Fiber-Optic Sensors and Their Practical Research in the Internet of Things

With the rapid development of the Internet of Things(IoT)technology,fiber-optic sensors,as a kind of high-precision and high-sensitivity measurement tool,are increasingly widely used in the field of IoT.This paper outlines the advantages of fiber-optic sensors over traditional sensors,such as high precision,strong resistance to electromagnetic interference,and long transmission distance.On this basis,the paper discusses the application scenarios of fiber-optic sensors in the Internet of Things,including environmental monitoring,intelligent industry,medical and health care,intelligent transportation,and other fields.It is hoped that this study can provide theoretical support and practical guidance for the further development of fiber-optic sensors in the field of the Internet of Things,as well as promote the innovation and application of IoT.

Dual-channel fiber-optic surface plasmon resonance sensor with cascaded coaxial dual-waveguide D-type structure and microsphere structure

To address the restriction of fiber-optic surface plasmon resonance(SPR) sensors in the field of multi-sample detection, a novel dual-channel fiber-optic SPR sensor based on the cascade of coaxial dual-waveguide D-type structure and microsphere structure is proposed in this paper. The fiber sidepolishing technique converts the coaxial dual-waveguide fiber into a D-type one, and the evanescent wave in the ring core leaks, generating a D-type sensing region;the fiber optic fused ball push technology converts the coaxial dual waveguides into microspheres, and the stimulated cladding mode evanescent wave leaks, producing the microsphere sensing region. By injecting light into the coaxial dual-waveguide middle core alone, the sensor can realize single-stage sensing in the microsphere sensing area;it can also realize dual-channel sensing in the D-type sensing area and microsphere sensing area by injecting light into the ring core. The refractive index measurement ranges for the two channels are 1.333–1.365 and 1.375–1.405, respectively, with detection sensitivities of 981.56 nm/RIU and 4138 nm/RIU. The sensor combines wavelength division multiplexing and space division multiplexing technologies, presenting a novel research concept for multi-channel fiber SPR sensors.

Corrosion risk assessment of chloride-contaminated concrete structures using embeddable multi-cell sensor system

Monitoring the service condition of concrete structures requires the quantitative assessment of properties and corrosion rate of structural steels surrounded by concrete.A multi-cell sensor system that included a reference electrode,a chloride content sensor,a macrocell current unit and an electrical resistance measurement unit was developed.This system provided the following important electrochemical data in the cover-zone concrete on site:open circuit potential,macrocell current from anodes to cathode,chloride profile,concrete resistance and corrosion rate of built-in anodes.The experimental results show that the macrocell current increases when the chloride content in concrete is higher.Thus,monitoring the chloride content is a good method for monitoring the corrosion state.The chloride ion content and cover depth are the key factors that affect the electrical resistance of concrete.Without considering the temperature and time,a simplified model of the instantaneous corrosion rate of steel rebar in a concrete structure based on the measured chloride contents and concrete resistance was proposed.The test results further prove the reliability of this simplified predicting model.

Corrosion detection of tinplate cans containing coffee using EIS/EN sensor

The corrosion behavior of tinplate cans containing coffee was investigated using novel electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS) and electrochemical noise(EN) sensors.The contents of iron and tin dissolved in cans were detected by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer(ICP-MS),and the morphology of corroded surface was observed by optical microscopy and scanning probe microscopy(SPM).The results reveal that the coating resistance,charge transfer resistance and noise resistance decrease with the prolongation of storage time.The iron and tin contents in cans increase with the storage time,while the bump height of coating surface increases from 30 nm to 80 nm during the corrosion of twelve months.The existence of deformation would enhance the corrosion process of tinplate cans.Finally,the corrosion mechanism of tinplate cans in coffee was proposed.

Experimental Measurements of the Sensitivity of Fiber-optic Bragg Grating Sensors with a Soft Polymeric Coating under Mechanical Loading,Thermal and Magnetic under Cryogenic Conditions

The strain and temperature sensing performance of fiber-optic Bragg gratings （FBGs） with soft polymeric coating, which can be used to sense internal strain in superconducting coils, are evaluated under variable cryogenic field and magnetic field. The response to a temperature and strain change of coated-soft polymeric FBGs is tested by comparing with those of coated-metal FBGs. The results indicate that the coated-soft polymeric FBGs can freely detect temperature and thermal strain, their At variable magnetic field, the tested results indicate accuracy and repeatability are also discussed in detail. that the cross-coupling effects of FBGs with different matrixes are not negligible to measure electromagnetic strain during fast excitation. The present results are expected to be able to provide basis measurements on the strain of pulsed superconducting magnet/cable （cable- around-conduit conductors, cable-in-conduit conductors）, independently or utilized together with other strain measurement methods.

Relationship Between Corrosion Level of Steel Bar and Diameter of Corroded Sensing Steel Wire in Wireless Sensor

A kind of wireless sensor was previously developed,which is powered and transmit signals wirelessly instead of using an electrical connection to the embedded reinforcement.Based on this technique,the relationship between diameters of corroded sensing steel wires and corrosion levels of steel bars is established by experiments.Quadratic function is utilized to fit the experiment results,and the correlation coefficients are all larger than 0.95.Estimated corrosion levels of commonly used steel bars are given for different diameters of corroded sensing steel wires fractured due to corrosion.

Inspection of Complex Internal Surface Shape with Fiber-optic Sensor II: for Specular Tilted Surface Measurement

Complex surface shape measurement has been a focus topic in the CAD/CAM field. A popular method for measuring dimensional information is using a 3D coordinate measuring machine (CMM)with a touch trigger probe. The measurement set up with CMM, however, is a time consuming task and the accuracy of the measurement deteriorates as the speed of measurement increase. Non-contact measurement is favored since high speed measurement can be achieved and problems with vibration and friction can be eliminated. Although much research has been conducted in non-contact measurement using image capturing and processing schemes, accuracy is poor and measurement is limited. Some optical technologies developed provide a good accuracy but the dynamic range and versatility is very limited. A novel fiber-optic sensor used for the inspection of complex internal contours is presented in this paper, which is able to measure a surface shape in a non-contact manner with high accuracy and high speed, and is compact and flexible to be incorporated into a CMM. Modulation functions for tilted surface shape measurement, based on the Gaussian distribution of the emitting beam from single-mode fiber (SMF), were derived for specular reflection. The feasibility of the proposed measurement principle was verified by simulations.

Highly Sensitive Fiber-Optic Faraday-Effect Magnetic Field Sensor Based on Yttrium Iron Garnet

The principle and performance of a fiber-optic Faraday-effect magnetic-field sensor based on an yttrium iron garnet (YIG) and two flux concentrations are described. A single polarization-maintaining optical fiber links the sensor head to the source and detection system, in which the technique of phase shift cancellation is used to cancel the phase shift that accumulatein the optical fiber. Flux concentrators were exploited to enhance the YIG crystal magneto-optic sensitivity .The sensor system exhibited a noise-equivalent field of 8 pT/√Hz and a 3 dB bandwidth of ～10 MHz.

Measurement of Gamma-Rays Induced Luminescence Generated in a Sapphire Based Fiber-Optic Radiation Sensor

In this study, we fabricated a sapphire based fiber-optic radiation sensor. To evaluate the fiber- optic radiation sensor, we measured the spectrum and intensity of the luminescence generated from the fiber-optic radiation sensor according to the thickness of the PMMA block by irradiation of gamma rays emitted from a Co-60 source. And the result was compared with the value calculated from the formula of Lambert-Beer.

Ultrasonic sensitivity-improved fiber-optic Fabry-Perot interferometer using a beam collimator and its application for ultrasonic imaging of seismic physical models

An ultrasonic sensitivity-improved fiber-optic Fabry-Perot interferometer （FPI） is proposed and employed for ultra- sonic imaging of seismic physical models （SPMs）. The FPI comprises a flexible ultra-thin gold film and the end face of a graded-index multimode fiber （MMF）, both of which are enclosed in a ceramic tube. The MMF in a specified length can collimate the diverged light beam and compensate for the light loss inside the air cavity, leading to an increased spectral fringe visibility and thus a steeper spectral slope. By using the spectral sideband filtering technique, the collimated FP1 shows an improved ultrasonic response. Moreover, two-dimensional images of two SPMs are achieved in air by recon- structing the pulse-echo signals through using the time-of-flight approach. The proposed sensor with easy fabrication and compact size can be a good candidate for high-sensitivity and high-precision nondestructive testing of SPMs.

Review of Fiber-optic Distributed Acoustic Sensing Technology

A distributed optical-fiber acoustic sensor is an acoustic sensor that uses the optical fiber itself as a photosensitive medium,and is based on Rayleigh backscattering in an optical fiber.The sensor is widely used in the safety monitoring of oil and gas pipelines,the classification of weak acoustic signals,defense,seismic prospecting,and other fields.In the field of seismic prospecting,distributed optical-fiber acoustic sensing(DAS)will gradually replace the use of the traditional geophone.The present paper mainly expounds the recent application of DAS,and summarizes recent research achievements of DAS in resource exploration,intrusion monitoring,pattern recognition,and other fields and various DAS system structures.It is found that the high-sensitivity and long-distance sensing capabilities of DAS play a role in the extensive monitoring applications of DAS in engineering.The future application and development of DAS technology are examined,with the hope of promoting the wider application of the DAS technology,which benefits engineering and society.

Laboratory investigations of the thermal strain of frozen soils,using fiber-optic strain gauges based on Bragg gratings

Measurements of the thermal deformations of frozen soil samples were performed in the cold laboratory in temperature range from 0°C to-12°C.Fiber Bragg Gratings strain and temperature sensors were used to measure the deformation and temperature inside the samples.A number of tests with the samples prepared from Kaolin and Cambrian clay saturated with fresh water,and prepared from fine and silt sand saturated with fresh or saline water,are performed.Thermal deformations of the samples are analyzed depending on the cyclic changes of their temperature.

Reflective Ladder Topology Network Based on White Light Fiber-Optic Mach-Zehnder Interferometer

In order to improve the multiplexing capability of the optical sensors based on the lower interferential optic fiber sensing technology and the white light fiber-optic Mach-Zehnder interferometer,reflective ladder topology network ( RLT) with tailored formula was proposed. The topology network consists of 6 rungs sensing elements linked by 5 couplers. Two cases with different choices of couplers were contrasted: one is equal coupling ratio,and the other is tailored coupling ratio. Through the simulation of these two cases,the detailed multiplexing capability was analyzed,and accordingly the experiments were also carried out. The simulation results showed that,the tailored formula enhances the multiplexing capability of the structure. In the first case, the maximum number of sensors which can be multiplexed is 8,and in the other case is 12 fiber optic sensors. The experimental results have a good agreement with numerical simulation results. Thus,it is considered expedient to incorporate RLT into large-scale building,grounds,bridges,dams,tunnels,highways and perimeter security.

超疏水纳米涂层技术研究进展及应用

受自然界荷叶、玫瑰花瓣等植物超疏水现象启发,超疏水涂层在自清洁、油水分离、防冰等领域被广泛应用。然而,传统超疏水涂层依赖于其表面微观粗糙结构和特殊涂层材料,制备工艺复杂,耐久性差,防腐蚀性能不足。超疏水纳米涂层由于其独特的形貌和功能,使超疏水涂层变得多功能、通用、耐用、高效。本文综述了近些年来不同纳米材料超疏水涂层的设计与制备,针对不同超疏水纳米涂层的优缺点进行了评述,并简述了其在各个领域的潜在应用,如防菌、传感器、微流体、催化等。最后,本文指出了关于使用纳米技术的超疏水涂层的最新发展和未来趋势,通过对其新颖的制备策略和对其独特性质的研究为该领域的研究人员提供一定的理论和技术参考,推进超疏水纳米涂层在诸多领域的应用。

预应力锚索用腐蚀传感器的设计

预应力锚索的腐蚀程度与结构安全密切相关,但一直缺乏有效的监测手段。考虑到腐蚀的发生与周围环境pH变化密切相关,选用HEMA-AA水凝胶作为敏感材料并结合光纤光栅的传输优势设计传感器,识别灌浆部分受拉开裂时腐蚀介质侵入引起的pH值变化,在锚索面临腐蚀威胁时做出预警。测试结果表明:传感器的测量范围为pH值4~11,灵敏度为25 pm/pH,相关系数0.997;对比裸光纤发现将水凝胶的涂覆并没有带来光纤光栅温度特性的明显变化,灵敏度为9.5 pm/℃;试验模拟传感器在环境中持续进行监测的性能较为稳定。若考虑应用环境干湿循环的限制,则需提高水凝胶和光纤光栅结合度。通过在锚索内设置腐蚀传感器,可以达到腐蚀监测的目的。

光纤光栅索力传感器的酸碱耐久性

拉索作为斜拉桥的主要受力构件常处于复杂、恶劣的工作环境,传统的索力监测手段存在一定的局限性。将光纤光栅传感器内嵌封装进金属承压块上的凹槽,研制一种光纤光栅索力传感器,并对两种环氧树脂胶黏剂封装的光纤光栅索力传感器在酸碱腐蚀环境下的耐久性能进行研究,然后依托逆幂律模型与老化动力学理论,推导出传感器寿命预测方程。试验结果表明:该传感器的线性度和稳定性良好,传感器在腐蚀溶液中失效的主要原因是封装部位界相区胶黏剂受腐蚀剥落。A类传感器的耐酸碱性强于B类传感器,A类传感器在弱酸弱碱环境中的使用寿命均超过35年,大于斜拉桥拉索平均20年的换索年限,可以实现拉索全生命周期的监测。

基于大数据技术的Sn、Mo元素对低合金钢耐蚀性能的影响研究

目的研究合金元素含量对材料耐蚀性能的影响。方法通过动电位极化、电化学阻抗谱、ACM传感器以及化学浸泡研究了合金元素Cr、Mo、Sn对低合金钢在模拟热带海洋大气环境中腐蚀行为的影响,并通过扫描电子显微镜和X-射线衍射对腐蚀形貌、锈层结构进行表征。结果当Cr元素含量为3%(质量分数)时,材料的耐蚀性能越好,这是由于Cr元素可以促进具有保护性能的腐蚀产物的生成来提高低合金钢的耐蚀性能。然而,含Cr低合金钢表面存在大量口径小深度大的腐蚀孔,表明材料容易发生局部腐蚀。为了增强含Cr低合金钢耐局部腐蚀能力,分别加入0.1%(质量分数)Mo、0.1%(质量分数)Sn,并同时加入0.1%(质量分数)Mo和0.1%(质量分数)Sn制备了3种低合金钢。根据ACM传感器数据曲线及腐蚀形貌图,发现Mo和Sn元素可以有效降低局部腐蚀的发生,同时含有Mo和Sn 2种元素的试样表面都是口径大深度浅的腐蚀坑。此外,Mo元素和Sn元素不仅可以提高材料自身的腐蚀性能,还可以增强腐蚀产物膜的保护性能。与3Cr低合金钢动电位极化曲线相比,Mo元素和Sn元素可以分别使材料的自腐蚀电流密度下降18%和51%,同时加入Mo、Sn 2种元素可以使自腐蚀电流密度降低71%。根据ACM传感器数据,3Cr钢腐蚀产物膜的缓蚀率为53.12%,Mo元素和Sn元素使腐蚀产物膜的缓蚀率分别提升至58.62%和73.91%。结论在含3%(质量分数)Cr钢的基础上同时加入Mo和Sn元素可以获得耐蚀性能优异的低合金钢。

基于腐蚀大数据的碳钢海洋大气腐蚀行为

随着“一带一路”和“海洋强国”等重大战略的深入推进,沿海地区及海上重大装备设施面临着空前严峻的海洋环境挑战。深入研究海洋大气腐蚀行为,对于延缓腐蚀过程、确保设施安全运行以及防止重大安全事故和经济损失具有至关重要的意义。以Q235碳钢作为研究对象,基于腐蚀大数据技术,通过周期浸泡加速试验获取实时连续的腐蚀数据,研究环境因子Cl^(−)、HSO_(3)^(−)及pH值对碳钢海洋大气腐蚀行为的影响。结果表明:随着Cl^(−)、HSO_(3)^(−)浓度的增加或pH值的降低,腐蚀累积量呈不断上升的趋势,腐蚀大数据采集结果与碳钢试样腐蚀形貌及锈层分析结果一致。随试验的进行,当Cl^(−)浓度较低时,锈层朝着更加稳定的方向发展;Cl^(−)浓度较高时,锈层稳定性不断下降。0.05%HSO_(3)^(−)浓度下,腐蚀始终以相对较低的速率匀速进行;浓度为0.1%时,腐蚀先是匀速进行,但由于腐蚀后期形成了具有一定保护性的锈层,腐蚀速率有所下降;当浓度达到0.2%时,腐蚀速率在试验后期反而加快,锈层难以维持相对稳定的状态。试验环境pH=5或3时,整个试验周期的腐蚀速率整体呈下降趋势;pH=1时,腐蚀速率呈持续上升趋势。腐蚀大数据方法与传统挂片法研究结果具有较高的一致性,验证了腐蚀大数据手段对于环境腐蚀研究的可靠性,研究结果可为后续开展数据分析与挖掘工作奠定基础。

混凝土结构钢筋锈蚀无损检测方法研究进展

钢筋混凝土结构性能优良并且成本低廉,广泛应用于基础设施建设和工业民用建筑中。在外部荷载和环境侵蚀等因素的作用下,结构中的钢筋不可避免地出现锈蚀情况,降低了结构的安全性和耐久性,导致高昂的维修费用。对混凝土结构钢筋锈蚀情况进行定期检测,对于确定锈蚀出现后结构的承载力、预测结构剩余寿命等有直接意义。经过多年发展,融合了多学科理论,钢筋锈蚀无损检测技术已经应用在一些实际工程上。但是现代工程建设对锈蚀检测技术提出了更高的要求,尤其是在大数据和机器学习等新一代信息技术的推动下,钢筋检测方法面临着向数字化、自动化和智能化的产业变革和技术升级。为了推动钢筋混凝土结构检测技术和评价体系的进步,本文对钢筋锈蚀无损检测的主要方法进行了总结评述,重点探讨新兴智能感知技术在钢筋锈蚀检测方面的应用和研究成果,提出现有技术面临的挑战,展望其未来发展方向。

Analysis of signal-obtaining error factor of sensor in gyro

The digital signal-obtaining for gyroscope is given. The single optic-fiber sensor via modulating intensity of light is used as measuring eonlponent . The influence on static transmission properties resulting from the special working environnlent （e. g. cryogenic and vacuum） ,the measure error because of tile reflector shape of rotor,the abnormity of facula from sensor caused by the existence of engraving error,and tile fixing error of sensor and the error of machine tool＇s initial lignnlent are investigated. The mathematic model in every condition is founded, the simulation and relative experiments ale done and the outeome is analyzed. The mathematic model and method of compensating technology are studied and some relative experiments are made. The result of study is usefid to improvement of the signal-obtaining system.