Probabilistic stability analyses of undrained slopes by 3D random fields and finite element methods

A long slope consisting of spatially random soils is a common geographical feature. This paper examined the necessity of three-dimensional(3 D) analysis when dealing with slope with full randomness in soil properties. Although 3 D random finite element analysis can well reflect the spatial variability of soil properties, it is often time-consuming for probabilistic stability analysis. For this reason, we also examined the least advantageous(or most pessimistic) cross-section of the studied slope. The concept of"most pessimistic" refers to the minimal cross-sectional average of undrained shear strength. The selection of the most pessimistic section is achievable by simulating the undrained shear strength as a 3 D random field. Random finite element analysis results suggest that two-dimensional(2 D) plane strain analysis based the most pessimistic cross-section generally provides a more conservative result than the corresponding full 3 D analysis. The level of conservativeness is around 15% on average. This result may have engineering implications for slope design where computationally tractable 2 D analyses based on the procedure proposed in this study could ensure conservative results.

Theoretical Analysis and Experimental Verification on Flow Field of Piezoelectric Pump with Unsymmetrical Slopes Element

Regular valveless piezoelectric pumps have rectifying elements outside their chambers to produce net flow. These rectifying elements outside the chamber will increase the overall volume of the pump and prevent its minimization. Valveless piezoelectric pump with unsymmetrical slopes elements（USE）, proposed in this paper, differs from other valveless pumps in that it is easy to be minimized by developing the chamber bottom as such a rectifying element. In this research, the working principle of the proposed pump was analyzed first. Numerical models were thereby established and numerical simulation was conducted to the chamber flow field with the method of time-dependent velocity. The effects of the USEs on the flow field in the chamber were shown clearly in simulation. And the particular feature of flow field in the chamber was discovered. It behaves a complex flow field, in which strong turbulent occurs companying a lot of vortexes in different directions and different sizes. This feature is just opposite to what regular piezoelectric pumps expect： a moderate flow field. The turbulent flow could be used to have different liquids stirred and well mixed in the chamber to produce homogeneous solution, emulsion or turbid liquid. Meanwhile, numerical simulation also presents the effect of the angles difference of the two slopes upon the flow field, and upon the flow rate of the pump, which fits to the theoretical analysis. Experiments with the proposed pump were also conducted to verify the numerical results. In these experiments, six USEs with different slope angles were used for efficiency tests, which proved the validity and reliability of the numerical analysis. The data obtained from numerical analysis agree well with that from the experiments. The errors ranged from 4.4% to 14.8% with their weighted average error being 9.7%.

Numerical study on the characteristics of flow field and wave propagation near submerged breakwater on slope

In this study, characteristics of flow field and wave propagation near submerged breakwater on a sloping bed are investigated with numerical model. The governing equations of the vertical two-dimensional model are Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes equations. The Reynolds stress terms are closed by a nonlinear k - ε turbulence transportation model. The free surface is traced through the PILC-VOF method. The proposed numerical model is verified with experimental results. The numerical result shows that the wave profile may become more asymmetrical when wave propagates over breakwater. When wave crest propagates over breakwater, the anticlockwise vortex may generate. On the contrary, when wave hollow propagates over breakwater, the clockwise vortex may generate. Meanwhile, the influenced zone of vortex created by wave crest is larger than that created by wave hollow. All the maximum values of the turbulent kinetic energy, turbulent dissipation and eddy viscosity occur on the top of breakwater. Both the turbulent dissipation and eddy viscosity increase as the turbulent kinetic energy increases. Wave energy may rapidly decrease near the breakwater because turbulent dissipation increases and energy in lower harmonics is transferred into higher harmonics.

A generalized multi-field coupling approach and its application to stability and deformation control of a high slope

Human activities, such as blasting excavation, bolting, grouting and impounding of reservoirs, will lead to disturbances to rock masses and variations in their structural features and material properties. These engineering disturbances are important factors that would alter the natural evolutionary processes or change the multi-field interactions in the rock masses from their initial equilibrium states. The concept of generalized multi-field couplings was proposed by placing particular emphasis on the role of engineering disturbances in traditional multi-field couplings in rock masses. A mathematical model was then developed, in which the effects of engineering disturbances on the coupling-processes were described with changes in boundary conditions and evolutions in thermo-hydro-mechanical （THM） properties of the rocks. A parameter, d, which is similar to damage variables but has a broader physical meaning, was conceptually introduced to represent the degree of engineering disturbances and the couplings among the material properties. The effects of blasting excavation, bolting and grouting in rock engineering were illustrated with various field observations or theoretical results, on which the degree of disturbances and the variations in elastic moduli and permeabilities were particularly focused. The influences of excavation and groundwater drainage on the seepage flow and stability of the slopes were demonstrated with numerical simulations. The proposed approach was further employed to investigate the coupled hydro-mechanical responses of a high rock slope to excavation, bolting and impounding of the reservoir in the dam left abutment of Jinping I hydropower station. The impacts of engineering disturbances on the deformation and stability of the slope during construction and operation were demonstrated.

A Study of Soil Nutrients in the Terrace Field Changed from Mountain Slope in Three Gorges Reservoir Region

In order to accurately grasp the soil fertility in Three Gorges Reservoir Region after changing mountain slope into terrace field,we take Wushan County for example,and use the spatio-temporal substitution method to analyze the soil nutrient status and trend about the terrace field changed from mountain slope under different length of implementation.The results show that the soil fertility is generally low in the study area,and according to the soil nutrient grading standards in the second national land survey,the average content of total nitrogen,available potassium,organic matter and available phosphorus reaches Standard III,Standard III,Standard IV and Standard V,respectively,and the spatial heterogeneity of soil nutrients is small.Compared to the sloping land,the terrace field changed from mountain slope has increasing soil nutrients on the whole with the length of farming.The mean of various indicators about soil nutrients in the terrace field changed from mountain slope for 2 years is lower than in the sloping land,and there is the biggest difference in soil fertility,while the mean of various indicators about soil nutrients in the terrace field changed from mountain slope for 14 years shows a linear upward trend,and the difference in soil fertility decreases.

Energy Spectrum of Linear Internal Wave Field in the Vicinity of Continental Slope

The purpose of the research was to investigate two-dimensional modeling of efficiency of mixing, resulting from the reflection of a linear internal wave field (IWF) off a continental slope. Efficiency of deep ocean mixing was associated with the energy balance of the radiating IWF into an interior of the ocean in the vicinity of a sloping bottom topography. Since waves are generated not only at the fundamental frequency but also at all of its harmonics ωn = nω less than buoyancy frequency N and greater than Coriolis frequency f, our analysis includes, in general, an infinite number of discrete internal wave modes n satisfying the dispersion relationship for internal waves. However, since we are interested only in the radiating part of the field, the mode numbers are limited. Due to multiple singularities of order two caused by resonance in the vicinity of critical slope, the energy is visualized in Lδ -norm with δ > 2. Research results include the visualization of the effects of the continental slope and the Earth’s rotation on resulting energy in the vicinity of the slope.

某钼(铜)多金属矿排土场边坡稳定性分析

为了研究排土场边坡稳定性,以西藏天仁矿业有限公司邦铺矿区钼(铜)多金属矿排土场为研究对象。通过工程地质条件调研,并考虑自然工况、降雨工况、地震工况三种工况,最后采用极限平衡分析法中的简化Bishop法、Spencer法与Morgenstern-Prince法对该矿排土场边坡稳定性进行分析。结果表明:排土场1-1’剖面在自然工况、降雨工况及地震工况下以极限平衡法计算所得到的安全系数均大于规范值,据此排土场边坡处于稳定状态。研究结果对该矿其他排土场边坡稳定性分析提供一定的参考依据。

考虑冠梁的桩锚支护边坡试验与数值模拟

以兰州港务区桩锚支护边坡实例为依托,通过无线自动化监测与有限元软件数值模拟相结合的方式,研究桩锚支护在未设冠梁(填土过程)阶段和设置冠梁(运营期间)阶段的支护结构内力与边坡稳定性的变化规律.结果表明:在未设冠梁阶段,随着填土高度的增加,桩身弯矩、锚杆轴力和边坡位移逐渐增大;冠梁设置后,可有效地减小桩身弯矩和锚杆轴力并且对桩顶附近土体有较强的约束作用,对边坡顶部位移的约束效果最为显著,边坡位移的影响从坡顶至坡底逐渐减小,也明显地提高了边坡的稳定性;随着运营期内支护结构与边坡土体应力的相互调整,两者的内力与位移趋于平稳变化.该试验可为西北黄土地区桩锚支护边坡的设计、施工和监测分析提供有益的参考.

土与强风化岩双元边坡圆弧-平面破坏模式与支护设计方法

为了探究土与强风化岩边坡中强风化岩不破坏的临界坡率及稳定性判断方法,基于济南地层,得出适用于数值模拟的土层参数,并利用强度折减法求出边坡的临界坡率,为施工提供参考。针对强风化岩不破坏的边坡,运用改进的瑞典条分法求出边坡安全系数解析解,并利用滑移线场法求出滑移线,为安全系数解析解的应用提供依据。结果表明,岩层厚度超过边坡高度1/2或坡率大于1:0.5时,强风化岩一定破坏;解析解得出的安全系数偏小,有利于工程安全;针对土与强风化岩边坡,文中结果可确定边坡破坏区域,设计支护方案。

Origin and migration model of natural gas in L gas field, eastern slope of Yinggehai Sag, China

Based on the chemical and stable carbon isotopic composition of natural gas and light hydrocarbons, along with regional geological data, the genetic type, origin and migration of natural gases in the L lithologic gas field, the eastern slope of Yinggehai Sag were investigated. The results show that these gases have a considerable variation in chemical composition, with 33.6%–91.5% hydrocarbon, 0.5%-62.2% CO2, and dryness coefficients ranging from 0.94 to 0.99. The alkane gases are characterized by δ13C1 values of -40.71‰--27.40‰,δ13C2 values of –27.27‰– –20.26‰, and the isoparaffin contents accounting for 55%–73% of the total C5–C7 light hydrocarbons. These data indicate that the natural gases belong to the coal-type gas and are mainly derived from the Miocene terrigenous organic-rich source rocks. When the CO2 contents are greater than 10%, the δ13CCO2 values are –9.04‰ to – 0.95‰ and the associated helium has a 3He/4He value of 7.78×10^–8, suggesting that the CO2 here is crustal origin and inorganic and mainly sourced from the thermal decomposition of calcareous mudstone and carbonate in deep strata. The gas migrated in three ways, i.e., migration of gas from the Miocene source rock to the reservoirs nearby;vertical migration of highly mature gas from deeper Meishan and Sanya Formations source rock through concealed faults;and lateral migration along permeable sandbodies. The relatively large pressure difference between the “source” and “reservoir” is the key driving force for the vertical and lateral migration of gas. Short-distance migration and effective “source - reservoir” match control the gas distribution.

低弗劳德数条件下尾坎坡度对消力池内流场结构的影响

低水头、大流量条件下泄洪,易形成低弗劳德数水流,对下游河床和边坡造成冲刷风险。基于某水利枢纽工程,采用数值模拟的方法,应用RNG k-ε数值模型,研究了不同尾坎坡度体型下消力池内低弗劳德数水跃的流场特征。研究结果表明:低弗劳德数来流条件下,消力池内形成的淹没式水跃沿水流方向可分为核心区、发展区和回流区;核心区在水深方向上按流速特性又分为射流内层、射流外层、旋滚内层和旋滚外层;不同尾坎坡度的消力池中,均遵循时均压强沿程增大、临底流速自收缩断面后沿程减小的规律;尾坎坡度变陡会使得水跃的旋滚起始断面向上游移动,旋滚终止断面向下游移动,从而使得旋滚长度增大;当尾坎坡度为1∶3时,尾坎斜坡段临底流速梯度为0,当尾坎坡度小于1∶3时,尾坎斜坡段临底流速梯度为负,当坡度大于1∶3时,流速梯度为正,其原因是尾坎坡度变陡使得尾坎对水体的阻力在平行于尾坎坡面方向的分量减小,从而使得流速梯度逐渐增大。研究成果可为类似工程中消力池的设计选型提供参考。

Effects of gully terrain on stress field distribution and ground pressure behavior in shallow seam mining

This study proposes a novel approach to study stress field distribution and overlying ground pressure behavior in shallow seam mining in gully terrain.This approach combines numerical simulations and field tests based on the conditions of gully terrain in the Chuancao Gedan Mine.The effects of gully terrain on the in situ stress field of coal beds can be identified by the ratio of self-weight stress to vertical stress(η) at the location corresponding to the maximum vertical stress.Based on the function η =j(h),the effect of gully terrain on the stress field of overlying strata of the entire field can be characterized as a significantly affected area,moderately affected area,or non-affected area.Working face 6106 in the Chuancao Gedan Mine had a coal bed Jepth <80 m and was located in what was identified as a significantly affected area.Hence,mining may cause sliding of the gully slope and increased loading(including significant dynamic loading) on the roof strata.Field tests suggest that significant dynamic pressures were observed at the body and foot of the gully slope,and that dynamic loadings were observed upslope of the working face expansion,provided that the expanding direction of the working face is parallel to the gully.

钛石膏渣场排渗加固技术的研究与应用

钛石膏渣场是钛白粉硫酸法生产工艺的副产物,其土体具有高含水量、大孔隙比、高压缩性、低强度、低透水性、遇水膨胀、失水收缩等工程特性,易受雨水渗入影响,导致渣场边坡稳定性降低。提出了一种钛石膏渣场排渗加固的方法,采用碎石桩加固挤密压实和水平、垂直联合排渗的技术方案,增加渣场整体透水性,加快边坡内部滞水排出;方法同时提高土体密实性,增加渣场土体之间的有效应力,达到降低边坡浸润线,提高渣场整体稳定性。以某钛石膏渣场为例,介绍了该方法的具体实施方案,分析了该方法的优点和效果,为类似工程提供了技术参考。

双小行星系统表面动力学环境分析

双小行星系统在太阳系中普遍存在,具有独特的探测价值,揭示其表面动力学环境是实现表面巡游探测的关键。相比于单小行星,双星系统成员间的摄动作用对表面动力学环境存在影响,需要加以专门的分析和研究。以近地双小行星系统(66391)Moshup为例,主、次星均采用多面体引力场模型,通过推导质点在主、次星表面附近的动力学方程,计算出主、次星的表面等效重力和表面坡度,以及表面各点处的最小和最大起飞速度,分析分布规律和成因,特别关注次星对高速旋转主星的周期性潮汐力的影响。在此研究结果的基础上,针对主星和次星分析适合探测器着陆和表面巡游的区域。结果表明:由于旋转离心力的影响,主、次星表面的等效重力分布有随纬度减小而降低的趋势,而坡度主要与局部地形相关,主星的北极高纬度区域和次星南北纬80°以上的区域坡度小,且等效重力较大,适合作为探测器的着陆点或开展表面巡游;次星潮汐力对主星表面重力存在周期性影响;主星表面大部分区域的最小起飞速度小于0.3 m/s,次星表面大部分区域的最小起飞速度在0.10~0.25 m/s之间。由于自转影响,主、次星的最小起飞速度方向几乎全部朝东。

基于DNDC模型的红壤旱坡花生地N_(2)O排放模拟研究

为探究DNDC模型在红壤旱坡地N_(2)O排放模拟的适用性,以赣北红壤旱坡花生地为研究对象,设置常规耕作和轻简化免耕2种处理,连续3年(2019—2021年)采用静态箱-气相色谱法开展N_(2)O排放的田间原位观测试验,研究不同耕作处理下N_(2)O排放特征及DNDC模型模拟效果。结果表明:DNDC模型对不同耕作处理下0~10 cm土壤温度(相关系数r为0.86~0.87)和作物产量(r为0.90)的模拟效果较好。该模型能较好地模拟花生季因施肥和降雨引起的N_(2)O排放波动变化,也能较好地模拟常规耕作下土壤N_(2)O排放峰,但会在一定程度上低估轻简化免耕的N_(2)O排放峰和排放总量,且模型对16 mm以下的降雨响应较小。土壤pH值、施肥量对红壤旱坡花生地N_(2)O排放的影响最大,降雨量、土壤有机碳含量和粘粒含量也是影响N_(2)O排放的重要因子。模型模拟2019年不同施肥量下N_(2)O排放总量与花生产量发现,氮肥施用量不能低于76.54 kg/hm^(2),也不宜超过106.78 kg/hm^(2)。研究结果可为红壤坡耕地作物种植优化、农业温室气体减排等提供理论依据。

暴雨条件下黄土高原荞麦地的沟蚀特征——以陕西省定边县为例

[目的]探究暴雨条件下黄土高原荞麦地的侵蚀特征,分析影响荞麦地沟蚀的可能影响因素,为黄土高原坡耕地的治理提供参考依据。[方法]以陕西定边2022年7月10日暴雨事件为例,采用遥感和实地测量相结合的方法,分析了荞麦地的沟蚀特征,探讨了影响荞麦地的主要因素。[结果](1)暴雨条件下的荞麦地侵蚀沟沟头多从与其他地类交接处发育。(2)细沟平均宽度和平均深度范围分别为5.2~29.5 cm和2~19.6 cm,宽深比和沟密度分别介于0.88~3.782 m/m^(2),0.028~1.56 m/m^(2),细沟侵蚀强度最大为20 294.66 t/km^(2)。(3)浅沟平均宽度和平均深度范围分别为37.3~173 cm和8~30.7 cm,宽深比和沟密度分别介于2.161~18.750 m/m^(2),0.003~0.142 m/m^(2),浅沟侵蚀强度最大为31 629.83 t/km^(2)。(4)荞麦地沟蚀过程同时受到坡度、坡长、上方汇水面积以及相邻地块措施因素的影响。[结论]与草地、覆膜玉米地等其他地类相比,暴雨条件下荞麦坡耕地沟蚀土壤侵蚀较为严重,达到了剧烈侵蚀强度。

Effect of Soil Erosion on Productivity of Sloping Field in a Micro-plot Experiment

[Objective] This study aimed to explore the effects of soil erosion on the productivity of sloping field. [Method] Through removing of and covering with topsoil in a micro-plot experiment, the effect of soil erosion on productivity of sloping field was studied. [Result] The results showed that there was extremely significantly posi- tive correlation between the thicknesses of covered topsoil with either the yield of maize seeds or the yield of maize stalks, which indicated that the yields of maize seeds and maize stalks decreased extremely significantly with the increase of the amount of surface soil loss caused by erosion on the sloping field. The yields of maize seeds and maize stalks decreased by 29.62% and 24.46% respectively in the treatment with removal of a 15 cm thick layer of mature topsoil in the plow layer; the yields of maize seeds and maize stalks decreased by 17.31% and 20.14% re- spectively in the treatment with removal of a 10 cm thick layer of mature topsoil in the plow layer; the yields of maize seeds and maize stalks decreased by 12.69% and 11.51% respectively in the treatment with removal of a 5 cm thick layer of ma- ture topsoil in the plow layer; the yields of maize seeds and maize stalks increased by 10.00% and 9.35% respectively in the treatment with covering with a 5 cm thick layer of mature topsoil in the plow layer; the yields of maize seeds and maize stalks increased by 15.77% and 16.19% respectively in the treatment with covering with a 10 cm thick layer of mature topsoil in the plow layer; the yields of maize seeds and maize stalks increased by 17.69% and 25.18% respectively in the treat- ment with covering with a 15 cm thick layer of mature topsoil in the plow layer. [Conclusion] This study provides a basis for assessing the effect of soil erosion on sloping field.

库水位升降对桥区岸坡稳定性的影响分析

为研究水位升降对桥区岸坡稳定性的影响,以西南地区某桥区岸坡为研究对象,基于饱和-非饱和渗流理论,采用geostudio软件系统分析了桥区岸坡在水位升降过程中渗流场、位移场与稳定性的变化规律,并探讨了桥基水平位移的变化规律。结果表明,在水位升降时,岸坡渗流场具有明显的滞后效应。初蓄水与高水位工况下,坡面监测点的水平位移在正常蓄水位以下先增大后减小,在正常蓄水位以上逐渐增大;水位骤降工况下,坡面监测点的水平位移迅速增大。初蓄水与水位骤降工况下,桥基水平位移迅速增加;高水位工况下,桥基水平位移在坡内浸润线以上时持续增加,在坡内浸润线以下时逐渐减小。较陡的桥区岸坡水平位移较大,应采取相应的加固措施。桥区岸坡的稳定性系数在水位骤降时迅速减小,且在水位骤降约21.32 m后桥区岸坡的稳定性已不满足工程要求。

基于透明土的不同间、排距抗滑桩边坡滑移特征

为探讨不同间、排距抗滑桩支护下边坡的滑移规律和特征,采用透明土模型试验并结合粒子图像测速技术,进行不同间、排距抗滑桩加固下边坡透明土试验,以探讨坡顶受荷下抗滑桩边坡土体的整体移动规律和滑移破坏特征。通过不同间、排距抗滑桩加固边坡土体的位移矢量图、位移等值线图以及荷载-位移曲线特征分析。结果表明:抗滑桩边坡的滑移过程可分为稳定、匀速和加速变形3个阶段,边坡极限承载力随桩间、排距的减小有所增大;抗滑桩加固边坡的滑动层深度随桩间、排距的扩大而加深,间、排距为3 b时,出现坡面浅层和桩身中部位置的两个深浅不一的滑动面,表现为越顶剪切和桩土体系共同倾覆破坏。基于研究结论,对边坡防护提出以下建议:对于重要边坡防护工程,方形抗滑桩间、排距不宜超过桩截面边长的3倍和4倍,对于承载力要求不高的边坡工程,可适当增加桩间、排距以减小施工成本。

降雨作用下三维矿山边坡的力学状态响应

矿山边坡稳定性是影响矿山开采的重大安全生产难题,安全的环境是进行矿山开采的重要前提,因此,开展矿山边坡稳定性分析,对矿山的安全生产具有重要的指导意义。以重庆皇华石灰岩矿山边坡为例进行数值建模分析,首先利用无人机倾斜摄影得到矿山边坡几何形状并识别出岩体结构面,基于摄影识别结果建立三维地质模型,然后采用有限元强度折减法对边坡进行数值计算,对比分析天然工况及暴雨工况下矿山边坡稳定性,揭示降雨作用对于边坡稳定性的影响规律。结果表明,暴雨工况下边坡变形和应变比天然工况下的更大,安全系数更小;暴雨工况下的变形和应变分别比天然工况高30%、40%~60%,安全系数减小了5%~7%,数值模拟结果基本合理;该矿山边坡稳定性较高,整体滑移破坏的可能性较低,但需防范局部块体掉落的风险,还需要进一步研究是否需要进行局部边坡加固。研究结果验证了现场调查、室内试验、三维模型判定、二维剖面重点分析的综合研究方法对岩质边坡稳定性进行评价的适用性与可靠性。