Effects of dietary fiber content and different fiber-rich ingredients on endogenous loss of fat and fatty acids in growing pigs

Background: Determination of the endogenous loss of fat(ELF) is used to adjust for the estimation of true total tract digestibility(TTTD) of fat in diets and ingredients.Any factor which affected ELF may further affect the digestibility of fat,including sources and concentrations of fat and fiber in the diet.There are some reports of determining the ELF using regression methods based on different levels of fat intake,while reports on effects of dietary fiber content and different fiber-rich ingredients in pig diets on ELF are very limited.Therefore,the objective of this study was to determine the effects of dietary fiber content and different fiber-rich ingredients on endogenous losses of fat and fatty acids at the end of ileum and throughout the entire intestinal tract in growing pigs.Methods: In Exp.1,the effect of fiber content on endogenous loss of fat was determined using six growing pigs(Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire;27.6 ± 2.4 kg),fitted with a T-cannula at the end of ileum.The experimental design was a 6 × 6 complete Latin square design with six periods of feeding and six diets.The six experimental fat-free diets were formulated to include graded levels of neutral detergent fiber(NDF)(0,40,80,120,160 and 200 g/kg) and soybean hull(SH) was the only fiber source,providing 0,75,150,225,300 and 375 g/kg,respectively.Chromic oxide was included at4 g/kg in all diets as an indigestible marker.In Exp.2,six crossbred growing barrows(27.6 ± 1.6 kg) were used and the experimental design was the same as for Exp.1.The six fat-free diets were formulated to include six common fiber-rich ingredients and the concentration of NDF was 100 g/kg.The six fiber-rich ingredients were defatted rice bran(DRB),sugar beet pulp(SBP),rice hull(RH),corn germ meal(CGM),SH and wheat bran(WB) and they were fed at represented250,270,145,250,170 and 280 g/kg in the diet,respectively.Results: In Exp.1,the endogenous loss of fatty acids profile did not change as dietary NDF increased in growing pigs.The endogenous losses of fat,C16:0,C18:0,C18:1,C18:2,total unsaturated fatty acids(UFA) and total saturated fatty acids(SFA) in growing pigs at the end of ileum and throughout the entire intestinal tract increased linearly as NDF content of diets increased.The endogenous losses of fat,as well as C16:0 and C18:0 throughout the entire intestinal tract also increased quadratically as NDF content of diets increased.The ELF increased from 0.71 to 3.14 g/kg of dry matter intake(DMI) and 0.56 to 8.21 g/kg DMI at the end of ileum and throughout the entire intestinal tract in growing pigs,respectively.The ELF occurred in the hindgut except for the growing pigs fed 0 and 4% NDF in their diets.The endogenous losses of C16:0 and UFA occurred primarily in the upper regions of the gut and the greatest endogenous losses of C18:0 occurred in the hindgut.The endogenous losses of fat,individual SFA and total SFA throughout the entire intestinal tract were much greater than that at the end of ileum.However,the endogenous losses of individual UFA and total UFA were less throughout the intestinal tract than at the end of ileum.In Exp.2,the endogenous losses of fat at the end of ileum were greater in growing pigs fed CGM or WB diets.The endogenous loss of fatty acids profile changed to a slight degree at the end of ileum that the endogenous loss of UFA(particularly C18:1 and C18:2) in growing pigs fed CGM or WB diets were greater(P < 0.01) than that for the other four diets.The greatest(P < 0.01) endogenous loss of SFA(particularly C18:0) was in growing pigs fed the RH diet.The endogenous losses of fat,C16:0,C18:0 and SFA over the entire intestinal tract were much greater in growing pigs fed CGM or WB diets,whereas the lowest values were in growing pigs fed DRB diet.The ELF at the end of ileum in growing pigs fed CGM or WB diets were 3.50 or 4.17 g/kg DMI,respectively,and the ELF over the entire intestinal tract was 7.23 or 7.38 g/kg DMI.The contribution in percentage of ELF in the upper gut was greater than that in the hindgut of growing pigs fed DRB and RH diets,while the ELF in the upper gut and hindgut were equal in growing pigs fed SBP,CGM and WB diets.On the whole,the endogenous losses of C18:1 and C18:2 throughout the entire intestinal tract in growing pigs fed the six fiber-rich ingredients diets were less than losses at the end of ileum,whereas the endogenous loss of fat,C16:0,C18:0 and SFA were greater throughout the intestinal tract than at the end of ileum.Conclusion: The profile of loss in endogenous fatty acids did not change as dietary NDF increased in growing pigs and the endogenous losses of fatty acids(C16:0,C18:0,C18:1 and C18:2) fat,UFA and SFA increased linearly as NDF content increased in the diets of pigs.The endogenous losses of fat or fatty acids at the end of ileum were greater in growing pigs fed RH,CGM or WB diets.The endogenous losses of fat,fatty acids(C16:0 and C18:0) and SFA were greater over the entire intestinal tract in pigs fed CGM or WB diet,while these values were the lowest in growing pigs fed the DRB diet.The contribution in percentage losses of fat in the upper gut were greater than in the hindgut of growing pigs fed DRB and RH diets,while the contribution of losses of fat in the upper gut and hindgut were equal in growing pigs fed SBP,CGM and WB diets.In addition,the endogenous loss of individual or total UFA was less over the entire intestinal tract of growing pigs fed fiber diets than that at the end of ileum,and the greatest endogenous losses of fat,individual or total SFA were over the entire intestinal tract.Therefore,differences in fiber content and the nature of fiber-rich ingredients in diets of pigs have different effects to the endogenous losses of fat or fatty acids.Considering the requirement of fat or fatty acids of pigs,careful attention must be paid that the endogenous losses of fat and fatty acids when fiber ingredients are used in diets of pigs.

Damage Processes of Polypropylene Fiber Reinforced Mortar in Different Fiber Content Revealed by Acoustic Emission Behavior

The performances of the cement-based materials can be improved by the incorporation of polypropylene fiber, but the damage processes become more complex with different fiber contents at the same time. The acoustic emission（AE） technology can achieve the global monitoring of internal damage in materials. The evolution process of failure mode and damage degree of polypropylene fiber reinforced mortar and concrete were analyzed by measuring the AE energy, RA value, AF value and b value. It was found that the cement matrix cracked on the initial stage, the cracks further developed on the medium stage and the fibers were pulled out on the last stage. The matrix cracked with minor injury cracks, but the fiber broke with serious damage cracks. The cumulative AE energy was proportional to the polypropylene fiber reinforced concrete and mortar＇s ductility. The damage mode and damage degree can be judged by identifying the damage stage obtained by the analysis of the AF value.

Rapid Measurement of Short Fiber Content on Hertel Sample

This paper offers a new method of measuring short fiber content of cotton fibers. The method is composed of two parts: one is Hertel sampling and the other is image testing. With the help of fiber mixer, a thin and even cotton net is obtained on which we can get Hertel sample by using a sliver clamp. The near micro optical mechanism consists of one large area CCD and one lens with long focus. This mechanism is able to measure every cotton fiber of the test beard accurately and makes it possible to measure accumulating fibers’ amounts. On this base we can calculate short fiber content of cotton, and the experiment results show that this method is efficient.

Experimental and numerical analyses of the effect of fibre content on the close-in blast performance of a UHPFRC beam

Limited research has been conducted on the influences of fiber content on close-in blasting characteristics for ultrahigh-performance fiber-reinforced concrete(UHPFRC)beams.This paper aims to address this knowledge gap through experimental and mesoscale numerical methods.Experiments were conducted on ten UHPFRC beams built with varying steel fiber volumetric fractions subjected to close-in explosive conditions.Additionally,this study considered other parameters,such as the longitudinal reinforcement type and ratio.In the case of UHPFRC beams featuring normal-strength longitudinal reinforcement of diametersΦ12,Φ16,andΦ20,a reduction in maximum displacement by magnitudes of19.6%,19.5%,and 17.4%was observed,respectively,as the volumetric fractions of fiber increased from1.0%to 2.5%.In addition,increasing the longitudinal reinforcement ratio and using high-strength steel longitudinal reinforcement both significantly reduced the deformation characteristics and increase the blasting resistances of UHPFRC beams.However,the effects on the local crushing and spalling damage were not significant.A mesoscale finite element model,which considers the impacts of fiber parameters on UHPFRC beam behaviors,was also established and well correlated with the test findings.Nevertheless,parametric analyses were further conducted to examine the impacts of the steel fiber content and length and the hybrid effects of various types of microfibers and steel fibers on the blasting performance of UHPFRC beams.

Mechanical Characterization of Rubber Latex-Based Carpets (Hevea bresiliensis): Influence of Rubber Latex Content and Fiber Fabrics (Cotton and Mosquito Nets) on Wear Resistance of Rubber Latex-Based Carpets

This work focuses on the development of carpets from sand, fabrics of cotton fiber and mosquito nets and rubber latex. Following a study on the choice of the best formulations, the quantity of rubber latex used for shaping varies between 14% and 18% (latex/sand + latex ratio) for the carpet with the fabric of mosquito nets and between 16% and 18% for the one made with the fabric of cotton fiber. Thus, with a mixture of sand, fiber fabrics (cotton and mosquito nets) and rubber latex, carpets were developed. In addition, the wear test carried out on these samples indicates that it is possible to produce carpets with the new material made of rubber sand and latex: SABLATEX At room temperature. Following the characterization test, it resorts to only 16% latex with cotton fiber fabric, allowing to have carpets with good mechanical characteristics.

Root tensile strength of terrace hedgerow plants in the karst trough valleys of SW China:Relation with root morphology and fiber content

Root tensile strength is commonly affected by root morphology and fiber content,which combinedly affect the effectiveness of terrace hedgerow on controlling soil erosion in sloping farmland.However,the relationships between these root characteristics are still elusive.This study aimed to compare the root tensile strength,root morphologies,and root fiber contents,and quantify their differences among different plant species.Complete root systems of three terrace hedgerow plant species,i.e.,O.bodinieri,V.villosa,and D.lablab L.were sampled for detecting root morphologies and fiber contents at different slope positions on a representative hillslope in karst trough valley.Single root specimens were collected to measure root tensile properties for these three plant species.Results showed that most root morphological parameters were the highest in O.bodinieri,followed by D.lablab L.Three plant species presented the same dominant diameter class as<1.0 mm,and root volumes as<1.50 cm3.Cellulose with contents closing to 50%was the main fiber type,and increased significantly linearly with the increasing root diameter in both O.bodinieri and V.villosa.The highest tensile strength and Young's modulus were found in D.lablab L.,while the best ultimate tensile force and ultimate elongation were displayed in O.bodinieri.Root diameter showed negative power relationships with tensile strength and Young's modulus,a positive power relationship with ultimate tensile force,and a positive linear relationship with ultimate elongation.Our results will deepen the understanding of the terrace hedgerow functions for controlling soil erosion worldwide.

Effect of sex and rearing system on the quality and mineral content of fiber from raeini cashmere goats

The aim of this study was to compare the quality characteristics and mineral content of the fiber from male and female cashmere goats raised under different management systems. Male and female Raeini cashmere goats （〈1.5 years of age, n=48） were selected from flocks raised at a government breeding station or raised commercially under either rural or nomadic conditions. The staple length, cashmere fiber diameter, coefficient of variation for fiber diameter, percentage of cashmere in a fleece, percentage of guard hair in a fleece and cashmere tenacity averaged 4.6 ±0.1 cm, 18.0 ±0.1 um, 20.9±0.4%, 66.1 ± 1.5%, 33.8± 1.5% and 1.8±0.2 gf/tex, respectively. The sulfur, copper and zinc content of the cashmere averaged 2.8 ± 0.1%, 0.00065 ± 0.00002% and 0.01276 ± 0.00025%, respectively. Rearing method significantly affected staple length, coefficient of variation of fiber diameter, cashmere tenacity and copper content. Males had a higher coefficient of variation of fiber diameter and cashmere tenacity than females （P 〈 0.05）.

Effect of oxygen content on tensile strength of polymer-derived SiC fibers

Air-curing is usually applied to the polymer-derived SiC fibers and, as a result, oxygen is embedded to the material. An effective relationship between oxygen content of the SiC fibers and mass gain of their precursor fibers was established. Results also showed that oxygen content has a great influence on the mechanical properties and excellent tensile strength is usually obtained at the oxygen content of 12%～13%, similar to the density of SiC fibers. Oxygen content has a positive effect on the ceramic yield, and thus, is good to the density and tensile strength; while, oxygen content is also negative to volume content of SiC phase and crystallization of the SiC fibers, and thus, detrimental to the density and tensile strength. Both of the two effects result in the peak behavior of the tensile strength of SiC fibers.

Influence of Water Content on Conductivity and Piezoresistivity of Cement-based Material with both Carbon Fiber and Carbon Black

The influence of water content on the conductivity and piezoresistivity of cement-based material with carbon fiber （CF） and carbon black （CB） was investigated. The piezoresistivity of cement-based material with both CF and CB was compared with that of cement-based material with CF only, and the changes in electrical resistivity of cement-based material with both CF and CB under static and loading conditions in different drying and soaking time were studied. It is found that the piezoresistivity of cement-based material with both CF and CB has better repeatability and linearity than that of cement-based material with CF only. The conductivity and the sensitivity of piezoresistive cement-based material with both CF and CB are enhanced as the water content in piezoresistive cement-based material increases.

A distributed measurement method for in-situ soil moisture content by using carbon-fiber heated cable

Moisture content is a fundamental physical index that quantifies soil property and is closely associatedwith the hydrological, ecological and engineering behaviors of soil. To measure in-situ soil moisturecontents, a distributed measurement system for in-situ soil moisture content （SM-DTS） is introduced.The system is based on carbon-fiber heated cable （CFHC） technology that has been developed to enhancethe measuring accuracy of in-situ soil moisture content. Using CFHC technique, a temperature characteristicvalue （Tt） can be defined from temperatureetime curves. A relationship among Tt, soil thermalimpedance coefficient and soil moisture content is then established in laboratory. The feasibility of theSM-DTS technology to provide distributed measurements of in-situ soil moisture content is verifiedthrough field tests. The research reported herein indicates that the proposed SM-DTS is capable ofmeasuring in-situ soil moisture content over long distances and large areas.

Nitrogen and fiber concentration in rumen contents and fecescontents of Mongolian gazelles

Fecal indicators of nutritional status of wild ungulates were less constrained than that of blood, rumen contents, or urine analyses. Thus, we compared the nitrogen and fiber concentrations of feces with those of the rumen contents of Mongolian gazelles (Procapra guttrurosa) in Hulunbeier Grassland. Rumen contents and fecal nutritional concentrations varied in different seasons. Dietary nitrogen concentrations only increased linearly with increase nitrogen concentration in fecal in winter. There was a positive correlation between rumen NDF (neutral detergent fiber) and fecal NDF concentrations. But the regression coefficient was small (r=0.3917). There was a significant regression equation between rumen contents ADF (acid detergent fiber) and fecal ADF concentrations,as well as ADL (acid detergent lignin) concentrations. Nitrogen concentration was found to be negatively correlated with NDF ADF and ADL concentrations both in rumen and in fecal compositions. Our data suggest that fecal nitrogen, ADF ADL concentrations may assess winter dietary qualities that are in protein, crude fiber and lignin concentrations for Mongolian gazelles.

玄武岩-聚乙烯醇纤维对再生混凝土抗冻性能的影响

为了推广再生混凝土在高海拔和北方寒冷地区的应用,对单掺、混掺不同体积掺量玄武岩纤维和聚乙烯醇纤维的再生混凝土进行质量损失率、相对动弹性模量、抗压强度损失率3项抗冻性能指标的探究,并用SEM对200次冻融循环后混掺纤维再生混凝土进行细观作用机理分析,最后结合响应面法对混掺纤维掺量进行优选。结果显示:外掺纤维能够提高再生混凝土的抗冻性能,而混掺纤维效果优于单掺纤维;2种纤维在试件内部呈网状分布,协同受力,与基体互相约束,很大程度限制了裂缝的扩展和数量;纤维优化结果显示当聚乙烯醇纤维与玄武岩体积掺量分别为0.170%和0.246%时,再生混凝土的抗冻性能最优。研究成果对玄武岩-聚乙烯醇纤维再生混凝土纤维掺量设计具有一定的借鉴意义。

部分充填式窄幅钢箱-UHPC组合梁抗剪试验研究

目的为研究部分充填式窄幅钢箱-UHPC组合梁的抗剪性能,方法对4根倒置组合梁试件通过三点加载方式进行了静载试验,通过研究其负弯矩作用下的破坏形态及变形特征,得到了组合梁的荷载-挠度曲线、应变分布、荷载-滑移曲线、最终破坏形态等。结果试验研究结果表明:UHPC翼板显著提升了组合梁的变形能力和极限承载力;相较于试件SUCB-3(NC翼板),试件SUCB-1(1/2UHPC翼板和SUCB-4(全UHPC翼板))的承载力分别提高了18.2%和27.3%,变形能力则分别增强了38.02%和41.2%;钢纤维的添加能有效地抑制翼板裂缝的开展,钢纤维掺量从0提高到2%,试件的最大裂缝宽度从1.06 mm降低到0.92 mm,变形能力增强了23.61%,承载力则提高了4%。结论提出了考虑钢箱、UHPC翼板和充填混凝土贡献的组合梁抗剪承载力计算公式。

剑麻纤维加筋水泥土力学性能试验

目的 研究纤维掺量、纤维长度及养护龄期对剑麻纤维加筋水泥土无侧限抗压强度及巴西劈裂抗拉强度的影响规律。方法 设置纤维掺量为0~0.8%,加筋长度为7~19 mm,养护龄期为7 d、28 d及90 d,对不同影响因素下剑麻纤维加筋水泥土进行无侧限抗压强度试验及巴西劈裂试验。结果 剑麻纤维的掺入提升了水泥土的无侧限抗压强度及巴西劈裂抗拉强度,随着纤维掺量及加筋长度的增加呈现出先增大后减小的规律;当加筋长度为11 mm、纤维掺量为0.4%时,加筋效果最显著,无侧限抗压强度提高幅度达30.2%;剑麻纤维加筋水泥土的抗拉强度、拉压比与纤维掺量呈线性关系。结论 剑麻纤维的掺入改善了水泥土的脆性,提高了水泥土的破坏韧性;采用幂函数对试验数据进行拟合,得到了养护龄期与纤维掺量共同作用下剑麻纤维加筋水泥土无侧限抗压强度的预测模型,可以为实际工程提供参考。

聚丙烯纤维混凝土力学性能试验

为了探究不同类型、不同掺量的聚丙烯纤维对混凝土力学性能的作用效果,在混凝土材料中加入3种不同类型的聚丙烯纤维(波浪型聚丙烯纤维、压花型聚丙烯纤维、单丝型聚丙烯纤维),并分别使用不同掺量(0、0.08%、0.11%、0.14%、0.17%、0.20%)作为水平变量,对聚丙烯纤维试块进行抗压强度试验、劈裂抗拉强度试验、轴心抗压强度试验.研究发现:波浪型聚丙烯纤维掺量为0.17%时,混凝土抗压强度最佳;单丝型聚丙烯纤维掺量为0.20%时,混凝土的劈裂抗拉强度最佳;单丝型聚丙烯纤维掺量为0.17%时,对于混凝土的抗折强度有较好作用效果.

层联衬经斜纹机织预制体细观结构几何建模

为分析层联衬经斜纹机织预制体的细观结构,通过X射线显微镜(Micro-CT)观测复合材料中的纤维,基于Micro-CT观测的纤维横截面形状和空间走向,提出矩形衬经纱横截面、矩形接结经纱横截面、凸透镜形纬纱横截面、直线型衬经纱路径、直线型纬纱路径和抛物线形接结经纱路径等假设,推导了纤维预制体厚度和纤维体积含量与纤维参数之间的关系,建立了预制体细观结构模型,通过纤维宽度和厚度计算纱线横截面变异系数、预制体厚度和纤维体积含量。为验证模型的准确性,以芳纶纤维和超高分子质量聚乙烯纤维为原材料制备了2种相同结构、不同纤维的层联衬经斜纹机织复合材料,并与提出的预制体模型对比分析。结果表明:理论值与实测值在合理误差范围之内,预制体厚度误差小于1.5%,预制体纤维体积含量误差小于1.5%。

不同钢纤维掺量全轻混凝土梁落锤冲击试验研究

由于全轻混凝土结构抗剪承载力较低,因此有必要探究钢纤维的加入对全轻混凝土梁动力性能的影响。设计钢纤维体积掺量为0%、1%、2%共3根适筋梁,对其跨中区域进行落锤冲击试验,并利用LS-dyna有限元软件进行数值模拟,对比分析各试件破坏形态、冲击力时程曲线、跨中位移时程曲线。试验结果表明:在相同冲击荷载作用下随着钢纤维体积掺量的增加抑制裂缝产生和发展的现象越显著,并且裂缝相对更加集中于梁跨中区域,支座处裂缝相对减少。钢纤维的加入不影响试件冲击力最大值,但随着钢纤维体积掺量的增加,各试件冲击力第二峰值与最大值之比增加14%和26%,跨中位移最大值与残余位移分别降低3、8mm与3、7mm。经研究得出钢纤维的加入显著提高全轻混凝土梁抗冲击性能。

黄麻韧皮纤维活性物质鉴定及抑菌效果分析

采用溶剂法从黄麻韧皮纤维中提取黄酮、多糖、生物碱3种成分,并对提取物的化学组分及抑菌效果进行测定分析。结果表明,3种提取物中总黄酮、总多糖、总生物碱含量分别为17.36 mg/g、3.57 mg/g、61.01μg/g。高效液相色谱法(HPLC)检测出黄酮类提取物主要包括异槲皮素(167.47μg/g)、槲皮素(12.35μg/g)、木犀草素(6.41μg/g)、山奈酚(6.26μg/g)等;多糖类提取物中的单糖组分有半乳糖(0.41 mg/g)、半乳糖醛酸(0.43 mg/g)、阿拉伯糖(1.03 mg/g)等;生物碱类提取物主要组分为盐酸小檗碱(9.97μg/g)。纸片扩散法、二倍稀释观察法、扫描电镜分析显示,3种提取物对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌、痢疾杆菌均能产生不同程度的抑制效果。综上,黄麻韧皮纤维中的活性物质较为丰富,且具有良好的抑菌性能。

基于钢纤维掺量不同的UHPC的力学性能

为明确超高性能混凝土(UHPC)中钢纤维掺量对其力学性能的影响,以钢纤维掺量不同为切入点,设置7组不同的钢纤维体积掺量(0、1%、1.5%、2%、2.5%、3%、4%),并设计了不同形状的试件,分析了钢纤维掺量对超高性能混凝土的坍落度、抗压强度、抗弯折能力、劈裂强度以及本构模型的影响。其试验结果表明:随着钢纤维掺量的增加,坍落度逐渐降低;其最佳钢纤维掺量为2%时,其抗压强度、抗弯折强度、劈裂强度增长幅度最大;通过文献得出应力-应变曲线的下降段参数随钢纤维掺量的增加呈递减趋势,且理论曲线和拟合曲线基本吻合。

醋酯纤维服用性能及纤维含量检测的现状与展望

近年来,顺应时代绿色发展、循环发展理念的醋酯纤维拥有广阔的发展前景,简述了醋酯纤维的制备、在纺织品中的服用性能,及其含量检测的现状和展望。