Magnetic Field Effects on Photoreduction Reaction of 2-Methyl-1,4-Naphthoquinone in Brij 35 Micellar Solution with Additional Radical

A study was made of magnetic field effects (MFEs) on the photoreduction reaction of 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoqui- none (MNQ) in Brij 35 micellar solution containing 4-lauroylamino-TEMPO (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl) radical (L-R) under magnetic fields below 1.75 T by a nanosecond laser flash photolysis technique. The triplet MNQ mainly underwent the hydrogen abstraction from Brij 35 molecule to give a radical pair. The escaped radical yield increased with magnetic fields from 0 to 0.62 T and then saturated from 0.62 to 1.75 T. MFEs for both sys-tems can be explained by the relaxation mechanism. However, it was supposed that additional radical, L-R affected the MFEs mainly through enhancing the spin-spin interactions of radical pairs. The effect of the micelle size on MFEs of the studying system was also discussed.

Magnetic field effects on photochemical reaction--III. Mechanistic study of the photodecarboxylation of arylmethyl esters in micellar solutions

Photolysis of benzyl phenylacetate (ACO_2A), benzyl p-methylphenylacetate (BCO_2A) and 1-naphthyl phenylacetate (ACO_2Np) in homogeneous and micellar solutions results in products typical of radical coupling reactions and loss of carbon dioxide. The cage effects upon direct photolysis of these esters in acetonitrile are significantly greater than zero and those in SDS or HDTBr micellar solutions are even greater. In the triplet sensitization reaction of ACO_2 Np in micellar solutions the cage effects are smaller than those obtained upon direct irradiation. However, the application of a 0.05 or 0.2 T external magnetic field in the photolysis in micellar solutions decreases the cage effects dramatically. All these results suggest that the photoextrusions of carbon dioxide from these esters proceed via radical intermediates, and upon direct photolysis the reactive states for the cleavage re- action involve both singlet and triplet excited states.

Field Effects on the Statistical Behavior of the Molecular Conductance in a Single Molecular Junction in Aqueous Solution

We have combined molecular dynamics simulations with first-principles calculations to study electron transport in a single molecular junction of perylene tetracarboxylic diimide (PTCDI) in aqueous solution under external electric gate fields. It is found that the statistics of the molecular conductance are very sensitive to the strength of the electric field. The statistics of the molecular conductance are strongly associated with the thermal fluctuation of the water molecules around the PTCDI molecule. Our simulations reproduce the experimentally observed three orders of magnitude enhancement of the conductance, as well as the temperature dependent conductance, under the electrochemical gates. The effects of the molecular polarization and the dipole rearrangement of the aqueous solution are also discussed.

Study of Non-Ideal Effects for Extended Gate Field Effect Transistor Chlorine Ion Sensing Device

We use the extended gate field effect transistor (EGFET)as the structure of the chlorine ion sensor,and the chlorine ion ionophores (ETH9033 and TDDMAC1)are incorporated into solvent polymeric membrane (PVC/DOS),then the chlorine ion selective membrane is formed on the sensing window,and the fabrication of the EGFET chlorine ion sensing device is completed.The surface potential on the sensing membrane of the EGFET chlorine ion sensing device will be changed in the different chlorine ion concentration solutions,then changes further gate voltage and drain current to detect chlorine ion concentration.We will study non-ideal effects such as temperature,hysteresis and drift effects for the EGFET chlorine ion sensing device in this paper,these researches will help us to improve the sensing characteristics of the EGFET chlorine ion sensing device.

Effects of Magnetic Field on Photodegradation of Methylene Blue over ZnO and TiO2 Powders using UV-LED as a Light Source

The magnetic field effects （MFEs） are studied on photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue （MB） solution using ZnO and TiO2 particles. The UV-VIS-NIR spectrometer is used to monitor the MB concentrations, and the dependence of the reaction rate on the initial dye concentration and settling duration is studied under UV light irradiation. It is found that the MFEs exist on the heterogeneous reaction systems for both ZnO and TiO2 powders and that the extraordinary phenomenon is reproducible. For ZnO powder, the results are in good agreement with the second-order reaction kinetics following the Langmuir-Hinshelwood （L-H） model, while the reaction for TiO2 follows first-order kinetics. It enhances the photodegradation for ZnO, while it reduces or enhances the reaction for TiO2 depending on the initial dye concentrations. The MFEs become small or negligible when the same photodecomposition experiment is carried out after settling the MB solution for more than three hours for both ZnO and TiO2. It is suggested that the key factors of MFEs on photocatalytic degradation is the condition of the MB solution as well as the characteristics of photocatalysts. The alteration of the MFEs ascribed to the solution condition caused by variation of the settling time.

The Effects of Magnetic Fields on Swing Amplifier

The excitation and evolution of magnetohydrodynamic density waves are considered in a differentially rotating thin gaseous disk embedded with both an azimuthal magnetic field and a vertical magnetic field perpendicular to the disk. Our results shows that the effect of isopedic vertical magnetic fields tend to stabilize the fast MHD density waves while slow MHD density waves are not affected by such vertical magnetic fields for either rigid or differential rotation.

Field Control Effects and Crop Safety Assessment of Triazole Fungicides on Apple Rust

In order to provide a reference basis for efficient prevention and control of apple rust,apple rust(Gymnosporangium yamadai)was used as the test material,the field control effects of six triazole fungicides with different concentrations and different application times on apple rust,and the safety of application in different periods on the crop were investigated in field trials.The results showed that the control effect and safety of myclobutanil were excellent.In the prevention test,the effects of myclobutanil 40%EC 2000 times and 4000 times dilutions in protecting apple leaves from G.yamadai infection reached more than 98%at 10 d after the second spraying in the fruitlet stage,and in the treatment test,the control effects of inhibiting the spread of leaf lesions were 90.89%and 87.17%at 16 d after the fourth spraying in the fruit expansion stage,respectively.The results of the crop safety test showed that when applying the triazole fungicides with different concentrations from the red bud stage to the fruit expansion stage of apple trees,there were no adverse effects on the leaves,branches,flowers and fruit,as well as no rust or deformity on the fruit surface.When spraying the fungicides from the red bud stage to the fruit expansion stage,except that the single fruit weights in the treatment of the 10%difenoconazole DC 2000 times and myclobutanil 40%EC 4000 times dilutions were reduced without a significant difference from the control,and the values of other treatments were all reduced by more than 9%compared with the control.When applying the fungicides during the fruit expansion period,none of the tested fungicide treatments had a significant effect on the fruit growth.

Fe48Co52 Alloy Nanowire Arrays： Effects of Magnetic Field Annealing

The effects of magnetic field annealing on the properties of Fe48Co52 alloy nanowire arrays with various interwire distances （Di=30-60 nm） and wire diameters （Dw=22-46 nm） were investigated in detail. It was found that the array＇s best annealing temperature and crys- talline structure did not show any apparent dependence on the treatment of applying a 3 kOe magnetic field along the wire during the annealing process. For arrays with small Dw or with large Di, the treatment of magnetic field annealing also had no obvious influence on their magnetic performances. However, such a magnetic field annealing constrained the shift of the easy magnetization direction and improved the coercivity and the squareness obviously for arrays with large Dw or with small Di. The difference in the intensity of the effective anisotropic field within the arrays was believed to be responsible for this different variation of the array＇s magnetic properties after magnetic field annealing.

Effects of Pure Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya Interaction with Magnetic Field on Entanglement in Intrinsic Decoherence

We investigate the effects of pure Dzyaloshinskii Moriya （DM） interaction with magnetic field on entanglement in intrinsic decoherence, assuming that the system is initially in four Bell states ｜φ±〉 = （｜00） ± ｜11〉）/√2 and ｜ψ±〉 = （｜01） ±｜10〉）/√2, respectively. It is found that if the system is initially in the state p1（0） = ｜φ＋〉〈φ＋1, the entanglement can obtain its maximum when the DM interaction vector D is in the plane of XOZ and magnetic field B = By with the infinite time t, moreover the entanglement is independent of By and t when By is perpendicular to D. In addition, we obtain similar results when the system is initially in the states p2（0） = ｜φ-〉〈φ-｜ or p3 （0） = ｜ψ＋〉〈ψ＋1. However, we find that if the system is initially in the state P4 （0） = ｜ψ-〉〈ψ-l, the entanglement can obtain its maximum for infinite t, when the DM vector is in the plane ofYOZ, XOZ, or XOY, with the magnetic field parallel to X, Y, or Z axis, respectively. Moreover, when the axial B is perpendicular to D for the initial state p4（O）, the negativity oscillates with time t and reaches a stable value, the larger the value of B is, the greater the stable value is, and the shorter the oscillation time of the negativity is. Thus we can adjust the direction and value of the external magnetic field to obtain the maximal entanglement, and avoid the adverse effects of external environment in some initial state. This is feasible within the cun＇ent experimental technology.

Recent advances in fabrication and functions of neuromorphic system based on organic field effect transistor

The development of various artificial electronics and machines would explosively increase the amount of information and data,which need to be processed via in-situ remediation.Bioinspired synapse devices can store and process signals in a parallel way,thus improving fault tolerance and decreasing the power consumption of artificial systems.The organic field effect transistor(OFET)is a promising component for bioinspired neuromorphic systems because it is suitable for large-scale integrated circuits and flexible devices.In this review,the organic semiconductor materials,structures and fabrication,and different artificial sensory perception systems functions based on neuromorphic OFET devices are summarized.Subsequently,a summary and challenges of neuromorphic OFET devices are provided.This review presents a detailed introduction to the recent progress of neuromorphic OFET devices from semiconductor materials to perception systems,which would serve as a reference for the development of neuromorphic systems in future bioinspired electronics.

Oscillation of Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya interaction driven by weak electric fields

Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya interaction(DMI) is under extensive investigation considering its crucial status in chiral magnetic orders, such as Néel-type domain wall(DW) and skyrmions. It has been reported that the interfacial DMI originating from Rashba spin–orbit coupling(SOC) can be linearly tuned with strong external electric fields. In this work, we experimentally demonstrate that the strength of DMI exhibits rapid fluctuations, ranging from 10% to 30% of its original value, as a function of applied electric fields in Pt/Co/MgO heterostructures within the small field regime(< 10-2V/nm). Brillouin light scattering(BLS) experiments have been performed to measure DMI, and first-principles calculations show agreement with this observation, which can be explained by the variation in orbital hybridization at the Co/MgO interface in response to the weak electric fields. Our results on voltage control of DMI(VCDMI) suggest that research related to the voltage control of magnetic anisotropy for spin–orbit torque or the motion control of skyrmions might also have to consider the role of the external electric field on DMI as small voltages are generally used for the magnetoresistance detection.

High-Fidelity Hugoniots of α Phase RDX Solid from High-Quality Force Field with Thermal,Zero-Point Vibration,and Anharmonic Effects

It is shown that the introduction of thermal effect, zero-point vibration, and phonon anharmonicity to a high quality and first-principle-Sased force field （atomic potential） results in a significant improvement in predict- ing the densities for the α phase crystalline hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-l,3,5-triazine （RDX）, and derivation of its high-fidelity Hugoniot locus and Mie-Grfineisen equation of state covering a very wide range of pressures and temperatures. This work can be used to efficiently and accurately predict the thermophysical properties of solid explosives over the pressures and temperatures to which they are subjected, which is a long-standing issue in the field of energetic materials.

Notable effects on comprehensive techniques of man-made biosphere in rice fields

Studied by Mr. LIU Zhongzhu, ex Chairman of Fujian Academy of Agri Sciences, a combined technique of man—made biosphere in rice fields deserves notice. The research indicated that using man—made biosphere in rice fields can enrich soil, reduce the infects of diseases, insects and weeds, economize the use of pesticide and herbicide, decrease green house effect, and improve atmosphere. As tested, the yield for rice is usually 10500—12000 kg/ha, for fish is usually 2250—3250 kg/ha. Again, about 50%—60% fertilizer and 30%—50% pesticide can be saved. The net income increased $ 1,080—1,800 per ha.

Control Effects of Bacillus subtilis DJ-6 and Pyraclostrobin Alone and in Combination Against Fusarium oxysporum

[Objective] This study was conducted to screen a synergistic biological fungicide complex to control Fusarium wilt, reducing the use of chemical pesticides. [Method] The inhibitory effects of Bacil us subtilis DJ-6 and pyraclostrobin alone or in combination at five ratios against Fusarium oxysporum were detected by mea-suring mycelium growth rate in laboratory tests. The growth promotion and disease control effect of combined or single use of 20% pyraclostrobin and 2 ×1011 cfu/g B. subtilis DJ-6 WP at 1∶1 000, 1∶2 000 and 1∶3 000 dilutions were detected in field trials. [Result] The EC50 values of combined use of B. subtilis DJ-6 and pyra-clostrobin at ratios of 1∶1, 1∶2, 1∶3, 1∶4 and 1∶5 against F. oxysporum were 5.311 5, 4.008 6, 3.570 6, 3.350 9 and 3.218 9 μg/ml, with the synergistic ratios （SR） of 2.28, 1.77, 1.53, 1.64, 1.11, among which the synergetic effect at 1∶1 was the best. The fungicidal activity of pyraclostrobin was greater than that of B. subtilis DJ-6 in laboratory tests. Field trials revealed that al the 1∶1 000, 1∶2 000 and 1∶3 000 dilu-tions of 20% pyraclostrobin·2×1011 cfu/g B. subtilis DJ-6 WP in combination, 1∶1 000 dilution of 1 ×1012 cfu/g B. subtilis DJ-6 WP and 1∶2 000 dilution of 250 g/L pyra-clostrobin EC promoted the growth of strawberry by increasing plant height, leaf petiole, leaf blade area and stem diameter. Among them, the treatments with 1∶1 000 and 1∶2 000 of 20% pyraclostrobin · 2×1011 cfu/g B. subtilis DJ-6 WP in combina-tion had better effects than other treatments. The control effects of al the treat-ments were measured 30 and 80 d after fungicide application. The control effects of 1∶1 000 dilution of 20% pyraclostrobin and 2×1011 cfu/g B. subtilis DJ-6 in combina-tion were up to 100% and 93.11%, which were higher than those in al other treat-ments. The second highest control effects were found in the treatment with 1∶ 2 000 dilution of 20% pyraclostrobin and 2×1011 cfu/g B. subtilis DJ-6 in combination, they were 92.49% and 86.49%, higher than those in other treatments except the 1∶1 000 dilution of 20% pyraclostrobin and 2 ×1011 cfu/g B. subtilis DJ-6 in combination. The control effects of 1∶3 000 dilution of 20% pyraclostrobin and 2×1011 cfu/g B. subtilis DJ-6 in combination were 82.61% and 72.42%, higher than those in treatment with 1∶1 000 dilution of 1×1012 cfu/g B. subtilis DJ-6 WP, but lower than those in treat-ment with 1∶2 000 dilution of 25% pyraclostrobin EC. [Conclusion] Al the results re-vealed that the combination use of 20% pyraclostrobin and 2 ×1011 cfu/g B. subtilis DJ-6 WP at 1∶1 000 to 1∶2 000 dilution had better control effect against strawberry Fusarium wilt.

High Performance of Enhanced Mode Field Effect Transistor and Ultraviolet Sensor Based on ZnO Nanosheet

ZnO nanosheets with thickness of a few nanometers are prepared by vapor transport and condensation method, and their structure and optical properties are well characterized. Field effect transistor （FET） and ultraviolet （UV） sensors are fabricated based on the ZnO nanosheets. Due to the peculiar structure of nanosheet, the FET shows n-type enhanced mode behavior and high electrical performance, and its field-effect mobility and on/off cur- rent ratio can reach 256 cm2/（V.s） and ~10^8, respectively. Moreover, the response of UV sensors can also be remarkably improved to ~3 × 10^8. The results make the ZnO nanosheets be a good material for the applications in nanoelectronic and optoelectronic devices.

Oxygen Incorporation in Czochralski Growth of Silicon under a Horizontal Magnetic Field

A mechanism of oxygen transportation in Czochralski growth of silicon crystals under a horizontal magnetic field (HMCZ) is proposed. Oxygen depleted surface melt, driven to the growth interface by the thermal Marangoni flow, determines oxygen concentration in the grown crystals. Systematic study was carried out to investigate effects of growth parameters on oxygen incorporation into crystals.

Nuclear ?eld shift effects on stable isotope fractionation: a review

An anomalous isotope effect exists in many heavy element isotope systems （e.g., Sr, Gd, Zn, U）. This effect used to be called the ＂odd--even isotope effect＂ because the odd mass number isotopes behave differently from the even mass number isotopes. This mass-indepen- dent isotope fractionation driving force, which originates from the difference in the ground-state electronic energies caused by differences in nuclear size and shape, is cur- rently denoted as the nuclear field shift effect （NFSE）. It is found that the NFSE can drive isotope fractionation of some heavy elements （e.g., Hg, T1, U） to an astonishing degree, far more than the magnitude caused by the con- ventional mass-dependent effect （MDE）. For light ele- ments, the MDE is the dominant factor in isotope fractionation, while the NFSE is neglectable. Furthermore, the MDE and the NFSE both decrease as temperatures increase, though at different rates. The MDE decreases rapidly with a factor of 1/T2, while the NFSE decreases slowly with a factor of 1/T. As a result, even at high temperatures, the NFSE is still significant for many heavy element isotope systems. In this review paper, we begin with an introduction of the basic concept of the NSFE, including its history and recent progress, and follow with the potential implications of the inclusion of the NFSE into the kinetic isotope fractionation effect （KIE） and heavy isotope geochronology.

Progress of power field effect transistor based on ultra-wide bandgap Ga_2O_3 semiconductor material

As a promising ultra-wide bandgap semiconductor, gallium oxide(Ga_2O_3) has attracted increasing attention in recent years. The high theoretical breakdown electrical field(8 MV/cm), ultra-wide bandgap(～ 4.8 eV) and large Baliga's figure of merit(BFOM) of Ga_2O_3 make it a potential candidate material for next generation high-power electronics, including diode and field effect transistor(FET). In this paper, we introduce the basic physical properties of Ga_2O_3 single crystal, and review the recent research process of Ga_2O_3 based field effect transistors. Furthermore, various structures of FETs have been summarized and compared, and the potential of Ga_2O_3 is preliminary revealed. Finally, the prospect of the Ga_2O_3 based FET for power electronics application is analyzed.

Magnetic field effect in photodetachment from negative ion in electric field near metal surface

Based on the closed-orbit theory, the magnetic field effect in the photodetachment of negative ion in the electric field near a metal surface is studied for the first time. The results show that the magnetic field can produce a significant effect on the photodetachment of negative ion near a metal surface. Besides the closed orbits previously found by Duet al. for the H in the electric field near a metal surface （J. Phys. B 43 035002 （2010））, some additional closed orbits are produced due to the effect of magnetic field. For a given ion surface distance and an electric field strength, the cross section depends sensitively on the magnetic field strength. As the magnetic field strength is very small, its influence can be neglected. With the increase of the magnetic field strength, the number of the closed orbits increases greatly and the oscillation in the cross section becomes much more complex. Therefore we can control the photodetachment cross section of the negative ion by changing the magnetic field strength. We hope that our results may guide future experimental studies for the photodetachment process of negative ion in the presence of external fields and surfaces.