Effect of stimulated Brillouin scattering on the gain saturation of distributed fiber Raman amplifier and its suppression by phase modulation

For distributed fiber Raman amplifiers（DFRAs）, stimulated Brillouin scattering（SBS） can deplete the pump once occurring and consequently generate gain saturation. On the basis of such a theory, theoretical gain saturation powers in DFRAs with various pump schemes are obtained by calculating SBS thresholds in them, and the experimental results show that they are in excellent agreement with the calculation results. The saturation power of the DFRA with a 300 m W forward pump is as low as 0 d Bm, which needs to be enhanced by phase modulation, and the effect is quantitatively studied. A simple model taking both modulation frequency and index into consideration is presented by introducing a correction factor to evaluate the effect of phase modulation on the enhancement of saturation power. Experimentally, it is shown that such a correction factor decreases as the modulation frequency increases and approaches zero when the modulation frequency becomes high enough. In particular, a phase modulation with a modulation frequency of 100 MHz and a modulation index of 1.380 can enhance the saturation power by 4.44 d B, and the correction factor is 0.25 d B, in which the modulation frequency is high enough. Additionally, the factor is 1.767 d B for the modulation frequency of 25 MHz. On this basis,phase modulations with various indexes and a fixed frequency of 25 MHz are adopted to verify the modified model, and the results are positive. To obtain the highest gain saturation power, the model is referable. The research results provide a guide for the design of practical DFRAs.

A New Method for In-Situ Measurement of Internal Solitary Waves Based on the Stimulated Raman Scattering in Optical Fibers

In-situ measurement of internal solitary waves(ISWs)is complicated in the ocean due to their randomness.At present,the ISWs are mainly detected by the chain structure of conductivity-temperature-depth systems(CTDs)or temperature sensors.The high cost limits the spatial resolution,which ultimately affects the measuring accuracy of the ISW amplitude.In this paper,we developed an experimental measurement system for detecting ISWs based on the stimulated Raman scattering in distributed optical fibers.This system has the advantages of high precision,low cost,and easy operation.The experimental results show that the system is consistent with CTDs in the measurement of vertical ocean temperature variation.The spatial resolution of the system can reach 1.0 m and the measuring accuracy of temperature is 0.2℃.We successfully detected 3 ISWs by the system in the South China Sea and two optical remote sensing images collected on May 18,2021,the same day of two detected ISWs,verify the occurrence of the measured ISWs.We used the image pairs method to calculate the phase velocity of ISW and the result is 1.71 ms^(-1).By extracting the distances between wave packets,it can be found that the semi-diurnal tide generates the detected ISWs.The impact of the tidal current velocity on the ISW in amplitude is undeniable.Undoubtedly,the system has a great application prospect for detecting ISWs and other dynamic phenomena in the ocean.

Low-Threshold Broadband Spectrum Generation by Amplification of Cascaded Stimulated Raman Scattering in an Ytterbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier

We present an experimental study on low-threshold broadband spectrum generation mainly due to the amplirfication of the cascaded stimulated Raman scattering （SRS） effect in a four-stage fiber master oscillator power amplifier system. The cascaded SRS is achieved by using a long passive fiber pumped by a pulsed fiber laser cen： tered at wavelength 1064 nm. The amplified spontaneous emission during the amplification process is efficiently suppressed by cutting the length of the passive fiber and by using a double-clad ytterbium-doped fiber amplifier. The generated broadband spectrum spans from 960nm to 1700nm with maximum average output 13.6 W and average spectral power density approximately 17. 7 mW/nm.

H2 Stimulated Raman Scattering in a Multi-pass Cell with a Herriott Configuration

Stimulated raman scattering （SRS） is an effective method for expanding the spectral range of high power lasers, especially in the regime of near IR and middle IR. We report the SRS of high pressure H2 with a multiple-pass cell configuration. The SRS with the multiple-pass cell configuration is found to be very efficient for reduction of threshold of the first Stokes （S1）. Due to the coherent SRS （CSRS） process, the multiple-pass cell configuration is more effective for reduction of the threshold for the second Stokes （S2） SRS and for increasing the conversion efficiency of S2. This contributes to the relatively low conversion efficiency of S1 for the multiple-pass cell configuration. Multiple-pass cell SRS is also found to be very effective for improving the beam quality and the stability of S1.

Broadband bidirectional Brillouin–Raman random fiber laser with ultra-narrow linewidth

We present a Brillouin–Raman random fiber laser(BRRFL)with full-open linear cavity structure to generate broadband Brillouin frequency comb(BFC)with double Brillouin-frequency-shift spacing.The incorporation of a regeneration portion consisting of an erbium-doped fiber and a single-mode fiber enables the generation of broadband BFC.The dynamics of broadband BFC generation changing with the pump power(EDF and Raman)and Brillouin pump(BP)wavelength are investigated in detail,respectively.Under suitable conditions,the bidirectional BRRFL proposed can produce a flatamplitude BFC with 40.7-nm bandwidth ranging from 1531 nm to 1571.7 nm,and built-in 242-order Brillouin Stokes lines(BSLs)with double Brillouin-frequency-shift spacing.Moreover,the linewidth of single BSL is experimentally measured to be about 2.5 kHz.The broadband bidirectional narrow-linewidth BRRFL has great potential applications in optical communication,optical sensing,spectral measurement,and so on.

Impact of amplified spontaneous emission noise on the SRS threshold of high-power fiber amplifiers

Impact of amplified spontaneous emission(ASE)noise on the stimulated Raman scattering(SRS)threshold of highpower fiber amplifiers is demonstrated numerically through a spectral evolution approach.The simulation results confirm that ASE noise in the Raman wavelength band could reduce the SRS threshold of high-power fiber amplifiers significantly.As for ASE noise originated the main amplifier,it becomes stronger and reduces the SRS threshold at shorter operation wavelength below 1052 nm.As for ASE noise originated from the seed laser,it reduces the SRS threshold at different operation wavelength under the condition that the Raman ratio is over-90 dB in the seed laser.The theoretical method and results in this work could provide a well reference to extend the operation wavelength of high-power fiber lasers.

单模石英光纤中连续波泵浦SRS谱的演化

利用连续波掺Yb双包层光纤激光器为泵浦源 ,对单模石英光纤中受激Raman散射谱的形成过程进行了实验研究 结果表明 ,由自发Raman散射向受激Raman散射演化的过程中Stokes谱宽度不断变窄 当Stokes波信号功率较强时 ,在Raman光谱内部会出现能量红移现象 ,使Stokes光谱峰值相对于泵浦波的频移量从 4 4 0cm-1转化到 4

基于光纤中SRS效应的全光波长转换

提出利用光纤中非线性效应——受激喇曼散射(stimulated Raman scattering,SRS)实现波长转换的原理方案和相应的理论分析模型,并进行实验验证,将经过放大后的信号光和连续探测光同时注入光纤,在光纤中进行SRS放大,实现信号之间的转换。结果表明:利用SRS可实现波长转换,可实现跨几个THz的波长之间的转换。得到最大转换效率和消光比分别为-17.3dB和15.7dB。通过改变探测光的波长,可实现相隔几个THz光信号的全光波长转换和可调谐波长转换。

石英光纤中SRS及其连续谱研究

从理论和实验上研究了石英光纤中的SRS及其连续谱。理论上探讨了各级stokes线的来源与特点,分析了反斯托克斯线难以出现的原因和SRS的阈值与光纤长度的关系,并解释了光纤长120m时高阶stokes线呈现连续谱的原因。实验上用Nd+3∶YAG腔外倍频激光(波长为532nm)泵浦石英光纤,在光纤长度分别为15m和120m时,各拍摄得两级和五级stokes光谱图,测量了各级谱线的频移。理论分析和实验表明光纤越长,出现的stokes线级次越高,转换效率越高,阈值越低,越比较容易发生SRS效应,并易出现连续谱。理论和实验的结果相吻合。

基于碲基光纤SRS效应的全光波长转换研究

通过对碲基光纤拉曼增益谱曲线进行线性拟合,利用光纤中N信道前向瞬态受激拉曼散射效应(SRS:Stimulated Raman Scattering)的非色散限制的分析理论对碲基光纤拉曼波长转换进行了数值模拟,并对影响拉曼波长转换的因素进行了分析,同时与普通硅基光纤拉曼波长转换进行了比较。结果表明:在采用同样功率泵浦信号光的情况下,较普通硅光纤波长转换而言,利用碲基光纤进行拉曼波长转换采用的光纤长度较短,且得到的峰值转换效率高。

不等线性衰减系数时的SRS分析理论

为了准确描述受激喇曼散射效应(SRS)对波分复用石英光纤通信系统的影响,基于石英光纤喇曼增益谱可以拟合为直线的特点,给出不等线性衰减系数时的N-波道前向稳态SRS耦合方程的形式解,并分情况对该形式解进行讨论,得出一些特解。所得结果能很好地验证关于等线性衰减系数时的已有研究,并为光纤喇曼放大器的设计及运用数值方法研究波分复用石英光纤通信系统中的SRS效应提供参考。

SRS对DWDM系统传输性能影响的研究

推导出了受激拉曼散射效应(SRS)影响下的光纤DWDM传输系统的数值计算模型,并利用MATLAB软件进行了数值模拟计算,绘出了光脉冲传输特性图.最后提出了几种抑制受激拉曼效应对光纤DWDM系统影响的方案.

光纤—氮系统SRS谱的实验与理论分析

本文详细分析了光纤 -氮系统的受激剌曼光谱 ,给出了测试SRS光谱的实验装置、光谱及模式照片 ,在理论上分析了阈值条件和谱线宽度与泵浦光功率之间的关系。实验和理论计算基本符合 。

SRS导致光纤DWDM系统串扰的探讨

文章推导出光纤密集波分复用系统中SRS串扰的计算公式,通过数值计算,分析了不同参数下的SRS串扰变化情况。

Fabrication of kW-level chirped and tilted fiber Bragg gratings and filtering of stimulated Raman scattering in high-power CW oscillators

Suppression of stimulated Raman scattering(SRS)by means of chirped and tilted fiber Bragg gratings(CTFBGs)has become a key topic.However,research on high-power systems is still lacking due to two problems.Firstly,after the inscription,there are a large number of hydroxyl compounds and hydrogen molecules in CTFBGs that cause significant heating due to their strong infrared absorption.Secondly,CTFBGs can couple Stokes light from the core to the cladding and the coating,which causes serious heating in the coating of the CTFBG.Aimed at overcoming these bottlenecks,a process that combines constant-low-temperature and variable-high-temperature annealing is used to reduce the thermal slope of the CTFBG.Also,a segmented-corrosion cladding power stripping technology is used on the CTFBG to remove the Stokes light which is coupled to the cladding,which solves the problem of overheating in the coating of the CTFBG.Thereby,a CTFBG with both a kilowatt-level power-carrying load and the ability to suppress SRS in a fiber laser has been developed.Further,we establish a kW-level CW oscillator to test the CTFBG.Experimental results demonstrate that the power-carrying load of the CTFBG is close to 1 kW,the thermal slope is lower than 0.015 ℃/W,and the SRS suppression ratio is nearly 23 dB.

Mitigation of stimulated Raman scattering in kilowatt-level diode-pumped fiber amplifiers with chirped and tilted fiber Bragg gratings

The average power of diode-pumped fiber lasers has been developed deeply into the kW regime in the past years.However, stimulated Raman scattering(SRS) is still a major factor limiting the further power scaling. Here, we have demonstrated the mitigation of SRS in kilowatt-level diode-pumped fiber amplifiers using a chirped and tilted fiber Bragg grating(CTFBG) for the first time. The CTFBG is designed and inscribed in large-mode-area(LMA) fibers, matching with the operating wavelength of the fiber amplifier. With the CTFBG inserted between the seed laser and the amplifier stage, an SRS suppression ratio of ~10 dB is achieved in spectrum at the maximum output laser power of 2.35 kW,and there is no reduction in laser slope efficiency and degradation in beam quality. This work proves the feasibility and practicability of CTFBGs for SRS suppression in high-power fiber lasers, which is very useful for the further power scaling.

Experimental study of mode distortion induced by stimulated Raman scattering in high-power fiber amplifiers

The experimental investigation of mode distortion induced by stimulated Raman scattering(SRS)in a high-power fiber amplifier,which includes the evolutions of optical spectra,spatial beam profiles,and time-frequency characteristics,has been carried out in detail.Temporal-frequency characteristics have been studied for the first time,to the best of our knowledge,by using a low-speed camera and high-speed photodiode traces,which revealed that temporal-frequency characteristics of SRS-induced mode distortion are different from traditional dynamic mode instability(MI).The experimental results show that the output beam profile remains stable before the mode distortion occurs and fluctuates obviously after the onset of SRS-induced MI but on a time scale of seconds,which is much lower than that of Yb-gain-induced MI featuring millisecond-level beam profile fluctuation.It also shows that the mode distortion became measurable in company with the onset of inter-mode four-wave mixing(IM-FWM)when the ratio of Raman light reaches 3%;further,the beam quality factor M2degrades gradually from 1.4 to 2.1 as the ratio of Raman light increases.The mode distortion is accompanied by an obvious temperature increase of the output passive fiber,which further confirms that the mode distortion originates from SRS.The cause of the mode distortion induced by SRS has been explained in the context of core-pumped SRS effect,and the investigation on the accompanying IM-FWM effect indicates that the main content of the SRSinduced high-order mode is the LP21 mode.

Effective suppression of mode distortion induced by amplifiers stimulated Raman scattering in high-power fiber

Mode distortion induced by stimulated Raman scattering(SRS)has become a new obstacle for the further development of high-power fiber lasers with high beam quality.Here,an approach for effective suppression of the SRS-induced mode distortion in high-power fiber amplifiers has been demonstrated experimentally by adjusting the seed power(output power of seed source)and forward feedback coefficient of the rear port in the seed source.It is shown that the threshold power of the SRS-induced mode distortion can be increased significantly by reducing the seed power or the forward feedback coefficient.Moreover,it has also been found that the threshold power is extremely sensitive to the forward feedback power value from the rear port.The influence of the seed power on the threshold power can be attributed to the fact that the seed power plays an important role in the effective length of the gain fiber in the amplifier.The influence of the forward feedback coefficient on the threshold power can be attributed to the enhanced SRS configuration because the end surface of the rear port together with the fiber in the amplifier constitutes a half-opening cavity.This suppression approach will be very helpful to further develop the high-power fiber amplifiers with high beam quality.

Tuning of group delay with stimulated Raman scatteringinduced dispersion in gas-filled optical fiber

We report the first demonstration of group delay tuning with stimulated Raman scattering-induced dispersion in a hydrogen-filled hollow-core optical fiber.A pump laser induces a sharp refractive index change near the S0(0)Raman transition of hydrogen molecules,enabling the control of the group velocity of signal pulses around the Stokes wavelength.Experiments with an 80-m-long hollow-core fiber filled with 2.5 bar hydrogen achieved continuous tuning of the pulse delay up to 1.42 ns by varying the Raman amplification from 0 to 10 dB.The tunable pulse delay is realized by changing the pump power as well as the hydrogen pressure.This work provides a new technique for controlling the pulse propagation in optical fibers with high flexibility.

Generation of nanosecond cylindrical vector beams in two-mode fiber and its applications of stimulated Raman scattering

We present the generation of the nanosecond cylindrical vector beams(CVBs)in a two-mode fiber(TMF)and its applications of stimulated Raman scattering.The nanosecond(1064 nm,10 ns,10 Hz)CVBs have been directly produced with mode conversion efficiency of~18 d B(98.4%)via an acoustically induced fiber grating,and then the stimulated Raman scattering signal is generated based on the transmission of the nanosecond CVBs in a 100-m-long TMF.The transverse mode intensity and polarization distributions of the first-order Stokes shift component(1116.8 nm)are consistent with the nanosecond CVBs pump pulse.