns at a repetition rate of tens of Hz.Real-time pressure data are measured by a magnetron gauge. Under the similar conditions, the experimental results show that the outgassing rate of the carbon fiber array cathode is an order smaller than that of the velvet cathode and that this carbon fiber array cathode has better shot-to-shot stability than the velvet cathode. Hence, this carbon fiber array cathode is demonstrated to be a promising cathode for the radial diode, which can be used in magnetically insulated transmission line oscillator（MILO） and relativistic magnetron（RM）.

A fiber-array probe technique for measuring the viscosity of a substance under shock compression

A fiber-array probe is designed to measure the damping behavior of a small perturbed shock wave in an opaque substance, by which the effective viscosity of substance under the condition of high temperature and high pressure can be constrained according to the flyer-impact technique. It shows that the measurement precision of the shock arrival time by using this technique is within 2 ns. To easily compare with the results given by electrical pin technique, the newly developed method is used to investigate the effective viscosity of aluminum （Al）. The shear viscosity coefficient of A1 is determined to be 1700 Pa.s at 71 GPa with a strain rate of 3.6× 10^6 s-1, which is in good agreement with the results of other methods. The advantage of the new technique over the electrical pin one is that it is applicable for studying the non-conductive substances.

Development of a fast neutron spectrometer based on a plastic fiber array

Objective A three-dimensional position-sensitive fast neutron spectrometer is designed to measure fast neutron spectrum over 10 MeV.Methods The detector consists of a 16×16 mutually perpendicular plastic scintillation fiber array coupled to 2×2 Hamamatsu H8500C position-sensitive photomultiplier tubes by optical fibers.The fiber array is fabricated with 0.5 mm×3 mm fibers and 3-mm square fibers.Results Due to the combined application of different sizes of fibers,the detector can broaden energy dynamic range and meanwhile have good detection efficiency.The method of the combined application of different sizes of plastic fibers in the array may provide a solution to measure wider energy range of solar neutrons.Conclusion In this paper,we used FLUKA to simulate the performance of the detector model and report the results of experimental studies with neutrons from a pulsed D-T neutron.

Quantum Information Processing in An Array of Fiber Coupled Cavities

We consider a fiber coupled cavity array. Each cavity is doped with a single two-level atom. By treating the atom-cavity systems as combined polaritonie qubits, we can transform it into a polaritonic qubit-qubit array in the dispersive regime. We show that the four fiber coupled cavity open chain and ring can both generate the four qubit W state and cluster state, and can both transfer one and two qubit arbitrary states. We also discuss the dynamical behaviors of the four fiber coupled cavity array with unequal couplings.

Efficient single‑pixel imaging based on a compact fiber laser array and untrained neural network

This paper presents an efficient scheme for single-pixel imaging(SPI)utilizing a phase-controlled fiber laser array and an untrained deep neural network.The fiber lasers are arranged in a compact hexagonal structure and coherently combined to generate illuminating light fields.Through the utilization of high-speed electro-optic modulators in each individual fiber laser module,the randomly modulated fiber laser array enables rapid speckle projection onto the object of interest.Furthermore,the untrained deep neural network is incorporated into the image reconstructing process to enhance the quality of the reconstructed images.Through simulations and experiments,we validate the feasibility of the proposed method and successfully achieve high-quality SPI utilizing the coherent fiber laser array at a sampling ratio of 1.6%.Given its potential for high emitting power and rapid modulation,the SPI scheme based on the fiber laser array holds promise for broad applications in remote sensing and other applicable fields.

Fiber-based multiple-access frequency synchronization via 1f–2f dissemination

Considering the reference frequency dissemination requirements of the Square Kilometre Array telescope（SKA）project,on the basis of the 1f–2f precision frequency synchronization scheme,we propose and demonstrate a fiber-based multiple-access frequency synchronization scheme.The dissemination reference frequency can be recovered at arbitrary nodes along the entire fiber link.It can be applied to antennas close proximity to the SKA central station,and will lead to a better SKA frequency synchronization network.As a performance test,we recover the disseminated 100-MHz reference frequency at an arbitrary node chosen as being 5 km away from the transmitting site.Relative frequency stabilities of2.0×10^（-14）/s and 1.6×10^（-16）/10~4 s are obtained.We also experimentally verify the feasibility of a frequency dissemination link with three access points.

Development of an upgraded motional Stark effect diagnostic system on EAST tokamak

A new multi-channel motional Stark effect(MSE)diagnostic system has been developed on the upgraded EAST tokamak,which was installed on the port C to observe a tangential neutral beam.A telecentric imaging lens was deployed to ensure uniform illumination from the core to the boundary.A square fiber head which contained 23 fiber bundles was mounted to this imaging lens;each fiber bundle contained 19 fibers and two of them were assigned to CXRS and BES spectrometer,respectively.The angle tuning method was used for matching the Doppler shift of theσcomponent’s wavelength which was caused by the beam voltage.At the present stage,the MSE system only contains ten channels that would be extended to 23 channels in the future,covering a measurement range from R=1.8 to R=2.27 m with a temporal resolution of 10 ms and a spatial resolution of3 cm.The polarization angle-constrained q profiles and current density profiles were reconstructed with EFIT equilibrium reconstructions.In the sawtooth discharges,the q=1 surface position was validated by the ECE signals,which further verified the rationality of the MSE measurement.

High Speed VCSEL-Based Parallel Optical Transmission Modules

Design and fabrication of a parallel optical transmitter are reported. The optimized 12 channel parallel optical transmitter,with each channel＇s data rate up to 3Gbit/s,is designed, assembled, and measured. A top-emitting 850nm vertical cavity surface emitting laser（VCSEL） array is adopted as the light source,and the VCSEL chip is directly wire bonded to a 12 channel driver IC. The outputs of the VCSEL array are directly butt coupled into a 12 channel fiber array. Small form factor pluggable （SFP） packaging technology is used in the module to support hot pluggable in application. The performance results of the module are demonstrated. At an operating current of 8mA, an eye diagram at 3Gbit/s is achieved with an optical output of more than 1mW.

Time/Wavelength Fiber Bragg Grating Multiplexing Sensor Array

A novel time/wavelength-multiplexed fiber Bragg grating sensor array is presented. This type of sensor array has the advantages of more points for multi-point measurement, simple structure and low cost.

Optical true time-delay for two-dimensional phased array antennas using compact fiber grating prism

A two-dimensional(2D) optical true-time delay(TTD) beam-forming system using a compact fiber grating prism(FGP) for a planar phased array antenna(PAA) is proposed. The optical beam-forming system mainly consists of a TTD unit based on the same compact FGP, one tunable laser for elevation beam steering, and a controlled wavelength converter for azimuth beam steering. A planar PAA using such 2D optical TTD unit has advantages such as compactness, low bandwidth requirement for tunable laser sources, and potential for large-scale system implementations. The proof-of-concept experiment results demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed scheme.

Arrayed Lensed Fibers Collectively Fabricated Utilizing UV-Curable Fluorinated Polymer

A novel fabrication method for lensed fiber array has been proposed utilizing UV-curable fluorinated polymer, whose refractive index is matched to fused silica. The structure is composed of three segments; single mode fiber, coreless silica fiber and UV-curable polymer lens-tip. Flexible control of the curvature of lens-tip was realized by control of deposited volume of the liquid polymer and free-space interconnection performances are characterized.

Array Waveguide Grating Based Fiber Lasers

Two array waveguide grating (AWGs) based fiber ring lasers are experimentally demonstrated. Either of them achieves wavelength discrete tuning of 32 nm, or yields simultaneously lasing up to four channels with -7 dBm output power for each channel.

Theoretical analysis of lens array for uniform irradiation on target in multimode fiber lasers

We propose and demonstrate a scheme to smooth and shape the on-target patterns in multimode fiber lasers, which includes expanding-collimating system and lens array （LA）. A smooth pattern with flat-top and sharp-edge profiles can be obtained with the irradiation nonuniformity decreasing significantly. We analyze the effects of the parameters such as defocus distance, the tilt angles, the number of the incident fiber lasers, and the diffraction-weakened LA on the uniformity irradiation of target by numerical simulations.

A novel 2-dimensional cosmic ray position detector based on a CsI(Na) pixel array and an ICCD camera

A novel 2-D cosmic ray position detector has been built and studied. It is integrated from a CsI（Na） crystal pixel array, an optical fiber array, an image intensifier and an ICCD camera. The 2-D positions of one cosmic ray track is determined by the location of a fired CsI（Na） pixel. The scintillation light of these 1.0× 1.0 mm CsI（Na） pixels is delivered to the image intensifier through fibers. The light information is recorded in the ICCD camera in the form of images, from which the 2-D positions can be reconstructed. The background noise and cosmic ray images have been studied. The study shows that the cosmic ray detection efficiency can reach up to 11.4%, while the false accept rate is less than 1%.

High-Speed Mach-Zehnder-OTDR Distributed Optical Fiber Vibration Sensor Using Medium-Coherence Laser

This article presents a high-speed distributed vibration sensing based on Mach-Zehnder-OTDR （optical time-domain reflectometry）. Ultra-weak fiber Bragg gratings （UWFBG）, whose backward light intensity is 2-4 orders of magnitude higher than that of Rayleigh scattering, are used as the reflection markers. A medium-coherence laser can substitute conventional narrow bandwidth source to achieve an excellent performance of distributed vibration sensing since our unbalanced interferometer matches the interval of UWFBGs. The 3 m of spatial resolution of coherent detection and multiple simultaneous vibration sources locating can be realized based on OTDR. The enhanced signal to noise ratio （SNR） enables fast detection of distributed vibration without averaging. The fastest vibration of 25 kHz and the slowest vibration of 10Hz can be detected with our system successfully, and the linearity is 0.9896 with a maximum deviation of 3.46nε.