The current power grid confronts severe challenges in satisfying customers'demands.Fast transition to the much more flexible power grid enriched with renewable energies,micro-grid,and distributed energy resources ...The current power grid confronts severe challenges in satisfying customers'demands.Fast transition to the much more flexible power grid enriched with renewable energies,micro-grid,and distributed energy resources has been considered as a straightforward solution to the customers’high demand.Using smart equipment and renewable energies,electric power generation and storage through the power grid domains will be facilitated,which enables bi-directional energy and information flows.The power grid with such enhanced features is called Smart Grid(SG).Controlling and managing the diverse sets of variables in the SG requires precise measuring,monitoring,communicating,and analytic systems which increase the complexity of the grid.This complexity is the main barrier to the realization of the SG up to now.The emergence of the Internet of Things(IoT)simplifies monitoring,communications,and data processing among smart things to connect to anything in the world.This motivates the SG stakeholders and researchers to proceed with the best way to exploit the IoT technologies in the SG.In this survey paper,we summarize various efforts in this regard to highlight the advantages of the IoT-enabled SG and its probable gaps.To this end,a comprehensive layered approach has been proposed in this paper to classify various applications of the IoT technologies in the SG.Investigating IoT opportunities in each architecture layer facilitates the role of each technology and its relationship with other technologies.Also,open issues and future measures for the realization of IoT-enabled SG have been discussed in the paper.展开更多
由于用户的增多,导致智能电网的频谱资源紧张,严重影响了智能电网运行的稳定性,同时也降低了供电能力。为了解决这一问题,提出基于CRSN的智能电网资源跨层分配算法改进研究。将认知无线传感器网络(Cognitive Radio Sensor Networks,CRSN...由于用户的增多,导致智能电网的频谱资源紧张,严重影响了智能电网运行的稳定性,同时也降低了供电能力。为了解决这一问题,提出基于CRSN的智能电网资源跨层分配算法改进研究。将认知无线传感器网络(Cognitive Radio Sensor Networks,CRSN)引入智能电网中,通过认知节点感知智能电网主用户的频谱资源,找出可用的空闲频谱。借助图论着色将智能电网资源进行跨层分配建模,利用改进猫群算法求取分配模型最优解,得到智能电网资源跨层分配方案。实验结果表明,所研究算法求解到的方案是全局最优解,能够实现智能电网频谱资源的跨层分配。展开更多
Digital networked communications are the key to all Internet-of-things applications, but especially to smart metering systems and the smart grid. In order to ensure a safe operation of systems and the privacy of users...Digital networked communications are the key to all Internet-of-things applications, but especially to smart metering systems and the smart grid. In order to ensure a safe operation of systems and the privacy of users, the transport layer security （TLS） protocol, a mature and well standardized solution for secure communications, may be used. We implemented the TLS protocol in its latest version in a way suitable for embedded and resource-constrained systems. This paper outlines the challenges and opportunities of deploying TLS in smart metering and smart grid applications and presents performance results of our TLS implementation. Our analysis shows that given an appropriate implementation and configuration, deploying TLS in constrained smart metering systems is possible with acceptable overhead.展开更多
Mechanofluorochromic materials that render sensitive fluorescence color/pattern change upon mechanical stimuli have drawn extensive attention.However,traditional mechanofluorochromism relies on the chemical transforma...Mechanofluorochromic materials that render sensitive fluorescence color/pattern change upon mechanical stimuli have drawn extensive attention.However,traditional mechanofluorochromism relies on the chemical transformations of mechanophores,but their types are quite few.It remains challenging to develop mechanofluorochromic materials with customized fluorescence color changing response.Herein,a generally applicable strategy is proposed to present a class of double-layer mechanofluorochromic hydrogels based on the facile integration of two different-colored fluorescent hydrogels.Due to the UV transmittance change of top layer under Poisson’s effect,the emission intensity ratio of the upper and lower hydrogels exhibits a strain-dependent change,resulting in a force-triggered overlapping color variation.Both the UV transmittance of top layer and the fluorescence emission of bottom layer can be readily modulated to enrich the variety of mechanofluorochromism.Besides,the bottom layer is available to be printed by ion inks to fabricate patterned double-layer fluorescent hydrogel,holding great potential to design flexible mechanofluorochromic platforms for smart display and information encryption.展开更多
文摘The current power grid confronts severe challenges in satisfying customers'demands.Fast transition to the much more flexible power grid enriched with renewable energies,micro-grid,and distributed energy resources has been considered as a straightforward solution to the customers’high demand.Using smart equipment and renewable energies,electric power generation and storage through the power grid domains will be facilitated,which enables bi-directional energy and information flows.The power grid with such enhanced features is called Smart Grid(SG).Controlling and managing the diverse sets of variables in the SG requires precise measuring,monitoring,communicating,and analytic systems which increase the complexity of the grid.This complexity is the main barrier to the realization of the SG up to now.The emergence of the Internet of Things(IoT)simplifies monitoring,communications,and data processing among smart things to connect to anything in the world.This motivates the SG stakeholders and researchers to proceed with the best way to exploit the IoT technologies in the SG.In this survey paper,we summarize various efforts in this regard to highlight the advantages of the IoT-enabled SG and its probable gaps.To this end,a comprehensive layered approach has been proposed in this paper to classify various applications of the IoT technologies in the SG.Investigating IoT opportunities in each architecture layer facilitates the role of each technology and its relationship with other technologies.Also,open issues and future measures for the realization of IoT-enabled SG have been discussed in the paper.
文摘由于用户的增多,导致智能电网的频谱资源紧张,严重影响了智能电网运行的稳定性,同时也降低了供电能力。为了解决这一问题,提出基于CRSN的智能电网资源跨层分配算法改进研究。将认知无线传感器网络(Cognitive Radio Sensor Networks,CRSN)引入智能电网中,通过认知节点感知智能电网主用户的频谱资源,找出可用的空闲频谱。借助图论着色将智能电网资源进行跨层分配建模,利用改进猫群算法求取分配模型最优解,得到智能电网资源跨层分配方案。实验结果表明,所研究算法求解到的方案是全局最优解,能够实现智能电网频谱资源的跨层分配。
基金supported in part by the Federal Ministry of Economics and Energy as a cooperative ZIM-KF project under Grant No.KF2471305ED2the good cooperation with the project partner SSV Software Systems GmbH
文摘Digital networked communications are the key to all Internet-of-things applications, but especially to smart metering systems and the smart grid. In order to ensure a safe operation of systems and the privacy of users, the transport layer security （TLS） protocol, a mature and well standardized solution for secure communications, may be used. We implemented the TLS protocol in its latest version in a way suitable for embedded and resource-constrained systems. This paper outlines the challenges and opportunities of deploying TLS in smart metering and smart grid applications and presents performance results of our TLS implementation. Our analysis shows that given an appropriate implementation and configuration, deploying TLS in constrained smart metering systems is possible with acceptable overhead.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52073297)Sino-German Mobility Program(No.M-0424)+2 种基金the Youth Innovation Promotion Association of Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.2019297)Ningbo Natural Science Foundation(No.2021J194)K.C.Wong Education Foundation(No.GJTD-2019-13).
文摘Mechanofluorochromic materials that render sensitive fluorescence color/pattern change upon mechanical stimuli have drawn extensive attention.However,traditional mechanofluorochromism relies on the chemical transformations of mechanophores,but their types are quite few.It remains challenging to develop mechanofluorochromic materials with customized fluorescence color changing response.Herein,a generally applicable strategy is proposed to present a class of double-layer mechanofluorochromic hydrogels based on the facile integration of two different-colored fluorescent hydrogels.Due to the UV transmittance change of top layer under Poisson’s effect,the emission intensity ratio of the upper and lower hydrogels exhibits a strain-dependent change,resulting in a force-triggered overlapping color variation.Both the UV transmittance of top layer and the fluorescence emission of bottom layer can be readily modulated to enrich the variety of mechanofluorochromism.Besides,the bottom layer is available to be printed by ion inks to fabricate patterned double-layer fluorescent hydrogel,holding great potential to design flexible mechanofluorochromic platforms for smart display and information encryption.
