Influence of topography on the fine structures of stratospheric gravity waves:An analysis using COSMIC-2 temperature data

We derive the potential energy of gravity waves(GWs)in the upper troposphere and stratosphere at 45°S-45°N from December 2019 to November 2022 by using temperature profiles retrieved from the Constellation Observing System for Meteorology,Ionosphere,and Climate-2(COSMIC-2)satellite.Owing to the dense sampling of COSMIC-2,in addition to the strong peaks of gravity wave potential energy(GWPE)above the Andes and Tibetan Plateau,we found weak peaks above the Rocky,Atlas,Caucasus,and Tianshan Mountains.The land-sea contrast is responsible for the longitudinal variations of the GWPE in the lower and upper stratosphere.At 40°N/S,the peaks were mainly above the topographic regions during the winter.At 20°N/S,the peaks were a slight distance away from the topographic regions and might be the combined effect of nontopographic GWs and mountain waves.Near the Equator,the peaks were mainly above the regions with the lowest sea level altitude and may have resulted from convection.Our results indicate that even above the local regions with lower sea level altitudes compared with the Andes and Tibetan Plateau,the GWPE also exhibits fine structures in geographic distributions.We found that dissipation layers above the tropopause jet provide the body force to generate secondary waves in the upper stratosphere,especially during the winter months of each hemisphere and at latitudes of greater than 20°N/S.

Quick-scanning X-ray absorption fine structure beamline at SSRF

The layout and characteristics of the hard X-ray spectroscopy beamline(BL11B)at the Shanghai synchrotron radiation facility are described herein.BL11B is a bending-magnet beamline dedicated to conventional and millisecond-scale quick-scanning X-ray absorption fine structures.It is equipped with a cylindrical collimating mirror,a double-crystal monochromator comprising Si(111)and Si(311),a channel-cut quick-scanning Si(111)monochromator,a toroidal focusing mirror,and a high harmonics rejection mirror.It can provide 5-30 keV of X-rays with a photon flux of~5×10^(11)photons/s and an energy resolution of~1.31×10^(-4)at 10 keV.The performance of the beamline can satisfy the demands of users in the fields of catalysis,materials,and environmental science.This paper presents an overview of the beamline design and a detailed description of its performance and capabilities.

An Electron Model Based on the Fine Structure Constant

In previous publications, the author has proposed a model of the electron’s internal structure, wherein a positively-charged negative mass outer shell and a negatively-charged positive mass central core are proposed to resolve the electron’s charge and mass inconsistencies. That model is modified in this document by assuming the electron’s radius is exactly equal to the classical electron radius. The attributes of the internal components of the electron’s structure have been recalculated accordingly. The shape of the electron is also predicted, and found to be slightly aspherical on the order of an oblate ellipsoid. This shape is attributed to centrifugal force and compliant outer shell material. It is interesting to note that all of the electron’s attributes, both external and internal, with the exception of mass and angular moment, are functions of the fine structure constant a, and can be calculated from just three additional constants: electron mass, Planck’s constant, and speed of light. In particular, the ratios of the outer shell charge and mass to the electron charge and mass, respectively, are 3/2a. The ratios of the central core charge and mass to the electron charge and mass, respectively, are 1-(3/2a). Attributes of the electron are compared with those of the muon. Charge and spin angular momentum are the same, while mass, magnetic moment, and radius appear to be related by the fine structure constant. The mass of the electron outer shell is nearly equal to the mass of the muon. The muon internal structure can be modeled exactly the same as for the electron, with exactly the same attribute relationships.

On the Fine Structure and the Other Coupling Constants at the Planck Scale

It is shown that the fine structure constant at Planck times tends to one as well as those of the weak and strong interactions. This results by constraining them at the Planck force. That seems to provide interesting new results which confirm that at the beginning of space time (Planck scale) all fundamental forces converge to the same unit value.

A Conceptual Model of Our Universe Derived from the Fine Structure Constant (α)

The Fine Structure Constant (α) is a dimensionless value that guides much of quantum physics but with no scientific insight into why this specific number. The number defines the coupling constant for the strength of the electromagnetic force and is precisely tuned to make our universe functional. This study introduces a novel approach to understanding a conceptual model for how this critical number is part of a larger design rather than a random accident of nature. The Fine Structure Constant (FSC) model employs a Python program to calculate n-dimensional property sets for prime number universes where α equals the whole number values 137 and 139, representing twin prime universes without a fractional constant. Each property is defined by theoretical prime number sets that represent focal points of matter and wave energy in their respective universes. This work aims to determine if these prime number sets can reproduce the observed α value, giving it a definable structure. The result of the FSC model produces a α value equal to 137.036, an almost exact match. Furthermore, the model indicates that other twin prime pairs also have a role in our functional universe, providing a hierarchy for atomic orbital energy levels and alignment with the principal and azimuthal quantum numbers. In addition, it construes stable matter as property sets with the highest ratio of twin prime elements. These results provide a new perspective on a mathematical structure that shapes our universe and, if valid, has the structural complexity to guide future research.

A Fine-Structure Constant Can Be Explained Using the Electrochemical Method

We proposed an empirical equation for a fine-structure constant: . Then, . where mp and me are the rest mass of a proton and the rest mass of an electron, respectively. In this report, using the electrochemical method, we proposed an equivalent circuit. Then, we proposed a refined version of our own old empirical equations about the electromagnetic force and gravity. Regarding the factors of 9/2 and π, we used 3.132011447 and 4.488519503, respectively. The calculated values of Tc and G are 2.726312 K and 6.673778 × 10-11 (m3⋅kg-1⋅s-2).

Structural properties of residual carbon in coal gasification fine slag and their influence on flotation separation and resource utilization:A review

Coal gasification fine slag(FS)is a typical solid waste generated in coal gasification.Its current disposal methods of stockpil-ing and landfilling have caused serious soil and ecological hazards.Separation recovery and the high-value utilization of residual carbon(RC)in FS are the keys to realizing the win-win situation of the coal chemical industry in terms of economic and environmental benefits.The structural properties,such as pore,surface functional group,and microcrystalline structures,of RC in FS(FS-RC)not only affect the flotation recovery efficiency of FS-RC but also form the basis for the high-value utilization of FS-RC.In this paper,the characteristics of FS-RC in terms of pore structure,surface functional groups,and microcrystalline structure are sorted out in accordance with gasification type and FS particle size.The reasons for the formation of the special structural properties of FS-RC are analyzed,and their influence on the flotation separation and high-value utilization of FS-RC is summarized.Separation methods based on the pore structural characterist-ics of FS-RC,such as ultrasonic pretreatment-pore-blocking flotation and pore breaking-flocculation flotation,are proposed to be the key development technologies for improving FS-RC recovery in the future.The design of low-cost,low-dose collectors containing polar bonds based on the surface and microcrystalline structures of FS-RC is proposed to be an important breakthrough point for strengthening the flotation efficiency of FS-RC in the future.The high-value utilization of FS should be based on the physicochemical structural proper-ties of FS-RC and should focus on the environmental impact of hazardous elements and the recyclability of chemical waste liquid to es-tablish an environmentally friendly utilization method.This review is of great theoretical importance for the comprehensive understand-ing of the unique structural properties of FS-RC,the breakthrough of the technological bottleneck in the efficient flotation separation of FS,and the expansion of the field of the high value-added utilization of FS-RC.

The Tension Cosmology, Largest Cosmic Structures and Explosions of Supernovae from SST

Here, using the Scale-Symmetric Theory (SST) we explain the cosmological tension and the origin of the largest cosmic structures. We show that a change in value of strong coupling constant for cold baryonic matter leads to the disagreement in the galaxy clustering amplitude, quantified by the parameter S8. Within the same model we described the Hubble tension. We described also the mechanism that transforms the gravitational collapse into an explosion—it concerns the dynamics of virtual fields that lead to dark energy. Our calculations concern the Type Ia supernovae and the core-collapse supernovae. We calculated the quantized masses of the progenitors of supernovae, emitted total energy during explosion, and we calculated how much of the released energy was transferred to neutrinos. Value of the speed of sound in the strongly interacting matter measured at the LHC confirms that presented here model is correct. Our calculations show that the Universe is cyclic.

Fine and hyperfine structures of pionic helium atoms

The fine and hyperfine structures of pionic helium metastable states is calculated within the formalism of the Breit-Pauli Hamiltonian by using the variationally generated wave functions in Hylleraas coordinates.Our results not only verify the existing values of Hori et al.[Phys.Rev.A 89,042515(2014)]for the fine structure of π^(4)He^(+),but also determine the hyperfine structure of π^(3)He^(+).

The Practice and Method of Integrating Fine Traditional Culture into Data Structure Course Teaching

To capitalize on the primary role of major course teaching and to facilitate students’understanding of abstract concepts in the data structure course,it is essential to increase their interest in learning and develop case studies that highlight fine traditional culture.By incorporating these culture-rich case studies into classroom instruction,we employ a project-driven teaching approach.This not only allows students to master professional knowledge,but also enhances their abilities to solve specific engineering problems,ultimately fostering cultural confidence.Over the past few years,during which educational reforms have been conducted for trial runs,the feasibility and effectiveness of these reform schemes have been demonstrated.

A New Theory on the Origin and Nature of the Fine Structure Constant

The nature and the origin of the fine structure are described. Based on the vortex model and hydrodynamics, a comprehensible interpretation of the fine structure constant is developed. The vacuum considered to have superfluid characteristics and elementary particles such as the electron and Hydrogen molecule are irrotational vortices of this superfluid. In such a vortex, the angular rotation ω is maintained, and the larger the radius, the slower the rotational speed. The fine structure value is derived from the ratio of the rotational speed of the boundaries of the vortex to the speed of the vortex eye in its center. Since the angular rotation is constant, the same value was derived from the ratio between the radius of the constant vortex core and the radius of the hall vortex. Therefore, the constancy of alpha is an expression of the constancy relation in the vortex structure.

Prediction and Derivation of the Higgs Boson from the Neutron and Properties of Hydrogen Demonstrating Relationships with Planck’s Time, the Down Quark, and the Fine Structure Constant

A high accuracy Higgs boson, H0, is an important physical constant. The Higgs boson is associated with the property of mass related to broken symmetry in the Standard Model. The H0 mass cannot be derived by the Standard Model. The goal of this work is to derive and predict the mass of H0 from the subatomic data of the frequency equivalents of the neutron, electron, Bohr radius, and the ionization energy of hydrogen. H0’s close relationships to the fine structure constant, α, the down quark, and Planck time, tP are demonstrated. The methods of the harmonic neutron hypothesis introduced in 2009 were utilized. It assumes that the fundamental constants as frequency equivalents represent a classic unified harmonic system where each physical constant is associated with a classic harmonic integer fraction. It has been demonstrated that the sum exponent of a harmonic integer fraction, and a small derived linear δ value of the annhilation frequency of the neutron, vn, 2.2718591 × 1023 Hz, (vns) as a dimensionless coupling constant represent many physical constants as frequency equivalents. This is a natural unit system. The harmonic integer fraction series is 1/±n, and 1 ± 1/n for n equals 1 to ∞. The H0 is empirically and logically is associated with harmonic fractions, 1/11 and 1 + 1/11. α-1 is associated with 11. α-1 is a free space scaling constant for the electromagnetic force so it is logical that 11 should also have a pair, but for a free space mass constant. Also there should be a harmonic faction pair for the down quark, 1 - 1/11, just as there is pairing of the up quark, 1 - 1/10, and top quark, 1 + 1/10. The harmonic neutron hypothesis has published a method deriving a high accuracy Planck time, tP from the same limited subatomic data. The δ line for H0 should be closely associated with tP since they both are related to mass. The preferred derived value related to tP2 is 125.596808 GeV/c2. A less attractive derived value is 125.120961 GeV/c2 from the weak force factors only. The experimental CMS and Atlas value ranges are 125.03+0.26+0.13-0.27-0.15 and 125.36±0.37±0.18 GeV/c2. Empirically the H0 δ line is closely related to the same factors of the tP δ line, but with inverse sign of the slope. The H0 completes the paring of a free space constant for mass, the down quark, and an inverse sign δ line factors with tP. It is possible to accurately derive the mass of H0 from subatomic physical data. The model demonstrates that H0 is closely associated with α, the down quark, and tP. This prediction can be scrutinized in the future to see if it is accurate. The model has already published accurate predictions of the masses of the quarks.

Calculation of <i>G</i>Gravity Constant from the Mass and Electron Charge, and Fine Structure Constant

This study proposes, from the theoretical point of view, the calculation of the gravitational constant G, made starting from the charge and the electron mass, taking the constant of the Fine Structure into examination. In the empty space, couples of virtual positron electrons dematerialize, giving virtual photon origin. They, at their time, will become electrons, positrons and so on. These transformations are made keeping the board of their “amount of movement” and when they meet the matter, these couples come, reissued depending on the field and on the matter mass. The matter is the change of the trend of their gyromagnetic movement relationship which puts under pressure. In presence of two masses, this gyromagnetic movement relationship is already partially oriented towards the other mass. From here a force is established between these two masses that give as calculated constant equal to 6.678532. This value of G, obtained leaving from the charge and the electron mass, is very near the experimental values estimated in these last decades regard the value of the gravitational constant of G.

Evaluation of the Fine Structure Constant

An equation is given for analytically defining the value of the fine structure constant, whose derivation follows two main steps, relative to the generation of electric charges and to the polarizability of vacuum due to virtual dipoles. The obtained value matches the experimental one by a factor lower than the relative standard uncertainty produced by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST).

An Interesting Mathematical Relation between the Proton Mass, the Proton Radius, the Fine Structure Constant, the Compton Wavelength and the Hagedorn Temperature

In this short note we present a possible connection between the proton radius and the proton mass using the fine structure constant. The Hagedorn temperature is related to the energy levels assumed to be required to free the quarks from the proton, where hadronic matter is unstable. We also speculate that there could be a connection between the Hagedorn temperature and the Planck temperature through the fine structure constant. Regarding whether or not there is something to this (or if it is purely a coincidence), we will leave to others and future research to explore. However, we think these possible relationships are worth further investigation.

Fundamental Harmonic Power Laws Relating the Frequency Equivalents of the Electron, Bohr Radius, Rydberg Constant with the Fine Structure, Planck’s Constant, 2 and π

We evaluate three of the quantum constants of hydrogen, the electron, e-, the Bohr radius, a0, and the Rydberg constants, , as natural unit frequency equivalents, v. This is equivalent to Planck’s constant, h, the speed of light, c, and the electron charge, e, all scaled to 1 similar in concept to the Hartree atomic, and Planck units. These frequency ratios are analyzed as fundamental coupling constants. We recognize that the ratio of the product of 8π2, the ve- times the vR divided by va0 squared equals 1. This is a power law defining Planck’s constant in a dimensionless domain as 1. We also find that all of the possible dimensionless and dimensioned ratios correspond to other constants or classic relationships, and are systematically inter-related by multiple power laws to the fine structure constant, α;and the geometric factors 2, and π. One is related to an angular momentum scaled by Planck’s constant, and another is the kinetic energy law. There are harmonic sinusoidal relationships based on 2π circle geometry. In the dimensionless domain, α is equivalent to the free space constant of permeability, and its reciprocal to permittivity. If any two quanta are known, all of the others can be derived within power laws. This demonstrates that 8π2 represents the logical geometric conversion factor that links the Euclid geometric factors/three dimensional space, and the quantum domain. We conclude that the relative scale and organization of many of the fundamental constants even beyond hydrogen are related to a unified power law system defined by only three physical quanta of ve-, vR, and va0.

Possible Relations of Cosmic Microwave Background with Gravity and Fine-Structure Constant

Gravity is the only force that cannot be explained by the Standard Model (SM), the current best theory describing all the known fundamental particles and their forces. Here we reveal that gravitational force can be precisely given by mass of objects and microwave background (CMB) radiation. Moreover, using the same strategy we reveal a relation by which CMB can also precisely define fine-structure constant α.

Solutions of the Exponential Equation <i>y</i>^<i>x/y</i>= <i>x</i>or ln<i>x</i>/<i>x</i>= ln<i>y</i>/<i>y</i>and Fine Structure Constant

In this paper, we study the equation of the form of which can also be written as . Apart from the trivial solution x = y, a non-trivial solution can be expressed in terms of Lambert W function as . For y > e, the solutions of x are in-between 1 and e. For integer y values between 4 and 12, the solutions of x written in base y are in-between 1.333 and 1.389. The non-trivial solutions of the equations and written in base y are exactly one and two orders higher respectively than the solutions of the equation . If y = 10, the rounded nontrivial solutions for the three equations are 1.3713, 13.713 and 137.13, i.e. 100.13713 = 1.3713. Further, ln(1.3713)/1.3713 = 0.2302 and W(-0.2302) = -2.302. The value 137.13 is very close to the fine structure constant value of 137.04 within 0.1%.

Fine Structure Constant Model Demonstrates the Electron Elementary Charge of Having an Intrinsic Manifold

Using our recently published electron’s charge electromagnetic flux manifold fiber model of the electron, described by analytical method and numerical simulations, we show how the fine structure constant is embedded as a geometrical proportionality constant in three dimensional space of its charge manifold and how this dictates the first QED term one-loop contribution of its anomalous magnetic moment making for the first time a connection of its intrinsic characteristics with physical geometrical dimensions and therefore demonstrating that the physical electron charge cannot be dimensionless. We show that the fine structure constant (FSC) α, and anomalous magnetic moment αμ of the electron is related to the sphericity of its charge distribution which is not perfectly spherical and thus has a shape, and therefore its self-confined charge possesses measurable physical dimensions. We also explain why these are not yet able to be measured by past and current experiments and how possible we could succeed.

The Mystery behind the Fine Structure Constant Contracted Radius Ratio Divided by the Mass Ratio? A Possible Atomist Interpretation

This paper examines various alternatives for what the fine structure constant might represent. In particular, we look at an alternative where the fine structure constant represents the radius ratio divided by the mass ratio of the electron, versus the proton as newly suggested by Koshy [1], but derived and interpreted here based on Haug atomism (see [2]). This ratio is remarkably close to the fine structure constant, and it is a dimensionless number. We also examine alternatives including the proton mass divided by the Higgs mass, which appears to be another possible candidate for what the fine structure constant might represent.