High-speed through-silicon via filling method using Cu-cored solder balls

A novel low-cost and high-speed via filling method using Cu-cored solder balls was investigated for through-silicon via manufacture.Cu-cored solder balls with a total diameter of 100μm were used to fill 150μm deep,110μm wide vias in silicon.The wafer-level filling process can be completed in a few seconds,which is much faster than using the traditional electroplating process.Thermo-mechanical analysis of via filling using solder,Cu and Cu-cored solder was carried out to assess the thermo-mechanical properties of the different filling materials.It was found that the vias filled with Cu-cored solder exhibit less thermal-mechanical stresses than solder-filled vias, but more than Cu-filled vias.

A Parameter-Free Filled Function for Unconstrained Global Optimization

The filled function method is an approach for finding a global minimum of multi-dimensional functions. With more and more relevant research, it becomes a promising way used in unconstrained global optimization. Some filled functions with one or two parameters have already been suggested. However, there is no certain criterion to choose a parameter appropriately. In this paper, a parameter-free filled function was proposed. The definition of the original filled function and assumptions of the objective function given by Ge were improved according to the presented parameter-free filled function. The algorithm and numerical results of test functions were reported. Conclusions were drawn in the end. Key words global optimization - filled function method - local minimizer MSC 2000 90C30

Water medium retarders for heavy-duty vehicles:Computational fluid dynamics and experimental analysis of filling ratio control method

The water medium（WM） retarder is an auxiliary braking device that could convert the kinetic energy of the vehicle to the thermal energy of the coolant, and it is used instead of the service brake under non-emergency braking conditions. This paper analyzes the flow distribution based on a mathematical model and analyzes the key factors that could affect the filling ratio and the braking torque of the WM retarder. Computational fluid dynamics（CFD） simulations are conducted to compute the braking torque, and theresults are verified by experiments. It is shown that the filling ratio and the braking torque can be expressed by the mathematical model proposed in this paper. Compared with the Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes（RANS） turbulent model, the shear stress transport（SST） turbulent model can more accurately simulate the braking torque. Finally, the flow distribution and the flow character in the WM retarders are analyzed.

A NEW FILLED FUNCTION METHOD FOR INTEGER PROGRAMMING

The Filled Function Method is a class of effective algorithms for continuous global optimization. In this paper, a new filled function method is introduced and used to solve integer programming. Firstly, some basic definitions of discrete optimization are given. Then an algorithm and the implementation of this algorithm on several test problems are showed. The computational results show the algorithm is effective.

NUMERICAL STUDY OF NON-AQUEOUS PHASE LIQUID TRANSPORT IN A SINGLE FILLED FRACTURE BY LATTICE BOLTZMANN METHOD

In this article,the Non-Aqueous Phase Liquid（NAPL）transport in the single filled fracture was studied with the Shan-Chen multi-component multiphase Lattice Boltzmann Method（LBM）with special consideration of wettability effects.With the help of the model,the contact angle of the non-wetting phase and wetting phase interface at a solid wall could be adjusted.By considering a set of appropriate boundary conditions,the fractured conductivity was investigated in condition that the NAPL blocks the channels in the single filled fracture.In order to study the wettability effects on the NAPL transport,a constant driving force was introduced in the Shan-Chen multi-component multiphase LBM.Flow regimes with different wettabilities were discussed.Simulated results show that the LBM is a very instrumental method for simulating and studying the immiscible multiphase flow problems in single filled fracture.

New Tunnel-Filled Function Method for Discrete Global Optimization

In this paper,a new transformation function was proposed for finding global minimizer of discrete optimization problems.We proved that under some general assumptions the new transformation function possesses the properties of both the tunneling functions and the filled functions.Only one parameter was included in the proposed function,and it can be adjusted easily in the realization.Numerical results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Discrete Global Optimization Problems with a Modified Discrete Filled Function

This paper considers discrete global optimization problems.The traditional definition of the discrete filled function is modified in this paper.Based on the modified definition,a new discrete filled function is presented and an algorithm for discrete global optimization is developed from the discrete filled function.Numerical experiments reported in this paper on several test problems with up to 200 variables have demonstrated the efficiency of the algorithm.

Liquid bridge force between two unequal-sized spheres or a sphere and a plane

Liquid bridge force acting between wet particles is an important property in particle characterization. This paper deals with liquid bridge force between either two unequal-sized spherical particles or a sphere and a flat plate under conditions where gravitational effect arising from bridge distortion is negligible. In order to calculate the force of the liquid bridge efficiently and accurately, expressions of liquid configuration and liquid bridge force were derived by building a mechanical model, which assumes the liquid bridge to be circular in shape between either two unequal-sized spheres or a sphere and a plane. To assess the accuracy of the numerical results of the calculated liquid bridge forces, they were compared to the nuhlished experimental data.

A Class of Parameter-free Filled Functions for Box-constrained System of Nonlinear Equations

In this paper, a class of parameter-free filled functions is proposed for solving box-constrained system of nonlinear equations. Firstly, the original problem is converted into an equivalent global optimization problem. Subsequently, a class of parameter-free filled functions is proposed for solving the problem. Some properties of the new class of filled functions are studied and discussed. Finally, an algorithm which neither computes nor explicitly approximates gradients during minimizing the filled functions is presented. The global convergence of the algorithm is also established. The implementation of the algorithm on several test problems is reported with satisfactory numerical results.