Layered injection technology for chemical flooding of Class-Ⅲ oil reservoirs in the Daqing Oil Fields complex,Songliao Basin,Northeast China

The Class-Ⅲ oil reservoirs of Lasaxing oilfield in the Daqing Oil Fields complex have geological oil reserves of 1.86 billion tonnes,an oil recovery of 39%,with remaining reserves accounting for more than 45%of the total geological reserves of the oilfield.Therefore,they have considerable potential for future oil production.The current layered injection technologies fail to achieve effective control over the low single-layer injection rates since they can only produce low throttle differential pressure under low injection rates(5-20 m^(3)/d).In this study,a symmetrically-structured double-offset-hole injection allocator and a novel throttling component were developed.Their spatial layout was constructed and mechanical parameters were optimized using finite element analysis,which allows for expanding the flow rate range at low injection rates.According to experimental results,the throttle differential pressure increased from 0.2 MPa to 0.8 MPa at an injection rate of 5 m^(3)/d,and the range of the single-layer flow rates expanded from 20-70 m^(3)/d to 5-70 m3/d.The field test results show that the effective production of oil layers with medium and low permeability was achieved and that the ratio of producing oil layer thickness to the total reservoir thickness increased by 9.7%on average.Therefore,this study provides valuable technical support for the effective chemical-flooding-based development of Class-Ⅲ oil reservoirs.

Remediation Technologies for Cadmium Contamination in Greenhouse Vegetable Fields

Based on the literature and experimental results, three kinds of soil amendments, namely rice biochar, hydroxyapatite and potassium dihydrogen phosphate(KH2PO4), and deeper ploughing were selected to evaluate the field application effect of soil amendments and agronomic measures on the remediation of Cd contamination in greenhouse vegetable fields. Cd-contaminated greenhouse screening was conducted from 2015 to 2017. In September 2017, comparative tests of eight treatments were performed, and a preferred test was performed in September 2018. The screening results of the contaminated areas indicated that the distribution of over-standard sites was uneven, and Cd content was significantly different. Over-standard rate of No.4 greenhouse was 83.33% and was the highest, and the average content of Cd in soil was 0.535 mg/kg. It was used as a comparative test greenhouse for eight treatments. No.1 greenhouse was selected as the preferred test greenhouse, with three over-standard plots having average Cd concentrations of 0.530, 0.568 and 0.792 mg/kg. The comparative test results showed that after 8 months of remediation, the content of available Cd in the treatment of hydroxyapatite+rice biochar+deeper ploughing(T6) was reduced by 32.55% compared with CK(the control) and 24.96% than 2 months of remediation. The content of available Cd using the treatment of potassium dihydrogen phosphate+rice biochar+deeper ploughing(T7) decreased by 47.88% compared with CK and 31.00% than 2 months of remediation. The preferred remediation test results showed that in the treatment of hydroxyapatite+rice biochar+deeper ploughing: the mean Cd content decreased from 0.489 to 0.372 mg/kg, reducing by 23.86%, and the mean did not exceed the standard. Compared with CK, the mean content of available Cd decreased by 10.71% after 8 months, and the lowest content of available Cd in three treatments was 0.133 mg/kg. In addition, the Cd content, bioconcentration factor(BCF) and translocation coefficient(TF) of bean aboveground plants were decreased by 15.86%, 23.68% and 25.77%, respectively when compared with CK. Rice biochar+hydroxyapatite +deeper ploughing is a favoured technology for the remediation of Cd-contaminated greenhouse vegetable fields.

Building a Smart Management System for the Field Training Course at the Faculty of Specific Education-Mansoura University

Field training is the backbone of the teacher-preparation process.Its importance stems from the goals that colleges of education aim to achieve,which include bridging the gap between theory and practice and aligning with contemporary educational trends during teacher training.Currently,trainee students attendance in field training is recordedmanually through signatures on attendance sheets.However,thismethod is prone to impersonation,time wastage,and misplacement.Additionally,traditional methods of evaluating trainee students are often susceptible to human errors during the evaluation and scoring processes.Field training also lacks modern technology that the supervisor can use in case of his absence from school to monitor the trainee students’implementation of the required activities and tasks.These shortcomings do not meet the needs of the digital era that universities are currently experiencing.As a result,this paper presents a smart management system for field training based on Internet of Things(IoT)and mobile technology.It includes three subsystems:attendance,monitoring,and evaluation.The attendance subsystem uses an R307 fingerprint sensor to record trainee students’attendance.The Arduino Nano microcontroller transmits attendance data to the proposed Android application via an ESP-12F Wi-Fi module,which then forwards it to the Firebase database for storage.The monitoring subsystem utilizes Global Positioning System(GPS)technology to continually track trainee students’locations,ensuring they remain at the school during training.It also enables remote communication between trainee students and supervisors via audio,video,or text by integrating video call and chat technologies.The evaluation subsystem is based on three items:an online exam,attendance,and implementation of required activities and tasks.Experimental results have demonstrated the accuracy and efficiency of the proposed management system in recording attendance,as well as in monitoring and evaluating trainee students during field traiing.

Research on Electric Field Confinement Effect in Silicon LED Fabricated by Standard CMOS Technology

The wedge-shaped and leaf-type silicon light-emitting devices(LED)are designed and fabricated with the Singapore Chartered Semi Inc.'s dual-gate standard 0.35μm CMOS process.The basic structure of the two devices is N well-P+ junction.P+ area is the wedge-shaped structure,which is embedded in N well.The leaf-type silicon LED device is a combination of the three wedge-shaped LED devices.The main difference between the two devices is their different electrode distribution,which is mainly in order to analyze the application of electric field confinement(EFC).The devices' micrographs were measured with the Olympus IC test microscope.The forward and reverse bias electrical characteristics of the devices were tested.Light measurements of the devices show that the electrode layout is very important when the electric field confinement is applied.

Comparison of Temperature Field Distribution between Cement Preclinkering Technology and Cement Precalcining Technology

Through the comparison of calcination conditions between cement preclinkering technology and cement precalcining technology,we studied the characteristics of temperature field distribution of cement preclinkering technology systems including cyclone preheater,preclinkering furnace,and rotary kiln.We used numericalsimulation method to obtain data of temperature field distribution.Some results are found by system study.The ratio of tailcoalof cement preclinkering technology is about 70%,and raw mealtemperature can reach 1070 ℃.Shorter L/D kiln type of preclinkering technology can obtain more stable calcining zone temperature.The highest solid temperature of cement preclinkering technology is higher than 80 ℃,and high temperature region（〉1450 ℃）length is 2 times,which is beneficialfor calcining clinker and higher clinker quality.So cement preclinkering technology can obtain more performance temperature filed,which improves both the solid-phase reaction and liquid-phase reaction.

Application of Low Pressure Plasma Technology in the Field of Environmental Protection

The characteristics of low pressure plasma produced by a gas discharges lie in thatthe energy of the electrons are much higher than that of the heavy particles in the system. Inthis paperl the low-pressure plasma treatment technology for the environmental contaminantswas synthetically studied, and the reaction processing and mechanism between the low-pressureplasma and the environmental contaminants were theoretically analyzed. At last, the prospectsand existing problems on the application of low-pressure plasma in the field of environmentalprotection were discussed.

Application and Development of Computer and Software Technology in the Field of Sports

This paper expounds and summarizes the application situation of modem information technology in the current sports field in our country, and prospected its future development trend. At the same time, Chinese perception is an important strategic thought for development and application of network technology in China, represents the important development direction of information technology in the next generation. The perception sports can be considered using the Internet of things technology to develop and utilize sports resources, thus realize the wisdom management and effective monitoring of sports system, ultimately to serve the sports powerful nation strategy.

Research on compound plugging removal technology and its application in Xinmu oilfield of Jilin

Most fault-block reservoirs in Xinmu oilfield belong to heterogeneous sandstone in characters which has low permeability, and reservoir pollution is a common phenomenon in this area. Acidizing deplugging in oil wells has become one of the major measures to improve production efficiency in the field. A compound deplug- ging technology in high efficiency low corrosion is developed for this kind of low permeability sandstone reser- voir. On the basis of profoundly understanding of the reservoir＇s physical properties and sensitivity, along with comprehensive analysis of the cause for jams in oil wells, a series of experiments are carried out in order to in- vestigate the dissolution reaction among samples and deplugging inhibitor, sample dissolving speed, formation fluid compatibility, reduction of secondary pollution, etc. Considered reservoir condition in nearby wells the op- timized compositional deplugging liquid formula is selected for this reservoir. It is featured by reducing the de- plugging reaction speed, extending solution for processing radius, preventing secondary damage in dissolution processing, and removing plug pollution effectively. To implement this high efficiency low corrosion deplugging measure based on reservoir condition in the borehole and nearby wells, a relatively better result of deplugging and production increasing is achieved, which enriches the measures to increase production in Xinmu oilfield, and this method can be applied to other similar oiffields for the purpose of maintaining the crude oil production and providing assistant for increasing the production significantly.

Magnet Science and Technology for Basic Research at the High Field Laboratory for Superconducting Materials

Since the first practical cryocooled superconducting magnet using a GM-cryocooler and high temperature superconducting current leads has been demonstrated successfully at the High Field Laboratory for Superconducting Materials(HFLSM),various kinds of cryocooled superconducting magnets in fields up to 15 T have been used to provide access for new research areas in fields of magneto-science.Recently,the HFLSM has succeeded in demonstrating a cryocooed 18 T high temperature superconducting magnet and a high field cryocooled 27.5 T hybrid magnet.Cryocooled magnet technology and basic research using high field magnets at the HFLSM are introduced.

Dynamic Variation of Land-use Types of the Constructed Wetland before and after Oil-field Water Irrigation Based on 3S Technology

[Objective] The study aimed at analyzing the dynamic variation of land-use types of the constructed wetland before and after oil-field water irrigation based on 3S technology. [Method] At semi-arid and arid areas in the west of Jilin Province, water resource balance between the amount of oil-field water supply and ecological water requirement in the constructed wetland irrigated by oil-field water during 2001-2010 was investigated firstly. Afterwards, based on 3S technology, the partition and dynamic variation of land-use types of the constructed wetland before and after oil-field water irrigation in 2001, 2006, 2008 and 2010 were analyzed. [Result] The annual ecological water requirement of the constructed wetland from 2003 to 2010 varied from 1.62×106 to 2.24×106 m3, and the annual amount of oil-field water supply in the region changed from 2.12×106 to 2.84×106 m3, which showed that the supply amount of oil-field water could meet the basic ecological water requirement of the constructed wetland. Meanwhile, compared with 2001, the areas of water region and paddy field in 2010 increased by 2.3 and 10.0 times, and the areas of forest and marsh rose by 40.15% and 29.5.0% respectively. [Conclusion] Water shortage and ecological environment problem of arid and semi-arid areas had been improved by oil-field water irrigation.

Research and test of the adaptive quadrature demodulation technology for silicon micro-machined gyroscope

A program of adaptive quadrature demodulation is proposed to supply the gaps in the traditional analog detection technology of a silicon micro-machined gyroscope (SMG). This program is suitable for digital phase locked loop (DPLL) drive technology that proposed in other papers. In addition the program adopts an adaptive filtering algorithm, which selects the in-phase and quadrature components that are outputs of the DPLL of the SMG's drive mode as reference signals to update the amplitude of the in-phase and quadrature components of the input signal by iteratively. An objective of the program is to minimize the mean square error of the accurate amplitudes and the estimated amplitudes of SMG's detection mode. The simulation and test results prove the feasibility of the program that lays the foundation for the further improvement of the SMG's system performance and the implementation of the SMG system's self-calibration and self-demarcation in future.

A remining technology of underground coal gasification at Zhongliangshan Coal Mine

The field trail used a mixture of steam and air with various levels of oxygen en- richment.Steady conditions were achieved in the field trail which produced high quality hydrogen-enriched syngas.To understand and optimize the UCG process,a simplified heat and mass transfer model was presented,providing a predictive tool for temperature and the major constituents of the syngas production.The model is compared with the field trail measurements for air and two levels of oxygen enrichment,showing reasonable agreement for the channel temperature and product syngas concentration profile.

Ecological Risk Assessment of Shan Xin Mining Area Based on Remote Sensing and Geography Information System Technology

In this paper, introducing new remote sensing and geographic information technology to solve the problem of data collection and analysis, this makes the study of ecological risk assessment very quick and accurate. Taking the Shan Xin mining area of the tin mine in Lengshuijiang of Hunan Province as the research object, using the remote sensing image data of three periods in 2005, 2010 and 2015, the remote sensing image is classified carefully and the landscape classification map of the mining area is obtained. The ecological risk index is introduced and the ecological risk values are sampled and interpolated on the ArcGIS platform. The ecological risk spatial distribution map based on the landscape pattern index was obtained. The ecological risk was divided into 5 levels by using the Jenks natural classification method, and each ecological risk grade area was counted. The research results show that: from year 2005 to year 2010, landscape ecological risk trend of the mining area is growing up;the trend rising area of landscape ecological risk is mainly in the southwest and northeast of the Shan Xin mining field;the area of higher and high ecological risk is increasing year by year;and the trend of dispersed development in space is obvious;the development trend of ecological risk in the mining area is rapidly increasing;in 2010 - 2015, the higher and high ecological risk area decrease slightly with the increasing of area of grassland and residential low vulnerability of landscape types;the ecological risk area showed a slow decreasing trend. The research results provide an objective reference for decision making of ecological environment governance.

Technologies in Discovery and Exploration of Fuling Shale Gas Field, China

Marine shale gas in South China is widely distributed and demonstrates an enriched resource. Compared with the North American commercial shale gas field, the shale formation in South China is featured by old age, multiple stages tectonic movements, and high thermal evolution degree and complex reservoir forming conditions. As a result, the existing theories and technical methods of exploration in North America cannot be simply applied to South China. Since 2007, based on the in-depth study on a large quantity of analytical test data, we have conducted the theory and technology research for the southern marine shale gas, found Wufeng-Longmaxi Group deep water shelf high-quality shale gas critical parameters coupling laws, proposed the “Binary Enrichment” theory for highly evolved marine shale gas in southern complex tectonic zone, and established a zone selection and evaluation criteria, which are based on the quality of shale, for the key of preservation condition, and for the purpose of economy. Taking this as a guide, we selected Longmaxi formation Lower Silurian of Fuling area in southeastern Sichuan Province as the preferred breakthrough field for the shale gas exploration. The Jiaoye 1 well has the daily gas production of 20.3 × 104 m3, which embarked the found of China’s first large-scale business development gas field, the Fuling shale gas field. And we submit the first domestic shale gas proven reserves of 1067.5 × 108 m3. The Fuling shale gas reservoirs are deep water shelf marine high-quality shale, with favorable thickness and even distribution, without dissection in the middle. They are typical self-generation and self-storage shale gas reservoirs. The gas fields have high production gas well;high pressure gas reservoir, good gas components and good exploit results, and there for the Fuling shale gas field is characterized by mid-depth, high pressure, high reservoir pressure, and high quality gas accumulation. Up to March 24, 2014, all of the 101 fracture-gas testing wells have obtained middle and upper shale airflow, with the average single well test production of 32.6 × 104 m3/d. In the exploration and development process, technology series in geological evaluation, horizontal well, drilling, well completion, piecewise fracturing techniques have been gradually formed. It is of great importance to commercially develop the domestic shale gas and promote the restructuring of China’s energy structure.

Seed Propagation Technology and Quality Standards of Zhuoyou 1032

The breeder’s seeds of 56 A are produced through individual selection,sib mating in pairs and selection in isolation zone(net) plant line nursery.The foundation seeds are produced by isolated propagation of the breeder’s seeds,and the sterile line seeds for field production are produced by isolated propagation of the foundation seeds.The breeder’s seeds of restorer line 8020 R are produced by bagging and selfing and selection in isolation zone(net) plant line nursery,and the foundation seeds are produced by re-propagation.The hybrid seed production requires better isolation conditions,which can be realized using natural forests,mountains,rivers,roads(railways,highways),houses,etc.,and the isolation distance in open areas is equal to or larger than 800 m.It also requires early sowing of the male parent,so that the male parent can make full use of the light and temperature resources before winter to grow vegetatively,forming strong male parent plants that can provide more pollen.The seeds of the male parent are sown on September 8-10,and those of the female seeds are sown on September 12-16.Quality test is conducted during breeding and seed production in accordance with relevant national standards.The purity standards of the parent seeds are as follows: purity≥99%,neatness≥98%,germination rate≥80%,moisture≤9%,glucosinolate content≤20 μmol/g,and erucic acid content≤0.5%;the quality standards for parental field production seeds are as follows: purity≥98%,neatness≥98%,germination rate≥80% and moisture≤9%;and quality standards for hybrid seeds: purity≥85%,neatness≥98%,germination rate≥80% and moisture≤9%.

Technological progress and development directions of PetroChina overseas oil and gas field production

This study reviews the development history of PetroChina’s overseas oil and gas field development technologies, summarizes the characteristic technologies developed, and puts forward the development goals and technological development directions of overseas business to overcome the challenges met in overseas oil and gas production. In the course of PetroChina’s overseas oil and gas field production practice of more than 20 years, a series of characteristic technologies suitable for overseas oil and gas fields have been created by combining the domestic mature oil and gas field production technologies with the features of overseas oil and gas reservoirs, represented by the technology for high-speed development and stabilizing oil production and controlling water rise for overseas sandstone oilfields, high efficiency development technology for large carbonate oil and gas reservoirs and foamy oil depletion development technology in use of horizontal wells for extra-heavy oil reservoirs. Based on in-depth analysis of the challenges faced by overseas oil and gas development and technological requirements, combined with the development trends of oil and gas development technologies in China and abroad, overseas oil and gas development technologies in the future are put forward, including artificial intelligence reservoir prediction and 3 D geological modeling, secondary development and enhanced oil recovery(EOR) of overseas sandstone oilfields after high speed development, water and gas injection to improve oil recovery in overseas carbonate oil and gas reservoirs, economic and effective development of overseas unconventional oil and gas reservoirs, efficient development of marine deep-water oil and gas reservoirs. The following goals are expected to be achieved: keep the enhanced oil recovery(EOR) technology for high water-cut sandstone oilfield at international advanced level, and make the development technology for carbonate oil and gas reservoirs reach the international advanced level, and the development technologies for unconventional and marine deep-water oil and gas reservoirs catch up the level of international leading oil companies quickly.

Technologies for Thermal Recovery in Liaohe Oilfield

The technology level of heavy oil thermal re-covery in Liaohe Oilfield is greatly improved after more than ten years of practice,and the technology in Shuguang is symbolic.The annual heavy oil pro-duction in Shuguang has reached 196X 10*t now.

New technology opens the door for deepwater development

The paper provided an updated status of technology for deepwater field development, demonstrated the importance of its application through actual project example, and discussed some future technical development trends. The focus was on the floating structures. By reviewing some of the engineering aspects of the project, the technology advancement, innovations and challenges in offshore engineering were discussed and demonstrated. The author’s view of technical challenges facing deepwater forwarding was discussed, which covered water depth limitations, new material application, installation methods, riser development and operational issues. An overview of technologies that will enable deepwater projects to be extended into new frontiers was presented.

Uncertainty aversion and farmers' innovative seed adoption:Evidence from a field experiment in rural China

Based on the microdata of 705 wheat farmers in the Loess Plateau, this study empirically analyzes the impact of uncertainty on farmers' adoption of innovative seeds using a field experiment. The results indicate that farmers are generally ambiguity-averse and risk-averse. In addition, farmers with higher ambiguity aversion and risk aversion are less likely to adopt innovative wheat seeds, where their risk aversion plays a dominant role. Enhancing information access will alleviate the negative influence of ambiguity aversion on farmers' adoption of innovative seeds, and interlinked insurance and credit contracts will be beneficial to ease the adverse effect of risk aversion on the adoption of innovative wheat seeds. Meanwhile, heterogeneity analysis reveals that the inhibitory effects of ambiguity aversion and risk aversion on innovative seed adoption are more significant among farmers with lower education and household income.The government can establish both ex-ante and ex-post relevant guarantee mechanisms to help farmers preferably cope with various uncertainties in the production process, remitting farmers' ambiguity aversion and risk aversion to enhance new agricultural technology adoption rates.