Residual elastic stress strain field and geometrically necessary dislocation density distribution around nano-indentation in TA15 titanium alloy

Nanoindentation and high resolution electron backscatter diffraction（EBSD） were combined to examine the elastic modulus and hardness of α and β phases,anisotropy in residual elastic stress strain fields and distributions of geometrically necessary dislocation（GND） density around the indentations within TA15 titanium alloy.The nano-indention tests were conducted on α and β phases,respectively.The residual stress strain fields surrounding the indentation were calculated through crosscorrelation method from recorded patterns.The GND density distribution around the indentation was calculated based on the strain gradient theories to reveal the micro-mechanism of plastic deformation.The results indicate that the elastic modulus and hardness for α p hase are 129.05 GPas and 6.44 GPa,while for β phase,their values are 109.80 GPa and 4.29 GPa,respectively.The residual Mises stress distribution around the indentation is relatively heterogeneous and significantly influenced by neighboring soft β phase.The region with low residual stress around the indentation is accompanied with markedly high a type and prismatic-GND density.

Elastic Strain Field Distribution of a Self-Organized Growth Lensed-Shaped Quantum Dot by Finite Element Method

The stress and strain fields in self-organized growth coherent quantum dots （QD） structures are investigated in detail by two-dimension and three-dimension finite element analyses for lensed-shaped QDs. The nonobjective isolate quantum dot system is used. The calculated results can he directly used to evaluate the conductive band and valence band confinement potential and strain introduced by the effective mass of the charge carriers in strain QD.

Strain field investigation of limestone specimen under uniaxial compression loads using particle image velocimetry

The particle image velocimetry (PIV) method was used to investigate the full-field displacements and strains of the limestone specimen under external loads from the video images captured during the laboratory tests.The original colorful video images and experimental data were obtained from the uniaxial compression test of a limestone.To eliminate perspective errors and lens distortion,the camera was placed normal to the rock specimen exposure.After converted into a readable format of frame images,these videos were transformed into the responding grayscale images,and the frame images were then extracted.The full-field displacement field was obtained by using the PIV technique,and interpolated in the sub-pixel locations.The displacement was measured in the plane of the image and inferred from two consecutive images.The local displacement vectors were calculated for small sub-windows of the images by means of cross-correlation.The video images were interrogated in a multi-pass way,starting off with 64×64 images,ending with 16×16 images after 6 iterations,and using 75% overlap of the sub-windows.In order to remove spurious vectors,the displacements were filtered using four filters:signal-to-noise ratio filter,peak height filter,global filter and local filter.The cubic interpolation was utilized if the displacements without a number were encountered.The full-field strain was then obtained using the local least square method from the discrete displacements.The strain change with time at different locations was also investigated.It is found that the normal strains are dependant on the locations and the crack distributions.Between 1.0 and 5.0 s prior to the specimen failure,normal strains increase rapidly at many locations,while a stable status appears at some locations.When the specimen is in a failure status,a large rotation occurs and it increases in the inverse direction.The strain concentration bands do not completely develop into the large cracks,and meso-cracks are not visible in some bands.The techniques presented here may improve the traditional measurement of the strain field,and may provide a lot of valuable information in investigating the deformation/failure mechanism of rock materials.

Current horizontal strain field in Chinese mainland derived from GPS data

The current crustal horizontal strain field is given in the paper based on the horizontal movement rates obtained from about 400 GPS stations located in Chinese mainland and its surrounding areas. The results show: a) The horizontal strain in Chinese mainland is strong in the west and weak in the east and the shear strain is larger than the normal strain (absolute magnitude). The general strain magnitude is 10-8/a and in local regions is 10-7/a, but the strain distribution is not homogeneous; b) The regions with the most significant NS-trending strains are the Himalayas belt along the western segment of Chinese southern boundary, the segment of 36N~42N along the western boundary and the northern margin of Qaidam block; c) The EW-trending strain variation along the western margin is the maximum and it is characterized by the alternatively positive and negative variations from the west to the east; d) The regions with larger magnitudes of REN (NE-trending shear strain) and Rmax (maximum shear strain) are Himalayas belt, the segment of 36N~42N along the western boundary, the western part of Qaidam block, Sichuan-Yunnan (Chuan-Dian) rhombic block and the border area of Alxa, Qilian and Tarim blocks; e) The surrounding area of Qinghai-Xizang (Qingzang) block is mainly superfacial contraction and its interior is basically superfacial expansion. The area to its north is mainly superfacial contraction with the maximum magnitude along the western boundary and the minimum magnitude in the eastern part (except Yanshan tectonic zone); f) In the west of the western part, the principal compressive strain is in the SN direction and the principal tensile strain is in the EW direction, while in the eastern margin area of the western part, the principal compressive strain is proximate EW and the principal tensile strain is about SN. The principal strain direction of Chuan-Dian rhombic block has changed greatly. In the northern part, it is compression in the EW and tension in the SN, while in the southern part, it is just the opposite; g) The strain pattern in Chinese mainland might be the integration of block mode and successive deformation mode. In addition, the shear strain might be the small-scale dominant strain. Such a result might be resulted from the collision of Indian plate and the boundaries coupling, and it is also closely related to the motion of deep-seated matters and the physical nature of crustal medium. Therefore, it should be noted that since the GPS stations are not homogenous in spatial distribution, the obtained strain fields and the scales of the strain should be different.

Analyis on the indirect tension displacement and strain field of asphalt mixture based on ABAQUS and DICM

In order to study the damage mechanism of asphalt mixture,it is important to obtain the distribution of displacement and strain of its sample in the indirect tension mode.As a result,the digital image correlation method (DICM) was used to evaluate the displacement field and strain field of asphalt mixture.The results showed that the displacement fields under DICM and ABAQUS are similarly;the strain fields are different due to the different modulus of mastic and aggregate;and DICM is an practical method to study the indirect tension displacement and stain.

Measurement and evaluation of strain fields in T23 steel based on digital image correlation method

Surface strain fields of the designed compact tension(CT)specimens were investigated by digital image correlation(DIC)method.An integrative computer program was developed based on DIC algorithms to characterize the strain fields accurately and graphically.Strain distribution of the CT specimen was predicted by finite element method(FEM).Good agreement is observed between the surface strain fields measured by DIC and predicted by FEM,which reveals that the proposed method is practical and effective to determine the strain fields of CT specimens.Moreover,strain fields of the CT specimens with various compressive loads and notch diameters were studied by DIC.The experimental results can provide effective reference to usage of CT specimens in triaxial creep test by appropriately selecting specimen and experiment parameters.

Simulation of surface displacement and strain field of the 2011 Japan Mw9. 0 earthquake

Based on dislocation theory of 0kada, we adopted a finite-element fault model inverted by Gavin Hayes from seismic data for the 2011 Japan Mw9.0 earthquake, and obtained the corresponding surface displacement and strain fields. The calculated displacement field is consistent with the observed GPS results in the trend of changes. Also the surface displacement and strain fields both show large variations in space.

The Dynamic Characteristics of Strain Fields and Crustal Movement before the Wenchuan Earthquake (M_S=8.0)

In this paper, we analyze the crustal movements, strain field changes and large scale dynamic characteristics of horizontal deformation before the Wenchuan earthquake （ Ms = 8.0） using GPS data obtained from the Crustal Movement Observation Network of China. The following issues are discussed. First, the strain fields of the Longmeushan fault zone located at the epicenter show slow accumulation, because of the tectonic dynamics process subjected to the eastward movement of the Bayan Har block. Second, the different movements between the Longmenshan fault and South China block are smaller than the errors of GPS observation. Third, the high value of compressive strain （2004 - 2007） is located at the epicenter, which shows that the local squeezing action is stronger than before. Fourth, the data from GPS reference stations in the Chinese Mainland show that crustal shortening is faster than before in the north-eastern direction, which is part of the background of the local tectonic dynamics increase in the Longmenshan fault zone.

THE APPLICATION OF MOIRE INTERFEROMETRY IN THE MEASUREMENT OF DISPLACEMENT FIELD AND STRAIN FIELD AT NOTCH-TIP AND CRACK-TIP

This paper presents the application of Moire interferometry in measuring the displacement and strain field at notch-tip and crack-tip before and after crack propagation.The experiment is carried out using a three point bending beam with a notch.The N_x and N_y fringe patterns representing displacement field,and the ΔN_x/Δx and ΔN_y/Δy fringe patterns representing the strain field are obtained.The sensitivity of the meas- ured displacement is 0.417μm per fringe order.The displacement and strain distribution along the section x=0 have been worked out according to N_x and N_y fringe patterns.

Evaluation of micro-behavior of strain field in Chinese mainland with the GPS time se-ries

Based on the time series of GPS station coordinate in the international Earth reference frame （ITRF）, we evaluate annual micro-behavior of strain field in Chinese mainland with the triangle method. The results show that the annual micro-behavior of strain field is divided into two parts by the north-south earthquake belt in the research region. The prevailing direction of compressive principal strain field is nearly consistent in the western region. From west to east, the direction varies from NS to NE. It is in accordance with the direction of the modem compressive principal strain field. This suggests that geologic deformation in western region was mainly caused by that India tectonic plate pushes the research region northward and the Siberia plate pushes it southward relatively. It is an inheritance of new tectonic motion. The prevailing direction of the compressive principal strain field does not exist in the eastern region .The annual biggest shear strain is different greatly in every grid-cell. The values varies from 4.13×10^-8 to 7.0×10^-10. By and large the annual biggest shear strain in the western region is bigger than that in the eastern region. And so is the variation between any two consecutive biggest annual shear strains in the same grid-cell. The annual surface dilatation show that in most grid-cells of the research region the surface dilatation is in compressibility, and the variation between any two consecutive annual surface dilatation in the same grid-cell is small.

Dependence of elastic strain field on the self-organized ordering of quantum dot superlattices

A systematic investigation of the strain distribution of self-organized, lens-shaped quantum dot in the case of groffth direction on （001） substrate was presented. The three-dimensional finite element analysis for an array of dots was used for the strain calculation. The dependence of the strain energy density distribution on the thickness of the capping layer was investigated in detail when the elastic characteristics of the matrix material were anisotropic. It is shown that the elastic anisotropic greatly influences the stress, strain, and strain energy density in the quantum dot structures. The anisotropic ratio of the matrix material and the combination with different thicknesses of the capping layer, may lead to different strain energy density minimum locations on the capping layer surface, which can result in various vertical ordering phenomena for the next layer of quantum dots, i.e. partial alignment, random alignment, and complete alignment.

3-D rheologic model of earthquake preparation (Ⅱ): Strain field and its applications

On the basis of the three-dimensional elastic inclusion model, the analytic expression of viscoelastic strain field is derived, i.e., the analytic expression of viscoelastic strain at an arbitrary point (x, y, z) in x-axis, y-axis and z-axis produced by three-dimension inclusion in the semi-infinite rheologic medium defined by the standard linear rheologic model, namely the normal strains exx(r, t), eyy(r, t) and ezz(r, t), the shear strains exy(r, t) and eyx(r, t), eyz(r, t) and ezy(r, t), exz(r, t) and ezx(r, t), and the bulk-strain q (r, t). By computing the spatial-temporal variation of bulk strain on the ground produced by a spherical rheologic inclusion in a semi-infinite rheologic medium, we obtained some significant results that the bulk-strain variation with time produced by a hard inclusion has three stages (a, b, g) with different characteristics, which are similar to those of most geodetic deformation curves, but not the case for those by a soft inclusion. It is meaningful that these theoretical results have been applied to explain preliminarily the characteristics of stage variation of spatial-temporal evolution, the pattern and quadrant distribution of earthquake precursors, the changeability, spontaneity and complexity of short-term and imminent-term precursors. It offers a theoretical base to found the physical model of earthquake precursors and a reference to predict physically the earthquakes.

Numerical analysis of contemporary hori-zontal tectonic deformation fields in China from GPS data

Assuming that the contemporary tectonic activity in China can be treated as continuous, we have simulated 1245 present-day multiple-epoch GPS velocity solutions in the range of Chinese mainland, Mongolia, Myanma, India, Nepal and Himalayas with a bi-cubic spline interpolation function to inverse the integral horizontal velocity with the fitting accuracy less than 3 mm and obtained the strain rate fields in Chinese mainland. We have also analyzed the characteristics of spatial distribution of horizontal deformation and strain rate fields in Chinese mainland. The result shows that the analysis on the continuous deformation in the large-scale and dense GPS velocity fields can reveal not only the integral tectonic characters of Chinese mainland but also the tectonic characters in local regions. Generally, the magnitude and intensity of horizontal tectonic deformation have a mutation in the South-North Seismic Belt (95°E-102°E), which is stronger in the west than the east and stronger in the south than the north. Large strain rates are found in the areas as Kunlun block, Xianshuihe fault zone and central Yunnan, and the variation of velocity is very rapid. At the same time, the tectonic activity is relatively calm on Altyn Tagh fault zone, and extensive strain is found in the eastern part of central Tianshan.

The coefficient of variation representing the non-uniformity of the strain field and its implication to detect earthquake precursor

Before the major earthquake or rock damage occurs,it is often accompanied by a sudden change in the degree of non-uniformity of the strain field.In order to find a stronger non-uniformity signal before the rock failure,the coefficient of variation(Cv)is examined and reformed in this study.We test the Cv calculation way of the"normal-abnormal"model proposed in the previous studies.Based on the analysis of the physical process of rock failure and its relationship to the shear strain field,we construct a new way to calculate the Cv value.The variation of shear strain field on rock sample with the increase of stress is obtained by the digital speckle correlation method(DSCM).The new Cv value calculation way is used to study the non-uniformity of the spatial distribution for the shear strain field.The results show that this Cv calculation way can get more obvious abnormal signals.When the number of observation points are limited,the specific distribution of points can increase the signal strength,which may provide reference for the research on precursor detection of earthquakes.

Study on the Horizontal Deformation Strain Field in the Central and Northern Parts of Yunnan Province

Based on the horizontal deformation field and the strain field derived from the GPS data over the period of 1999～2001 in the Yunnan area, the characteristics of deformation and strain in the northern part of Yunnan Province have been studied. The results indicate that the central part of the studied area is rather stable with little crustal displacement, while the western and eastern parts are active with larger displacement. The strain field reveals that the orientations of the principal compressive strain axis of the crust and the sub blocks in the area are NW SE, while the orientations of the principal tensile strain axis is NE SW. In the studied area, the tensile strain is predominatly in the northern part and the compressive strain is predominatly in the central and southern parts. The stretching direction of the shear strain contour is basically consistent with the strike of the active fault. The strain and stress fields of the fault activity are related to the structure where the fault is located, while the activity properties of the faults are different.

Combined Effect of Uniaxial Strain and Magnetic Field on the Exciton States in Semiconducting Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes

The exciton states of semiconducting carbon nanotubes are calculated by a tight-binding model supplemented by Coulomb interactions under the combined effect of uniaxial strain and magnetic field. It is found that the excitation energies and absorption spectra of zigzag tubes（11,0） and（10,0） show opposite trends with the strain under the action of the magnetic field. For the（11,0） tube, the excitation energy decreases with the increasing uniaxial strain, with a splitting appearing in the absorption spectra. For the（10,0） tube, the variation trend firstly increases and then decreases, with a reversal point appearing in the absorption spectra. More interesting,at the reversal point the intensity of optical absorption is the largest because of the degeneracy of the two bands nearest to the Fermi Level, which is expected to be observed in the future experiment. The similar variation trend is also exhibited in the binding energy for the two kinds of semiconducting tubes.

Microstructure evolution and precipitation behavior of Al-Mg-Si alloy during initial aging

The microstructure evolution and precipitation behavior of Al-Mg-Si alloy during initial aging were studied using hardness testing, conductivity testing, differential scanning calorimetry(DSC), and high resolution transmission electron microscopy(HRTEM). The results show that the precipitation sequence of the Al-Mg-Si alloy during initial aging can be represented as: supersaturated solid solution → spherical Mg/Si clusters → needle-like Guinier Preston(GP) zone → β″. Clusters are completely coherent with the Al matrix. The GP zone with relatively complete independent lattice parameters that differ slightly from the Al matrix parameters, is oriented along the direction of <111>Aland lying on {111}Alplane. The strength of the Al-Mg-Si alloy is greatly enhanced by the threedimensional strain field that exists between the β″ phase and the two {200}Alplanes. After aging at 170 ℃ for 6 h, the hardness reaches the peak of 127 HV and remains for a long time. At this stage, the electrical conductivity keeps relatively stable due to the formation of coherent precipitates(Mg/Si clusters/GP zones) and the reduction in solute atom concentration in the Al matrix. The severe coarsening and decreased number density of the β″ phase during the over-aging stage result in a significant decrease in the hardness.

Uniaxial experimental study of the acoustic emission and deformation behavior of composite rock based on 3D digital image correlation(DIC)

In this paper, uniaxial compression tests were carried out on a series of composite rock specimens with different dip angles, which were made from two types of rock-like material with different strength. The acoustic emission technique was used to monitor the acoustic signal characteristics of composite rock specimens during the entire loading process. At the same time, an optical non-contact 3 D digital image correlation technique was used to study the evolution of axial strain field and the maximal strain field before and after the peak strength at different stress levels during the loading process. The effect of bedding plane inclination on the deformation and strength during uniaxial loading was analyzed. The methods of solving the elastic constants of hard and weak rock were described. The damage evolution process, deformation and failure mechanism, and failure mode during uniaxial loading were fully determined. The experimental results show that the θ = 0?–45?specimens had obvious plastic deformation during loading, and the brittleness of the θ = 60?–90?specimens gradually increased during the loading process. When the anisotropic angle θincreased from 0?to 90?, the peak strength, peak strain,and apparent elastic modulus all decreased initially and then increased. The failure mode of the composite rock specimen during uniaxial loading can be divided into three categories:tensile fracture across the discontinuities(θ = 0?–30?), slid-ing failure along the discontinuities(θ = 45?–75?), and tensile-split along the discontinuities(θ = 90?). The axial strain of the weak and hard rock layers in the composite rock specimen during the loading process was significantly different from that of the θ = 0?–45?specimens and was almost the same as that of the θ = 60?–90?specimens. As for the strain localization highlighted in the maximum principal strain field, the θ = 0?–30?specimens appeared in the rock matrix approximately parallel to the loading direction,while in the θ = 45?–90?specimens it appeared at the hard and weak rock layer interface.

Horizontal crustal deformation in Chinese Mainland analyzed by CMONOC GPS data from 2009-2013

In this study, we analyze the regional GPS data of Crustal Movement Observation Network of China （CMONOC） observed from 2009-2013 using the BERNESE GPS software, and then the preliminary results of horizontal velocity field and strain rate field are presented, which could reflect the overall deformation features in the Chinese mainland from 2009-2013. Besides, the velocity error and the probable factors that could influence the estimate of long-term deformation are also discussed.

Stress/strain distributions for weld metal solidification crack instain less steels

This paper has simulated the driving force of solidification crack of stainless steels, that is, stress/strain field in the trail of molten pool. Firstly, the effect of the deformation in the molten pool was eliminated after the element rebirth method was adopted. Secondly, the influence of solidification shrinkage was taken into account by increasing thermal expansion coefficients of the steels at elevated temperatures. Finally, the stress/strain distributions of different conditions have been computed and analyzed. Furthermore, the driving force curves of the solidification crack of the steels have been obtained by converting strain time curves into strain temperature curves, which founds a basis for predicting welding solidification crack.