There is plenty of space in the MXene layers: The confinement and fillings

MXenes have emerged as a new kind of 2D transition metal carbides,nitrides and carbonitrides.Origined from the unique 2D structure with a luxuriant combination of elements,MXenes drive a series of the investigations related to energy storage and conversion,biometrics and sensing,lighting,purification and separation.For 2D layered MXene materials,the interspacing confined by the independent MXenes layers affords a distinct confinement space,which is similar to a nanoreactor that can be utilized for the storage of ions,nanoparticles,nanowires,and the materials with 2D or 3D structure.These fillings confined by MXene layers afford new opptunities for achieving improved properties and performance via complementary natural features,further the synergistic effect.Herein,we summarize the recent reports concerning with the confinded MXenes spacing and the fillings.The modification of interlayer distance lead by the intercalants were explored.We expect that our review may offer the route for a series of ongoing studies to address the MXenes.

Direct shear tests of coarse-grained fillings from high-speed railway subgrade in cold regions

In order to study the shear behavior of coarse-grained fillings taken from the subgrade bottom layer of a cold region high-speed railway,large scale direct shear tests were conducted with different normal pressures,water contents and temperatures.The results indicate that the relationship between shear displacement and shear stress changed from strain-softening at lower normal pressures to strain-hardening at higher normal pressures,in both unfrozen and frozen states.This phenomenon was mainly due to the shear dilatation deformation effect.The shear displacement-shear stress curves show similar stages.Besides,the shear stress rapidly increased and there was not an increment in the shear displacement during the initial stage of the shear process in the frozen state.In both the unfrozen or frozen states at the same water contents,the shear strength increased with increasing normal pressure.

Frost heave control of fine round gravel fillings in deep seasonal frozen regions

Fine round gravel soil is widely employed in the subgrade of high and thawing. The lower the fines content in fine round gravel soil, but compaction difficulty increases. This study is to obtain the speed railways in cold regions to prevent frost heaving the smaller the quantities of frost heaving and thawing, optimum fines content and limited frost heaving and thawing. The fine round gravel soil filling （FRGSF） used in the Harbin-Qiqihaer Passenger Dedicated Line is taken as the study object. Influence of fines content on optimum water content, maximum dry density and frost heaving properties of FRGSF were studied by means of compaction and frost heaving tests. Results show that the maximum dry density of the FRGSF increases first and then decreases with an increase of fines content, namely there is an optimum fines content for easy compaction. The method of surface-vibratory instrument is fit for coarse-grained soils, and wet state of coarse-grained soil is in favor of compaction. Considering the relationship of fines content with maximum dry density and the frost heaving ratio of FRGSF, the fines content should be limited to within the range of 9%-10%, so that the frost heaving ratio is less than 1%, and the FRGSF is easily compacted. Water supply is proved to be an important factor influencing the amount of frost heaving of FRGSF. We also conclude that in the field, it is imperative to control waterproofing and drainage measures.

The Sequence Architecture of Volcanic Basin Fillings-An Example From Xujiaweizi Faulted Depression In Songliao Basin

The basin filling geometric pattern of volcanic eruptive rocks depends on both of the eruptive locations in a basin and structural styles of fault terraces. It is divided into three types by eruptive locations and occurrences of eruptive rocks, including the pattern of eruption along fault and occurrence (PEAFO), the pattern of eruption on footwall of a fault and occurrence (PEOFO) and the pattern of eruption on hangingwall of fault and occurrence (PEOHO) in Xujiaweizi fault depression of Songliao basin, Northeast of China. Those basin filling patterns of volcanic eruptive rocks are of specific geometric characteristics controlling or affecting sedimentation, geometry of sedimentary body and sequence architecture during a sequence evolution. The study shows that the volcanic rocks developed at different stages of lowstand, transgressive and highstand can give different controls or affects on the sequence architecture.

Fluid filtration and dye leakage testing of Resilon/Epiphany and guttapercha/Pulp Canal Sealer root canal fillings

The aim of the present study was to compare sealing abilities of Resilon/Epiphany (R/E) with those of guttapercha and Kerr Pulp Canal Sealer EWT (GP/PCS). 50 single rooted teeth were randomly divided into 2 groups (n = 22) (R/E;GP/PCS), and 2 control groups (n = 3) (Positive, Negative). Fluid flow rate through the filled roots was measured using a fluid filtration device. The same specimens were immersed in a 2% Methylen Blue Solution. Roots were embedded in clear epoxy resin and cross sectionet at 1 mm intervals along the length of the root. Circumferential dye penetration was evaluated at 40× magnification. Fluid filtration of teeth obturated with the R/E system (0.085 [0.057, 0.113] μL·min-1), and dye penetration test showed no statistically significant difference compared to those obturated with GP/PCS (0.113 [0.057, 0.141] μL·min-1). Within the limits of the present study, there is no statistically significant difference between R/E and GP/PCS sealing abilities.

Discovery of Multi-solid Phase Fillings in Mantle Fluid Inclusions and Its Implications

The inclusions in mantle rocks may bring us the direct information about thecomposition and properties of mantle fluids which are believed to play an importantrole in mantle evolution processes of metasomatism, partial melting, magma evolutionand chemical inhomogenization, etc. and have been increasingly attracting people’sinterest. The existence of mantle fluid can no longer be ignored in studying the solidmantle nowadays. A series of preliminary research results about mantle fluids hasbeen published over recent years in China, mostly involving optical microscopic

Pore-fillings of dolomite reservoirs in Sinian Dengying Formation in Sichuan basin

The Sinian Dengying Formation in the Sichuan basin is an important potential reservoir for oil and gas exploration in the periphery of the Sichuan basin.Its reservoirs were well developed.And many kinds of fillings which lead to the decrease of pores can be seen in reservoir pores and caves.In this paper,the pore fillings of the Dengying Formation reservoir in Sichuan basin are the object of study.The types and characteristics of the fillings are studied in detail by means of rock slices analysis,cathode luminescence,trace elements and inclusion temperature measurement.The study shows that the fillings include dolomite fillings and siliceous quartz fillings and bitumen fillings.Among them,dolomite fillings can be divided into botryoidal dolomite fillings,foliated dolomite fillings,finely-medium crystalline dolomite fillings and coarse crystalline dolomite fillings.50%–80%of the pores are filled by the dolomite fillings with botryoidal structure,and the pores can be partially full filled;0%–20%of pores are filled by foliated dolomite fillings;20–80%of the pores are filled by finely-medium dolomite fillings;20–80%of the pores are filled by coarse crystalline dolomite fillings.1%–5%of secondary pores are often filled by siliceous quartzs,and the pores can be partially full filled.Bitumen fillings often occur after the above-mentioned fillings,and the residual pores are often semi-filled by bitumens,which makes the original pores and throat smaller and reduces the effective porosity and permeability of the reservoir.So,it is a destructive diagenesis.The pore fillings make the secondary porosity in the reservoir significantly lower,which is not conducive to the formation and preservation of the Dengying Formation reservoir.

Message from the New Editor-in-Chief

In this era,filled with challenges and opportunities,we pay tribute to the illustrious history of our esteemed journal,Biomedical and Environmental Sciences(BES),since its inception.In 1988,amid rapid socioeconomic development,China was taking nascent steps towards reform and opening-up with a heightened emphasis on environmental health hazards and increasing frequency of international academic exchanges.

Letter from the Editor-in-Chief

Greetings esteemed readers,As we embark on a new year filled with promise and innovation,it is my pleasure to reflect on the remarkable achievements and advancements in the journal Neural Regeneration Research(NRR)showcased throughout 2024.Firstly,the 2024 International Neural Regeneration Symposium(INRS2024)and the 15^(th) Asia Pacific Symposium on Neural Regeneration(APSNR),held from April 12^(th) to 14^(th) in Guangzhou,China,stand as shining examples of collaboration,knowledge exchange,and scientific excellence.

Study of the spatial growth of stimulated Brillouin scattering in a gas-filled hohlraum via detecting the driven ion acoustic wave

In an experiment performed on the Shenguang-III prototype laser facility, collective Thomson scattering (TS) is used to study the spatialgrowth of stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) in a gas-filled hohlraum by detecting the SBS-driven ion acoustic wave. High-quality timeresolved SBS and TS spectra are obtained simultaneously in the experiment, and these are analyzed by a steady-state code based on theray-tracing model. The analysis indicates that ion–ion collisions may play an important role in suppressing SBS growth in the Au plasma;as aresult, the SBS excited in the filled gas region is dominant. In the early phase of the laser pulse, SBS originates primarily from the high-densityplasma at the edges of the interaction beam channel, which is piled up by the heating of the interaction beam. Throughout the duration of thelaser pulse, the presence of the TS probe beam might mitigate SBS by perturbing the density distribution around the region overlapping withthe interaction beam.

Grain-filling strategies of wheat of contrasting grain sizes under various planting patterns and irrigation levels

In a study comparing grain filling and yield in a large-and a small-grain-size wheat cultivar under two planting patterns and two irrigation regimes,plastic-covered ridge and furrow planting with sprinkler irrigation increased grain filling and yield in both cultivars.The largest contributors to grain yield were an extended active grain-filling period in Shuangda 1 and an increased mean grain-filling rate in XN538.

Strong electron correlation-induced Mott-insulating electrides of Ae_(5)X_(3)(Ae=Ca,Sr,and Ba;X=As and Sb)

The presence of interstitial electrons in electrides endows them with interesting attributes,such as low work function,high carrier concentration,and unique magnetic properties.Thorough knowledge and understanding of electrides are thus of both scientific and technological significance.Here,we employ first-principles calculations to investigate Mott-insulating Ae_(5)X_(3)(Ae=Ca,Sr,and Ba;X=As and Sb)electrides with Mn_(5)Si_(3)-type structure,in which half-filled interstitial electrons serve as ions and are spin-polarized.The Mott-insulating property is induced by strong electron correlation between the nearest interstitial electrons,resulting in spin splitting and a separation between occupied and unoccupied states.The half-filled antiferromagnetic configuration and localization of the interstitial electrons are critical for the Mott-insulating properties of these materials.Compared with that in intermetallic electrides,the orbital hybridization between the half-filled interstitial electrons and the surrounding atoms is weak,leading to highly localized magnetic centers and pronounced correlation effects.Therefore,the Mott-insulating electrides Ae_(5)X_(3)have very large indirect bandgaps(0.30 eV).In addition,high pressure is found to strengthen the strong correlation effects and enlarge the bandgap.The present results provide a deeper understanding of the formation mechanism of Mott-insulating electrides and provide guidance for the search for new strongly correlated electrides.

Simulation of Underground Reservoir Stability of Pumped Storage Power Station Based on Fluid-Structure Coupling

Based on global initiatives such as the clean energy transition and the development of renewable energy,the pumped storage power station has become a new and significant way of energy storage and regulation,and its construction environment is more complex than that of a traditional reservoir.In particular,the stability of the rock strata in the underground reservoirs is affected by the seepage pressure and rock stress,which presents some challenges in achieving engineering safety and stability.Using the advantages of the numerical simulation method in dealing deal with nonlinear problems in engineering stability,in this study,the stability of the underground reservoir of the Shidangshan(SDS)pumped storage power station was numerically calculated and quantitatively analyzed based on fluid-structure coupling theory,providing an important reference for the safe operation and management of the underground reservoir.First,using the COMSOL software,a suitablemechanicalmodel was created in accordance with the geological structure and project characteristics of the underground reservoir.Next,the characteristics of the stress field,displacement field,and seepage field after excavation of the underground reservoir were simulated in light of the seepage effect of groundwater on the nearby rock of the underground reservoir.Finally,based on the construction specifications and Molar-Coulomb criterion,a thorough evaluation of the stability of the underground reservoir was performed through simulation of the filling and discharge conditions and anti-seepage strengthening measures.The findings demonstrate that the numerical simulation results have a certain level of reliability and are in accordance with the stress measured in the project area.The underground reservoir excavation resulted in a maximum displacement value of the rock mass around the caverns of 3.56 mm in a typical section,and the safety coefficient of the parts,as determined using the Molar-Coulomb criterion,was higher than 1,indicating that the project as a whole is in a stable state.

Heterogeneous information phase space reconstruction and stability prediction of filling body–surrounding rock combination

Traditional research believes that the filling body can effectively control stress concentration while ignoring the problems of unknown stability and the complex and changeable stress distribution of the filling body–surrounding rock combination under high-stress conditions.Current monitoring data processing methods cannot fully consider the complexity of monitoring objects,the diversity of monitoring methods,and the dynamics of monitoring data.To solve this problem,this paper proposes a phase space reconstruction and stability prediction method to process heterogeneous information of backfill–surrounding rock combinations.The three-dimensional monitoring system of a large-area filling body–surrounding rock combination in Longshou Mine was constructed by using drilling stress,multipoint displacement meter,and inclinometer.Varied information,such as the stress and displacement of the filling body–surrounding rock combination,was continuously obtained.Combined with the average mutual information method and the false nearest neighbor point method,the phase space of the heterogeneous information of the filling body–surrounding rock combination was then constructed.In this paper,the distance between the phase point and its nearest point was used as the index evaluation distance to evaluate the stability of the filling body–surrounding rock combination.The evaluated distances(ED)revealed a high sensitivity to the stability of the filling body–surrounding rock combination.The new method was then applied to calculate the time series of historically ED for 12 measuring points located at Longshou Mine.The moments of mutation in these time series were at least 3 months ahead of the roadway return dates.In the ED prediction experiments,the autoregressive integrated moving average model showed a higher prediction accuracy than the deep learning models(long short-term memory and Transformer).Furthermore,the root-mean-square error distribution of the prediction results peaked at 0.26,thus outperforming the no-prediction method in 70%of the cases.

Improved Particle Swarm Optimization for Parameter Identification of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor

In the process of identifying parameters for a permanent magnet synchronous motor,the particle swarm optimization method is prone to being stuck in local optima in the later stages of iteration,resulting in low parameter accuracy.This work proposes a fuzzy particle swarm optimization approach based on the transformation function and the filled function.This approach addresses the topic of particle swarmoptimization in parameter identification from two perspectives.Firstly,the algorithm uses a transformation function to change the form of the fitness function without changing the position of the extreme point of the fitness function,making the extreme point of the fitness function more prominent and improving the algorithm’s search ability while reducing the algorithm’s computational burden.Secondly,on the basis of themulti-loop fuzzy control systembased onmultiplemembership functions,it is merged with the filled function to improve the algorithm’s capacity to skip out of the local optimal solution.This approach can be used to identify the parameters of permanent magnet synchronous motors by sampling only the stator current,voltage,and speed data.The simulation results show that the method can effectively identify the electrical parameters of a permanent magnet synchronous motor,and it has superior global convergence performance and robustness.

The Tea Aroma

At tea-making time every year,Boss An would personally scrutinize the process in the workshop.This year was no exception.Boss An was an expert in tea-making and very fond of the flavor of tea.Seeing the green tea leaves drying,he felt like it was a grand and fascinating ritual,as magical as the birth of a child.He was filled with joy when participating in this process,even feeling a little moved by a sense that blood is thicker than water.After breakfast,Boss An went to the workshop.The familiar smell of tea leaves made him feel refreshed.The workers were bustling about.

Treatment of Synovial Cysts in Relation to the Tibial Tunnel of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Grafts by Filling the Tunnel with Acrylic Cement

Introduction: Synovial cyst of the tibial tunnel in connection with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction is a rare but particularly troublesome complication. Medical treatment is often doomed to failure, and surgical treatment usually consists of excising the cyst and filling the tunnel with bone. The aim of this study was to evaluate the results of filling the tunnel with acrylic cement. Hypothesis: Filling the tibial bone tunnel with acrylic cement should eliminate communication between the joint cavity and the pre-tibial surface and prevent cyst recurrence. Patients and Methods: This retrospective series is composed of 13 patients, 9 men and 4 women, mean age 48.5 years (31 to 64) operated on between 2011 and 2019 for an intra- and extraosseous synovial cyst consecutive to the tibial tunnel of an ACL graft. Between 1983 and 2016, 12 of the patients had had a bone graft without bone block fixation (DI-DT or Mac Intosh) and one patient, a bone-bone transplant (KJ). The cyst was of variable size, located on the anteromedial aspect of the proximal end of the tibia, and often painful, warranting consultation. At the time of the initial operation, 9 patients had undergone meniscectomies (6 medial, 2 lateral, 1 double). In 7 knees, there were 7 cartilage lesions in the femorotibial and/or patellofemoral compartments (one stage 1 lesion, 2 stage 2 lesions, 4 stage 3 lesions, and no stage 4 lesions). Only 2 knees had neither cartilage nor meniscus lesions. After curettage of the bone tunnel /− removal of the non-resorbed or PEEK interference screw, the tunnel was filled with acrylic cement /− reinforced with a ligament staple to prevent expulsion. All patients underwent regular follow-up consultations until recovery. Results: At a maximum follow-up of 8 years, only 1 cyst recurred, representing a 7.69% failure rate. It was reoperated with another technique, which involved filling the tibial bone tunnel with bone graft taken from a half-bank head. After recovery, the cyst healed definitively. All patients were able to return to their previous activity within 15 days of surgery. Conclusion: Filling the tibial tunnel with acrylic cement reinforced /− with a ligament staple is a reliable and rapid solution for the treatment of intra- and extra-articular synovial cysts in relation to the tibial tunnel of ACL grafts.

SPRING FESTIVAL CELEBRATIONS BUILD A GLOBAL CULTURAL COMMUNITY

As the Year of the Dragon draws close,the Chinese worldwide,as well as the countries and groups sharing the festival,are gearing up to celebrate the most important social event in the Chinese lunar calendar.For the Chinese,the Spring Festival,or the Chinese New Year,is far more than an occasion for merrymaking.It’s a time for family reunion and the beginning of a new start filled with hope.So the celebrations are also a prayer for peace,prosperity,health,longevity,good luck,and even a bumper harvest.

Generating Fresh Impetus

Last year,the export volume of new energy vehicles(NEV),lithium-ion batteries and photovoltaic products,collectively known as the“new three”in China’s foreign trade,reached 1.06 trillion yuan($146.8 billion),breaking the 1-trillion-yuan($138.5 billion)mark for the first time.However,as the production and sales of China’s electric vehicles(EVs),NEVs powered solely by electricity,continue to hit new highs,the global auto industry seems to be filled with pessimism about the future of EVs,with Apple cancelling a decade-long car-making plan and Mercedes-Benz adjusting its ambitious electrification strategy.Earlier,General Motors and Ford also suspended their electrification plans.

拯救七岁窒息男孩

On Sept.29,bus driver Raquel RadfordBaker began her shift just like any other people.She was filling in for another bus driver that day.But as it turned out,she was in the right place at the right time.