山柰酚改善细颗粒物PM2.5诱导的老龄大鼠肺损伤的作用和机制研究

目的细颗粒物(PM2.5)被认为与多种呼吸系统问题有关,在老年人群中尤为显著。本研究旨在探索山柰酚是否可以治疗PM2.5诱导的老龄大鼠肺损伤,并探讨其潜在的作用机制。方法30只雄性Wistar大鼠(16个月龄)被随机分为5组:对照组、PM2.5暴露组和PM2.5暴露+山柰酚低剂量、中剂量和高剂量组。PM2.5暴露持续时间2周后,检测各组大鼠的肺功能、肺形态、炎症程度以及Toll样受体4(TLR4)/核因子-κB(NF-κB)信号通路相关蛋白的表达水平。结果与对照组相比,PM2.5暴露导致老龄大鼠发生显著的肺损伤,表现为明显的肺功能受损和组织病理学改变,支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)中的炎性因子TNF-α和IL-6浓度增加,血液中炎性细胞比例改变,肺组织中TLR4的表达和核转录因子-κB(NF-κB)磷酸化水平增加。山柰酚的治疗则呈剂量依赖性地改善了PM2.5所致肺功能损伤和组织病理学改变,抑制炎性因子分泌和炎症细胞比例失衡,抑制了TLR4/NF-κB信号通路的激活。结论山柰酚能够对PM2.5暴露引起的老龄大鼠肺损伤产生保护作用,抑制炎症反应和结构损伤,其作用机制可能与抑制TLR4/NF-κB信号通路的激活相关。

Chemical composition and quantitative relationship between meteorological condition and fine particles in Beijing

The recent year's monitor results of Beijing indicated that the pollution level of fine particles PM 2.5 showed an increasing trend. To understand pollution characteristics of PM 2.5 and its relationship with the meteorological conditions in Beijing, a one-year monitoring of PM 2.5 mass concentration and correspondent meteorological parameters was performed in Beijing in 2001. The PM 2.5 levels in Beijing were very high, the annual average PM 2.5 concentration in 2001 was 7 times of the National Ambient Air Quality Standards proposed by US EPA. The major chemical compositions were organics, sulfate, crustals and nitrate. It was found that the mass concentrations of PM 2.5 were influenced by meteorological conditions. The correlation between the mass concentrations of PM 2.5 and the relative humidity was found. And the correlation became closer at higher relative humidity. And the mass concentrations of PM 2.5 were negtive-correlated to wind speeds, but the correlation between the mass concentration of PM 2.5 and wind speed was not good at stronger wind.

Effects of Lianhua Qingwen on Pulmonary Oxidative Lesions Induced by Fine Particulates(PM2.5) in Rats

Objective To investigate the antagonistic effects of different doses of Lianhua Qingwen on pulmonary injury induced by fine particulates PM2.5 in rats. Methods Fine particulates suspended in the environment were collected. Forty-eight healthy adult wistar rats were randomly divided into 6 groups with 8 rats in each group. Four groups of rats were exposed to PM2.5 by intratracheally dripping suspensions of fine particulates PM2.5(7.5 mg/kg) as dust-exposed model rats. Among them 24 rats in three groups received Lianhua Qingwen treatment(crude drug) at a dose of 2 g/kg, 4 g/kg, 8 g/kg per day for 3 days before dust exposure and were defined as low-dose, middle-dose and high-dose Lianhua Qingwen treatment groups respectively. The other dust-exposed model rats without treatment were assigned as PM2.5 control group. The un-exposed rats were set as saline control group(1.5 ml/kg saline) and blank control group. All rats were killed after 24 hours of the exposure. Lung tissue, serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid(BALF) were collected. The levels of malonaldehyde(MDA), lactate dehydrogenase(LDH), and glutathione peroxidase(GSH-PX) in blood serum and BALF, and superoxide dismutase(SOD) in blood surum were measured using fluorescent quantitation PCR; Expression of NF-E2-related factor 2(NRF-2), heme oxygenase 1(HO-1) and quinone oxidoreductase 1(NQO1) in lung tissues were measured using Western blot. Pathological changes of lung tissues in each group were also examined. Results Pathology revealed thickened alveolar septum, congestion of capillary, interstitial edema and infiltration of lymphocyte and neutrophil surrounding bronchiole in the PM2.5 control group, which weresignificantly relieved in the Lianhua Qingwen treatment groups. Compared to the blank and saline control groups, the PM2.5 control group had significantly higher levels of LDH and MDA(p<0.01) and lower level of GSH-PS(p<0.01) in BALF, significantly higher levels of LDH and MDA(p<0.05) and lower level of GSH-PS(p<0.05) in rat serum. The levels of MDA in blood serum and BALF were significantly lower in each treatment group than that in PM2.5 control group(all P<0.05). In both middle-dose and high-dose treatment group the measurements of LDH in serum and BALF as well as GSH-PX in serum were significant difference from those of PM2.5 control group(all P<0.05). Expressions of NRF-2, HO-1 and NQO1 in lung tissues were significantly different among middle-dose and high-dose treatment group compared with those in PM2.5 control group(all P<0.05). Conclusion Fine particulates PM2.5 in environment may induce pulmonary oxidative lesions in rats. Middle-dose and high-dose Lianhua Qingwen has antagonist effece on the injuries induced by fine particulates.

Antagonistic Effects of N-acetylcysteine on Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Pathway Activation, Oxidative Stress and Inflammatory Responses in Rats with PM2.5 Induced Lung Injuries

Objective To evaluate the antagonistic effects of N-acetylcysteine(NAC)on mitogen-activated protein kinases(MAPK)pathway activation,oxidative stress and inflammatory responses in rats with lung injury induced by fine particulate matter(PM2.5).Methods Forty eight male Wistar rats were randomly divided into six groups:blank control group(C1),water drip control group(C2),PM2.5 exposed group(P),low-dose NAC treated and PM2.5 exposed group(L),middle-dose NAC treated and PM2.5 exposed group(M),and high-dose NAC treated and PM2.5 exposed group(H).PM2.5 suspension(7.5 mg/kg)was administered tracheally once a week for four times.NAC of 125 mg/kg,250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg was delivered intragastrically to L,M and H group respectively by gavage(10 ml/kg)for six days before PM2.5 exposure.The histopathological changes and human mucin 5 subtype AC(MUC5AC)content in lung tissue of rats were evaluated.We investigated IL-6 in serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid(BALF)by Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA),MUC5AC in lung tissue homogenate by ELISA,glutathione peroxidase(GSH-PX)in serum and BALF by spectrophotometry,and the expression of p-ERK1/2,p-JNK1/2 and p-p38 proteins by Western blot.All the measurements were analyzed and compared statistically.Results Lung tissue of rats exposed to PM2.5 showed histological destruction and increased mucus secretion of bronchial epithelial cells.Rats receiving NAC treatment showed less histological destruction and mucus secretion.Of P,L,M and H group,MUC5AC in lung tissue,IL-6 in serum and BALF were higher than controls(C1 and C2)(all P<0.05),with the highest levels found in the P group and a decreasing trend with increase of NAC dose.The activity of GSH-PX in serum and BALF of PM2.5 exposed rats(P,L,M and H)was lower than that of controls(all P<0.05),with higher activities found in NAC treated rats(L,M,and H),and an increasing trend with increase of NAC dose.The expressions of p-ERK1/2,p-JNK1/2 and p-p38 proteins in PM2.5 exposed lung tissue(P,L,M and H)was higher than controls(all P<0.05),with decreased levels and dose dependent downregulation found in NAC treated rats.Conclusion NAC can antagonize major MAPK pathway activation,lung oxidative stress and inflammatory injury induced by PM2.5 in rats.

基于β射线吸收法的PM2.5测量技术的研究

针对空气中粒径小于或等于2.5μm的可入肺颗粒物对人体的严重危害,设计了基于β射线吸收法实时监测PM2.5浓度值的监测仪器。利用粉尘粒子吸收β射线的量与粉尘粒子的质量成正比关系的原理,通过测量β射线通过干净滤纸和含有粉尘滤纸前后强度的变化,测量出PM2.5的浓度值。通过与标准过滤称重法的对比校准,验证了测量仪器的准确性。

临沂市冬季环境空气PM2.5中水溶性离子污染特征及来源分析

为探究临沂市冬季环境空气PM2.5中水溶性离子污染特征及来源,于2016年12月11日—2017年1月9日在临沂大学、兰山区政府、高新区翠湖嘉园、汤庄办事处、河东区政府、临沂开发区6个采样点开展样品采集.结果表明:①采样期间全市ρ(PM2.5)日均值的平均值为144.86 μg/m^3,ρ(PM2.5)日均值在2016年12月20日和2017年1月4日出现峰值,分别为304.46 和341.65 μg/m^3.②水溶性离子日均质量浓度大小顺序依次为ρ(NO3^-)>ρ(SO4^2-)>ρ(NH4^+)>ρ(Cl^-)>ρ(K^+)>ρ(Ca^2+)>ρ(Na^+)>ρ(F^-)>ρ(Mg^2+)>ρ(NO^2-),其中,在PM2.5中w(NO3^-)、w(SO4^2-)、w(NH4^+)分别为22.33%、16.57%、13.62%,说明NO3^-、SO4^2-和NH4^+是临沂市PM2.5的主要组成部分.③临沂市污染天和非污染天ρ(PM2.5)日均值分别为164.00和56.86 μg/m^3.随污染水平增加,PM2.5中w(NO3^-)明显增高,w(SO4^2-)和w(NH4^+)基本不变,说明w(NO3^-)的增加导致ρ(PM2.5)的升高.污染天和非污染天的NOR (氮氧化率)分别为0.28和 0.11,SOR (硫氧化率)分别为0.34和0.28,说明污染越重,NOR和SOR越高,并且NO x 的气-粒转化速率较SO 2慢.污染天ρ(Cl^-)和ρ(K^+)分别为7.22和1.77 μg/m^3,分别是非污染天的2.5和3.0倍.④采样期间非污染天和污染天的N/S 〔ρ(NO3^-)/ρ(SO4^2-)〕分别为0.85和1.39,说明非污染天时固定源对PM2.5的贡献相对较大,而污染天时移动源对PM2.5的贡献相对较大.⑤通过PMF模型法解析出3个因子.因子1对PM2.5中水溶性离子的贡献率为56.13%,代表二次源和生物质燃烧源;因子2的贡献率为25.22%,代表工业源和垃圾焚烧源;因子3的贡献率为18.65%,代表扬尘源.研究显示,临沂市冬季PM2.5污染严重,水溶性离子来源复杂,应采取多源控制的污染防治对策.

Black Carbon Instead of Particle Mass Concentration as an Indicator for the Traffic Related Particles in the Brussels Capital Region

The Brussels Capital Region has difficulties in meeting the stringent EU daily limit value for PM10 in all its measuring sites. Postponing the attainment of the deadline was not granted by the EU Commission, mainly due to insufficient judged measures to reduce road traffic emissions. However, a thorough analysis of the data makes clear that neither the particle mass concentration (PM10 and PM2.5) nor the particle number concentration are specific metrics for evaluating the particle pollution originated by traffic. In fact, increased formation of secondary aerosol, together with adverse meteorological conditions and the (re) suspension of the coarser fraction are by far the three main explanations for the numerous PM10 exceeding values. From our experience, amongst the particles measured, only the results for Black Carbon (BC), mainly present in the lower submicron range, are reflective of the direct influence of local traffic. Measured at two traffic sites along with PM mass and number concentrations, the data for Black Carbon show a striking correlation with nitrogen monoxide, a parameter strongly related with the proximity of the local traffic. The correlation factor between Black Carbon data and NO or NOX is much higher than between Black Carbon and the PM mass or number concentration. Therefore the assessment of traffic related particles should consider Black Carbon rather than PM10 or PM2.5.

Fine Particulate Pollution Characteristics in Jinan City

The characteristics of fine particulate pollution(PM10 and PM2.5) were measured at urban and suburban sites in Jinan during the 2008-2009 heating and non-heating seasons.The results showed that PM10 and PM2.5 pollution was quite serious,and PM mass concentration was higher during the heating season than the non-heating season.PM was the highest in the chemical factory and lowest in the development zone.The mass concentrations of PM10 and PM2.5 were linearly related,and the mass concentration ratio of PM2.5/PM10 was up to 0.59 in urban areas.PM pollution in Jinan was related to local meteorological factors:PM2.5 mass concentration and humidity were positively correlated,and PM2.5 mass concentration was negatively correlated with both click on the temperature and wind speed,although wind speed varied more.

Experimental investigation on PM2.5 particle emission during polishing of granite

Particle emission during manufacturing processes, whether chemical, physical or mechanical can represent a serious danger for environment and for occupational safety. Especially machining processes, particle emission could have an important impact on shop floor air quality and might jeopardise workers’ health. It is therefore important to find ways of reducing the particle emission at the source of manufacturing processes. To do so, there is a need to know the size, the quantity and the distribution of particles produced by processes currently used in industry. In this study, investigations are done to compare the particle emission (PM2.5) when polishing two granites (black and white). The black granite contained low Si concentration (about 10% Si) and the white granite contained high Si concentration (about 50% Si). Particle emission was monitored using the DustTrak II equipment with 2.5 μm impactor. The particle grain size was evaluated using X-ray diffraction techniques. Machining conditions leading to the generation of finer particles were identified.

Predictive Meteorological Factors for Elevated PM2.5 Levels at an Air Monitoring Station Near a Petrochemical Complex in Yunlin County, Taiwan

Since 1991, air pollution has gained special attention in Taiwan after a petrochemical complex was constructed in Mailiao Township, Yunlin County. We explored the association between the magnitude of PM2.5 and meteorological factors during 2012-2016. Our findings revealed that 1) mean PM2.5 levels gradually decreased from 30.70 μg/m3 in 2013 to 25.36 μg/m3 in 2016;2) wind speed is the main determinant of air quality—air quality significantly improved when it was faster than 4 m/sec;and 3) wind direction is another determinant of air quality—when the wind direction was southerly, air quality improved. Elevated PM2.5 levels were defined as those hourly levels higher than the third quartile (36 μg/m3). The significantly negative predictive factors for elevated PM2.5 levels were the summer or autumn seasons, rainfall, increased wind speed, and wind direction from 150&#176 to 230&#176 from the north. The significantly positive predictive factors for elevated PM2.5 levels were working hours from 6 a.m. to 2 p.m., a temperature between 11&#176C and 25&#176C, relative humidity between 40% and 68%, and wind direction (e.g., northerly wind, northeasterly wind, and easterly wind). The predictive formula is attached in the Appendix. Therefore, people should protect themselves on these high-risk days.

大气细颗粒物PM_(2.5)的污染特征及防治对策

大气细颗粒物PM_(2.5)是形成大气污染的主要物质之一,其成分较为复杂,来源比较多样化,给大气污染治理工作带来许多困难。技术人员要加强对PM_(2.5)的研究,探索其具体来源与形成机理,制定合理有效的防治措施,确保大气环境质量得到改善,为大气污染防治工作提供参考依据。

北京市能见度下降与颗粒物污染的关系

为了解北京市能见度下降的主要原因 ,在 1999— 2 0 0 0年对各种污染物的消光系数和不同粒径大小颗粒物的质量浓度进行了观测 .发现颗粒物的散射消光作用在北京市能见度下降中占有主要地位 ,其中与细粒子的关系更为密切 .在不同季节运用不同的回归方程 。

夏季持续高温天气对北京市大气细粒子(PM_(2.5))的影响

在 1 999 0 6 2 3北京市出现长达 1 3d的持续高温期间对细粒子 (PM2 5)质量浓度进行了观测 .数据表明 ,持续高温期间细粒子质量浓度比非高温期间要高出 2～ 3倍 .但是通过对持续高温期间的气象数据进行分析 ,发现还是很利于污染物扩散 .进一步分析同步监测的O3浓度、颗粒物中SO2 - 4的粒径范围及其含量等数据 。

水泥窑PM_(2.5)排放特性及其PAHs风险分析

采用荷电低压颗粒物撞击器(ELPI)、便携式PM2.5采样器和稀释系统,对国内3家新型干法水泥生产厂(5条生产线)的水泥窑(包括窑头和窑尾)进行现场采样,分析水泥窑排放PM2.5的质量浓度、粒数浓度及其中的多环芳烃(PAHs)浓度,对呼吸致癌风险进行评价.结果表明:从粒数浓度分析,PM2.5中70%以上为PM0.33,这部分颗粒物主要是由气化凝结形成的.各采样点排放的PAHs主要以二环和三环的低环PAHs为主.第3个水泥厂窑头排放的PAHs含量最高,而且苯并[a]芘(BaP)超过国家所规定的8ng/m3标准限值,同时其呼吸致癌风险水平为4.46×10-4,高于可接受致癌风险水平的上限,需要有效处理.

燃煤飞灰中细颗粒物(PM_(2.5))的物理化学特性

研究了小龙潭电厂燃煤飞灰中细颗粒物的粒径分布、显微结构、颗粒类型以及As,Se,Cd,Pb,Cr和Be等6种微量重金属在不同粒径中的分布规律。结果表明:燃煤排放的PM2 5以球形颗粒为主,但随着颗粒物粒径的减小,非球形颗粒的数量有所增加;多数PM2 5的表面并不光滑,不同粒径颗粒之间存在逐级吸附的现象;微量重金属As,Se,Cd,Pb和Cr大部分富集在粒径小于2 1μm的细颗粒上,高钙飞灰对As有强烈的吸附作用。

北京市不同尺度大气颗粒物元素组成的特征分析

在 2 0 0 0年 2个典型季节分别采集不同尺度的颗粒物样品 ,分析其中 2 2种无机元素的含量。利用这些数据较详细地研究了北京市颗粒物的元素组成特征。数据分析结果表明 ,北京市大气颗粒物中的元素主要分为地壳元素、污染元素和双重元素三大类。利用不同污染元素在各种尺度颗粒物中的富集因子 。

北京市大气颗粒物中全氟烷基化合物的粒径分布特征

人为排放的持久性有机污染物倾向于在细级大气颗粒物中富集,但目前国内外关于大气颗粒物中全氟烷基化合物(PFASs)粒径分布在不同国家地区有显著差异,而在我国北京地区PFASs在不同粒径大气颗粒物中的富集能力尚不清楚。本文采用五级大流量主动分级采样器采集了北京市大气颗粒物样品,利用超声萃取结合高效液相色谱-电喷雾负电离源串联质谱测定PFASs含量,探讨了该地区大气颗粒物中PFASs的浓度水平和粒径分布特征,以及大气颗粒物浓度变化对PFASs浓度变化的影响。结果表明:研究区∑PFASs范围为10. 1～62. 9 pg/m3,76. 4%～83. 8%的PFASs集中分布在PM2. 5颗粒物中,其中含量较高的PFOA、PFNA和PFDA在<0. 25μm细颗粒物中占比最高,分别为26. 3%～43. 7%、30. 3%～68. 6%和30. 6%～49. 7%; PFOS在<0. 25μm细颗粒物中没有检出,主要分布在1～2. 5μm和0. 25～1μm颗粒物中。此外,研究发现北京市霾天大气颗粒物中∑PFASs为晴天的3. 5倍,且不同粒径大气颗粒物浓度变化对PFASs各化合物表现出不同的富集能力,其中PFOA、PFOS、PFNA和PFDA等中链PFASs更易富集。

北京餐饮源排放细粒子理化特征及其对有机颗粒物的贡献

调研了北京餐饮业发展现状,通过在线监测、采样分析等手段研究北京4家不同烹调方式的餐馆所排放颗粒物的质量浓度、粒径分布、形貌特征、化学组分,并初步估算餐饮源排放细粒子对北京细粒子中颗粒有机物的贡献.结果表明,餐馆的原料、烹饪过程、油烟去除装置以及客流量都会影响餐馆所排放颗粒物的物理、化学性质.样本餐馆营业期间排放颗粒物PM2.5质量浓度是当日环境大气PM2.5质量浓度的8~35倍,PM1.0在PM2.5的质量浓度中约占50%~85%.餐饮源排放颗粒物多以固态和液态颗粒物形貌存在,化学组分质量百分数由多到少依次是有机物、无机离子和元素碳,分别占到PM2.5质量浓度的70%左右、5%~11%和小于2%.初步估计结果表明,北京餐饮源排放细粒子对有机颗粒物的贡献和交通源的排放相当,成为北京细粒子有机颗粒物的主要来源之一.认识餐饮源排放颗粒物的理化性质,可以为改善北京空气质量和保证居民身体健康提供数据支持.

基于X射线荧光光谱的大气重金属在线分析方法的评估及应用

实验自行搭建了一套基于X射线荧光光谱(XRF)的大气重金属分析仪,建立了大气颗粒物中多种重金属同时在线分析的方法,并通过测定标准膜片评估了方法的准确性、灵敏度、重复性以及检出限等。通过与国家标准方法采用的电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)的实验结果对比,结果表明方法能够较为准确的测定大气颗粒物中多种重金属的含量,相对误差在15%以内。采用实验仪器在线测定了一段时期室内外大气颗粒物中重金属的含量,并结合发布的空气质量指数(AQI)进行了初步分析,结果表明重金属与细颗粒物(PM2.5)含量具有一定正相关性;通过在广东某大气超级监测站一个月内的监测数据,证明了仪器实际应用的可靠性。通过上述方法的开发、参数评估以及简单应用,结合多种数据的交叉分析,表明实验方法能够满足日常的重金属监测需要。

大气细粒子中水溶性有机碳(WSOC)的在线监测

基于一种新型的大气颗粒物在线水萃取采样装置(PILS),通过该装置与快速有机碳分析仪的连接,建立了大气细粒子水溶性有机碳(WSOC)的在线监测系统(PILS-WSOC)。实际运行结果表明,该系统能够快速稳定地获得大气细粒子中WSOC的实时变化数据。与滤膜法的平行实验结果相比,PILS装置对大气颗粒物中WSOC的采样效率远高于滤膜法。