Facile identification of fluorosurfactant category in aqueous film-forming foam concentrates via optimized^(19)F NMR

Aqueous film-forming foams(AFFFs)are the primary source of toxic perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances(PFAS)in wastewater.Thus,it is urgent to develop a facile and fast method for identifying fluorosurfactants in commercially available AFFFs.In this work,fluorine nuclear magnetic resonance(^(19)F NMR)spectroscopy was optimized to measure AFFFs directly with the extra addition of 5%D_(2)O as the locking reagent,and high-quality spectra could be acquired within 4 min(0.1%fluorosurfactant content).Recovery experiments demonstrated that the use of different AFFFs had no marked influence on the quantitative analysis of fluorosurfactants.Such method works with low-field NMR spectroscopy(1.4 T)as well.Two-dimensional(2D)^(19)F COSY NMR was used to make signal assignments for different fluorosurfactant derivatives.The optimized ^(19)F NMR could quantify the commercially available fluorosurfactants in different AFFFs,identify them being in either the perfluorooctane sulfonate(PFOS)or fluorotelomer sulfonic acid(FTS)categories,and distinguish the head-group of PFOS and FTS derivatives,which exhibits great potentials in the developments of relevant commercial detections.

Model Estimation of Volatilization of Ammonia Appliedwith Surface Film-Forming Material

Greenhouse experiments were conducted to determine the ammonia volatilization loss with or withoutapplication of surface film-forming material (SFFM). Ammonia volatilization loss was estimated by the modeldeveloped by Jayaweera and Mikkelsen. The results showed that the model could estimate and predict wellammonia volatilization loss also in case of SFFM addition. There was an emended factor B introduced tothe model calculation when SFPM was used. Simulated calculation showed that the effect of factor B onNHa loss was obvious. The value of B was governed by SFFM and the environmental conditions. Sensitivityanalysis suggested that pH was the main factor coatrolling NH3 volatilization loss from the floodwater.

A Simulation Study on Effect of Surface Film-Forming Material on Water Evaporation

A greenhouse experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of surface film-forming material (SFFM), a mixture of 16-18-octadecanols by emulsification, on water evaporation. Air-dried soil with distilled water was incubated firstly for 7 days to reestablish soil biological activity and then for another 7 days after treated with SFFM at rates of 0, 1, 2, 4, 6 and 8 g m-2, respectively. Everyday during the 7-day incubation after addition of SFFM, water losses due to evaporation were ~measured by an electronic balance. The rate of water evaporation with the addition of SFFM was reduced significantly compared with the control treatment and the effectiveness of SFFM on water evaporation reduced with time. According to the equation expressions of the effect of SFFM on water evaporation, the half-life of electiveness of SFFM on water evaporation was introduced and calculated to analyze quantitative relationship between the effectiveness of SFFM on water evaporation and the addition rate of SFFM. The calculated half-life increased with the addition rate of SFFM and the confidence of the calculated values of the half-life was high, suggesting that the half-life of effectiveness of SFFM on water evaporation could be described quantitatively and may be helpful for ameliorating application method of SFFM and screening surface-film forming materials in order to improve nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency in flooded rice fields.

Rheological property of low-damage,ideal packing,film-forming amphoteric/sulfonation polymer drilling fluids

Low-permeability dense reservoirs,including micro-fractured reservoirs,are commonly characterized by high content of clay substances,high original water saturation,high sensitivity to invasive fluids,high capillary pressure,complicated structure and anisotropic,high flow-resistance and micro pore throats etc,.Generally they also have lots of natural micro fractures,probably leading to stress sensibility.Main damaging factors in such reservoirs are water-sensibility and water-blocking caused by invasive fluids during drilling and production operations.Once damaged,formation permeability can rarely recovered.Numerous studies have shown that damaging extent of water-blocking ranges from 70% to 90%.Main damaging mechanisms and influencing factors of water-blocking were systematically analyzed.Also some feasible precaution or treating approaches of water-blocking were put forward.In a laboratory setting,a new multi-functional drilling fluid composed mainly of amphion polymer,sulfonation polymer,high effectively preventive water-blocking surfactants,ideal packing temporary bridging agents(TBA) and film-forming agents,etc.,were developed.New low-damage drilling fluids has many advantages,such as good rheological properties,excellent effectiveness of water-blocking prevention,good temporary plugging effect,low filtration and ultra-low permeability(API filtration≤5 mL,HTHP filtration≤10 mL,mud cake frictional coefficient≤0.14,permeability recovery>81%),can efficiently prevent or minimize damage,preserve natural formation and enhance comprehensive development-investment effect in TUHA Jurassic dense sandstone reservoir formation with low-permeability,the only one developing integrated condense gas field.Some references can be provided to similar reservoir formations.

Investigating the effect of cosolvents on P3HT/O-IDTBR film-forming kinetics and film morphology

The morphology of active layer in bulk heterojunction(BHJ) organic solar cells is decisive to the device performance. Previous works have shown that the solvent engineering is an effective method to optimize the morphology of active layer. However, screening the proper solvent is a tedious task, and we know very little about how to select a proper solvent for a particular system, especially for polymer/nonfullerene blend systems. Here, we combined the spectroscopic analysis in various solvent mixtures during film-forming process to reveal the relationship among the cosolvent characteristics, film-forming kinetics and film morphology. In this article, P3 HT/O-IDTBR blend was selected as model system due to being facile synthesized under a large-scale. Chlorobenzene(CB) was selected as main solvent, and the cosolvents were grouped into three categories according to its boiling point(bp) compared to CB.The cosolvents with lower bp, like chloroform(CF), can facilitate a faster film-forming process, reducing the domain size but sacrificing the crystallinity of both components. For the cosolvents with higher bp,like o-dichlorobenzene(DCB) and 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene(TCB), the self-organization process of P3 HT and O-IDTBR is separated and its duration was extended, constructing highly crystalline nanointerpenetrating network. However, the cosolvents with very high bp, such as chlornaphthalene(CN),would residue in film and keep P3 HT and O-IDTBR self-organizing for longer time, leading to larger phase separation. This work systematically investigated the effect of cosolvent on the film-forming kinetics, and proposed a guideline of how to select a proper cosolvent according to the crystallinity and domain size of active layer.

Challenges in the Development of Film-Forming Additives for Lithium Ion Battery: A Review

Electrolytes additives are ubiquitous and indispensable in all electrochemical devices. In this sense, the principle and the classification of film-forming additives for lithium ion secondary batteries are described. The film formation mechanism and research progress of the pyrazole derivatives, organic halogenide, esters and derivatives, boron compounds and inorganic compounds are introduced. Emphasis is focused on the principles and film-forming mechanisms of each additive. The development of film-forming additives is forecasted and prospected.

The Use of an Innovative Film-Forming Wound Dressing in the Treatment of Radiation Dermatitis during Concomitant Chemotherapy

There is currently no consensus regarding the management of acute cutaneous reactions emerging from a concurrent treatment of radio-and chemotherapy, the goal of this case study series is to provide scientific evidence based on clinical practice regarding the efficacy of a film-forming wound dressing for patients receiving combined cancer therapy, in particular examples where the reactions are expected to be intense. In all the described cases, management of acute skin reactions allowed the cancer therapy to be finalized, instead of being interrupted due to an increase in the severity of the reactions. It has been shown in the current literature that the lack of compliance with treatment plans correlates with poorer clinical outcome. Evidence from the cases presented suggest that the studied dressing is safe and efficacious in the treatment and the prevention of acute cutaneous reactions arising from combined cancer therapy.

Film-Forming Systems in Topically Administered Pharmaceutical Formulations

The skin is the most extensive and outermost organ in the body and can be greatly exploited both from the point of view of alternative routes of systemic drug delivery and treatment of dermatological diseases. Because of its main function as a barrier against harmful external agents, it also becomes a barrier to drug administration, but there are strategies to reduce this limitation of this promising route of administration. The development of polymer-based film-forming formulations is extensively studied for this purpose, since the formation of a film on the skin increases the contact time of the drug, for this being characterized as a controlled release reservoir system. There are a multitude of possible polymers to compose these formulations and their choice must be made according to the purpose of each application. This work, therefore, aims to study the state of the art of film forming systems for topical application of pharmaceutical formulations.

The Research of Polymer Film-Forming Plugging Agent for Drilling Fluid

In order to improve the plugging and anti-collapse performance of water-based drilling fluid,a polymer film-forming plugging agent LWFD is synthesized by emulsion polymerization.The effect of the agent on rheology,API filtration loss,lubricity and film plugging of polymer drilling fluid and cationic drilling fluid is evaluated in laboratory.The experimental results show that the agent has little effect on the rheology and filtration loss of polymer drilling fluid and cationic drilling fluid,and can improve the lubricity of drilling fluid.The synthesized polymer film-forming plugging agent LWFD has good plugging properties for sand discs with different permeabilities,and the agent can effectively improve the film-forming plugging and temperature resistance of drilling fluid when combined with the inorganic nano-plugging agent NMFD.The high performance polymer drilling fluid formed by introducing polymer film-forming plugging agent LWFD and inorganic nano-plugging agent NMFD into polymer drilling fluid has comparable performance as Halliburton’s SHALEDRIL high performance drilling fluid,which can meet the requirements of on-site drilling and has application value.

5%苯醚·咯菌腈悬浮种衣剂的制备及其在半夏种子处理中的应用

为探明成膜剂对悬浮种衣剂成膜效果的影响,采用湿法研磨法,对成膜剂进行筛选,研究5%苯醚·咯菌腈悬浮种衣剂配方的稳定性和对半夏种子安全性。确定5%苯醚·咯菌腈悬浮种衣剂的配方为:咯菌腈3%、苯醚甲环唑2%、脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚1%、十二烷基苯磺酸钠1%、环氧大豆油1%、乙二醇1%、黄原胶0.5%、壳聚糖0.5%、碱性玫瑰精0.5%,水补足100%。所制悬浮种衣剂各项指标均符合产品质量标准的要求,成膜效果良好,对半夏种子发芽率无影响。

Investigation of the Film Formation in Dynamic Air Spray Painting

To accurately predict the film thickness distribution during dynamic spraying performed with air guns and support accordingly the development of intelligent spray painting,the spray problem was analyzed numerically.In particular,the Eulerian-Eulerian approach was employed to calculate the paint atomization and film deposition process.Different spray heights,spray angles,spray gun movement speeds,spray trajectory curvature radii,and air pressure values were considered.Numerical simulation results indicate that the angle of spray painting significantly affects the velocity of droplets near the spray surface.With an increase in the spraying angle,spraying height and spray gun movement speed,the maximum film thickness decreases to varying degrees,and the uniformity of the film thickness also continuously worsens.When the spray gun moves along an arc trajectory,at smaller arc radii,the film thickness on the inside of the arc is slightly greater than that on the outside,but the impact on the maximum film thickness is minimal.Increasing air pressure expands the coating coverage area,results in finer atomization of paint droplets,and leads to a thinner and a more uniform paint film.However,if the pressure is too high,it can cause paint splattering.Using the orthogonal experimental method,multiple sets of simulation calculations were conducted,and the combined effects of spraying height,spray angle,and spray gun movement speed on the film thickness distribution were comprehensively analyzed to determine optimal configurations.Finally,the reliability of the numerical simulations was validated through dynamic spray painting experiments.

MQ硅树脂成膜剂的性能研究

MQ硅树脂是四烷氧基硅烷(Q单元)和三甲基乙氧基硅烷(M单元)的共聚产物,出色的防水与持妆能力,致使其在化妆品领域作为成膜材料运用广泛,因此评估和筛选适宜的MQ类成膜剂对提升配方开发效率十分重要。通过凝胶渗透色谱、接触角测量仪、透气性分析仪等探究了21款市售MQ硅树脂的成膜性、成膜时间、疏水疏汗疏油性、透气性与分子量及分布状态等性能间的内在联系。结果表明,MQ硅树脂的性质与其分子量的大小和分布状态有一定关系,对于分子量较高、分布较窄的MQ硅树脂类成膜剂,其成膜脆性高、疏水疏汗性强、透气率低、成膜时间快。而在分子量减小,聚合物分散性指数几乎不变或者拓宽,即分布较宽的情况下,MQ硅树脂表现出较柔软、疏油性较好、疏水疏汗性一般、成膜时间较长、透气率较高的特征。

鬼臼毒素涂膜剂的制备及质量控制

目的 :研究鬼臼毒素涂膜剂的制备及其质量控制方法。方法 :采用正交函数法筛选鬼臼毒素涂膜剂的处方 ,二阶导数紫外分光光度法对其进行含量测定。结果 :所选处方的鬼臼毒素在80～180μg/ml范围内 ,浓度与二阶导数光谱301 5nm～315nm波长处的峰面积呈线形关系 ,C=1052 41Au—8 74 ,r=0 9999。结论 :鬼臼毒素涂膜剂的制备工艺简单 。

正交设计法优化黄柏涂膜剂成膜材料的制备工艺

采用L9(33)正交实验,以涂膜剂外观性状及成膜时间为考核指标,对黄柏涂膜剂成膜材料的制备工艺进行了优化。结果表明,在10%PVA-124用量为10mL、10%PVA-1788用量为10mL、甘油用量为1.5mL的条件下得到的成膜材料成膜性好、易于涂展、韧性强,黄柏提取物在其中溶解均匀。

分光光度法测定铝表面成膜剂中的氟硼酸根

氟硼酸根能与苯羟乙酸以氢键结合,再与[Fe(Phen)3]2+结合生成具有较大疏水基团的化合物,其具有可被有机试剂萃取的性质。萃取后,采用分光光度法测Fe2+,进而确定氟硼酸根的浓度。通过实验确定了最佳条件:萃取剂为1,2-二氯乙烷,[Fe(Phen)3]2+3.0 mL,1,2二-氯乙烷4.0 mL,pH值为7.5,萃取振荡和静置时间分别为5 min和10 min,最大吸收波长为512 nm。该方法操作简单,共存因素无干扰,用于铝材成膜剂中氟硼酸根的测定,结果令人满意。

封堵防塌成膜剂PF-HCM在钻井液中的应用

为解决哈得油田钻井过程中滤液侵入储层造成井壁失稳等问题,通过优选,引入了一种能够用于渗透性地层和泥岩地层的温压成膜剂PF-HCM,该处理剂的主要作用机理是通过控制水基钻井液特殊组分的途径在井筒流体与井壁界面形成一种完全隔离、封闭水相运移的膜,以达到稳定井壁的目的,实验结果表明,成膜剂PF-HCM在30~180℃较宽的温度范围内均具有较高的成膜效率,对低、中、高不同渗透率级别的岩心均表现出良好的封堵特性;在哈得油田钻井液体系中加入2%的温压成膜剂PF-HCM就能显著降低体系的滤失量和滤饼渗透率,同时不影响体系的流变性能,表明成膜剂PF-HCM在哈得油田钻井液中具有很好的封堵防塌性能。

玻璃纤维专用聚醋酸乙烯酯乳液的研制

研制出一种专用于玻璃纤维表面的聚醋酸乙烯酯（PVAc）乳液，该乳液具有成膜性好、粘合力强、储存稳定的优点，可广泛用作玻璃纤维成膜剂。

跌打活血涂膜剂的稳定性试验

目的 :预测跌打活血涂膜剂的有效期。方法 :根据化学动力学原理 ,采用恒温加速试验法对跌打活血涂膜剂的稳定性进行研究。以跌打活血涂膜剂中大黄素成分为指标 ,通过分光光度法测定样品中大黄素含量 ,预测其有效期。结果 :大黄素的含量变化符合一级反应。结论 :以经典法计算 ,预测得到跌打活血涂膜剂在室温下 (25℃ )的有效期为1

铝质易拉罐表面处理成膜剂

研制的铝易拉罐表面化学转换处理成膜剂属非铬型化合物,产生的转化膜可显著地改善铝的抗腐蚀性和对涂料、油漆等涂(?)的附着性。成膜剂成膜温度低,使用工艺简单,对环境无污染.

肤康涂膜剂质量控制标准研究

目的 :建立肤康涂膜剂的质量控制标准。方法 :运用反相高效液相色谱法测定其中水杨酸和酮康唑的含量 ,微生物法测定其中氯霉素的含量。结果 :水杨酸和酮康唑在0 5～2 5mg/ml浓度范围呈良好线性关系 (r=0 9999) ,方法回收率分别为99 9 %、100 7 % ,相对标准差分别为0 68 % (n=5)、0 84 % (n=5) ;氯霉素含量测定方法回收率为99 8 % ,相对标准差为0 46 % (n=6)。结论 :本文制订的质量标准可以控制肤康涂膜剂的质量。