Finite Element Modeling and Modal Analysis of Complicated Structure with Bolted Joints

A contact bolt model is proposed as a new modeling technique to investigate the complex structure with bolted joints for modal analysis and compared with the coupled bolt model, and the test results are given. Among these models, the coupled bolt model provides the best accurate responses compared with the experimental results. The contact bolt model shows the best effectiveness and usefulness in view of operational time. The bolt models proposed in this study are adopted for a dynamic characteristic analysis of a large diesel engine consisting of several parts which are connected by many bolts. The dynamic behavior of the entire engine structure was investigated by experiment. The coupled bolt model and the contact bolt model were applied to model the assembly of engine with high preload. The experimental results are in good agreement with the finite element method （FEM） results. Compared with the other models, the contact bolt model presented in this paper is more effective and useful in view of operational time and experience of analysts.

Experimental and Finite Element Method Studies of J-Lead Solder Joint Reliability

A comprehensive experimental and numerical study of solder joints for plastic leaded chip carrier (PLCC) 84-Pin, 1.27 mm pitch was carried out. The reliability of solder joints was assessed through accelerated thermal cycling at the temperature range of - 55℃-125℃. The samples were taken out to observe the evolution in microstructure, such as grain coarsening, initiation and propagation of cracks. It was found that the Pb-rich phases segregated gradually and formed a continuous layer adjacent to the intermetallic compound (IMC) layer with increasing the number of thermal cycles, resulting in cracks near the solder/lead interface. The response of stress and strain was studied using nonlinear finite element method (FEM), and the results agreed well with the experimental data.

EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH AND NONLINEAR FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS ON NEW TYPE JOINT BETWEEN COLUMN AND STEEL BEAM OF CONCRETE-FILLED RECTANGULAR STEEL TUBULAR

Experimental results of new type joints between the column and the. steel beam of concrete-filled rectangular steel tubular （CFRT） under reversed cyclic loads are presented. The earthquake resistant capacity of the joint is influenced by infilled concrete, stiffener length and relative dimensions of column and beam. It is found that the hysteresis curves obtained in the experiment are full and the joints have a good energy dissipation capacity. The nonlinear finite element models are also used to analyze the hysteresis behavior of the joints under reversed cyclic loads using ANSYS 8.0. The influences of the stiffener length and the infilled concrete are analyzed. Analytical results show that the stiffener length and the infilled concrete are critical for the joints. Furthermore, the skeleton curves of the finite element models are in good agreement with those of experiments.

Modeling and Simulation of Valve Cycle in Vein Using an Immersed Finite Element Method

A vein model was established to simulate the periodic characteristics of blood flow and valve deformation in blood-induced valve cycles.Using an immersed finite element method which was modified by a ghost fluid technique,the interaction between the vein and blood was simulated.With an independent solid solver,the contact force between vein tissues was calculated using an adhesive contact method.A benchmark simulation of the normal valve cycle validated the proposed model for a healthy vein.Both the opening orifice and blood flow rate agreed with those in the physiology.Low blood shear stress and maximum leaflet stress were also seen in the base region of the valve.On the basis of the healthy model,a diseased vein model was subsequently built to explore the sinus lesions,namely,fibrosis and atrophy which are assumed stiffening and softening of the sinus.Our results showed the opening orifice of the diseased vein was inversely proportional to the corresponding modulus of the sinus.A drop in the transvalvular pressure gradient resulted from the sinus lesion.Compared to the fibrosis,the atrophy of the sinus apparently improved the vein deformability but simultaneously accelerated the deterioration of venous disease and increased the risk of potential fracture.These results provide understandings of the normal/abnormal valve cycle in vein,and can be also helpful for the prosthesis design.

Finite-Element Analysis of Parts Stress State of Tight Joint Assembled by Press Fitting

This paper includes descriptions of the stress distribution regularities in the tight joint parts, regularities of the stress state changes in the contact region along coupling length, stress concentration factors, levels of additional stresses caused by press fitting. Distributions of stress intensity, axial stress, contact pressure, tangent stress in parts and in contact zone along coupling length are considered. Calculation results obtained by three approaches: Lame relationships, FEM without considering assembly method, FEM with considering press fitting process are analyzed and compared. The adequacy of research carried out is confirmed.

Influence of Shim Layers on Progressive Failure of a Composite Componentin Composite-Aluminum Bolted Joint in Aerospace Structural Assembly

The influence of varying shim layers on the progressive damage/failure of a composite component in a bolted composite-aluminum aerospace structural assembly was investigated using a non-linear three-dimensional(3 D)structural solid elements assembled model of a carbon fiber-reinforced polymer(CFRP)-aluminum single-lap joint with a titanium(Ti-6 Al-4 V)fastener and a washer generated with the commercial finite element(FE)software package,ABAQUS/Standard.A progressive failure algorithm written in Fortran code with a set of appropriate degradation rules was incorporated as a user subroutine in ABAQUS to simulate the non-linear damage behavior of the composite component in the composite-aluminum bolted aerospace structure.The assembled 3 DFE model simulated,as well as the specimen for the experimental testing consisted of a carbon-epoxy IMS-977-2 substrate,aluminum alloy 7075-T651 substrate,liquid shim(Hysol EA 9394),solid peelable fiberglass shim,a titanium fastener,and a washer.In distinction to previous investigations,the influence of shim layers(liquid shim and solid peelable fiberglass shim)inserted in-between the faying surfaces(CFRP and aluminum alloy substrates)were investigated by both numerical simulations and experimental work.The simulated model and test specimens conformed to the standard test configurations for both civil and military standards.The numerical simulations correlated well with the experimental results and it has been found that:(1)The shimming procedure as agreed upon by the aerospace industry for the resolution of assembly gaps in bolted joints for composite materials is the same for a composite-aluminum structure;liquid shim series(0.3,0.5 and 0.7 mm thicknesses)prolonged the service life of the composite component whereas a solid peelable fiberglass shim most definitely had a better influence on the 0.9 assembly gap compared with the liquid shim;(2)The shim layers considerably influenced the structural strength of the composite component by delaying its ultimate failure thereby increasing its service life;and(3)Increasing the shim layer′s thickness led to a significant corresponding effect on the stiffness but with minimal effect on the ultimate load.

Research on Simulation Methods of Electric Field Intensity on Surface of 10 kV Cable Joint

The electric field intensity (EFI) is important characteristic quantity for evaluating the internal insulation state of cable joints. Based on finite element method, this paper proposes two EFI research methods, field-circuit coupling method and equivalent circuit method. The average EFI of the inner surface of the outer semi-conducting shield can be calculated from the current in the measuring circuit. The relative error between these two methods is about 15%, which roughly proves the consistency of the two methods. Further practical application research enables online monitoring of cable joints.

Numerical studies on the stress distribution in weldbonded joints with different adhesives

The Effect of elastic modulus and thickness of the adhesives on the stress distribution in weldbonded joints has been studied with three-dimensional elastoplastic finite element method ( FEM). Stress distribution curves have been obtained at the edges of the spot welds and the lap zones in weldbonded joints, which were made with adhesives of different elastic modulus or different thickness. Results show that there exists larger stress concentration at the edge of the spot welds, though the shear stresses in the adhesive layers are smaller for weldbonded joints with low elastic modulus or thick adhesive layers. The stress concentration decreases and the shear stresses in adhesive layers increase with the increase of the elastic modulus or the decrease of the adhesive thickness. It is concluded that the thiner adhesive layers with higher elastic modulius are preferable in weldbonded joints to cut down the stress concentration.

Numerical investigation on the position of holes for reducing stress concentration in composite plates with bolted and riveted joints

This paper studies the effects of fiber orientaion and holes position on stress concentration and the determination of weakened areas in the composite of glass fiber reinforced epoxy resin around the hole for joints by using the finite element method.In this study,for the observation of areas affected by stress concentration Tsai-Wu failure criterion is used to determine the failed elements and ANSYS Software is implemented for modeling.In order to compare the effect of geometric parameters on stress concentration around the holes,two types of hole position arrangement along with fibers orientation have been studied.Results show that the stress concentration coefficient is lower in the second type of holes arrangement in comparison with the first type for the same component dimensions.Increasing the distance from hole center to upper or lower edge of the sample and also decreasing the distance between holes,would result in an increase in the stress concentration.

Numerical and Experimental Study on Stiffened Composite Panel Repaired by Bolted Joints under Compressive Load

Numerical and experimental study was conducted to investigate the failure mode and strength performance of stiffened composite panel repaired by bolted joints under compressive load, and the results were then compared with those from virgin stiffened composite panel without any damage. A finite element analysis model was established for repaired and virgin stiffened composite panels under compressive load, the 3D Hashin criteria was applied to identify the composite structure failure, and the secondary stress criteria was adopted to identify the adhesive failure between the base laminate and the stiffener. The failure modes of repaired stiffened composite panels were stiffened composite panels breaking off along the bolt joints. The experimental results were consistent with the finite element analysis results, indicating the reliability of the finite element analysis model.

Numerical Computation of Stress Intensity Factors for Bolt-hole Corner Crack in Mechanical Joints

The three-dimensional finite element method is used to solve the problem of the quarter-elliptical comer crack of the bolt-hole in mechanical joints being subjected to remote tension. The square-root stress singularity around the corner crack front is simulated using the collapsed 20-node quarter point singular elements. The contact interaction between the bolt and the hole boundary is considered in the finite element analysis. The stress intensity factors （SIFs） along the crack front are evaluated by using the displacement correlation technique. The effects of the amount of clearance between the hole and the bolt on the SIFs are investigated. The numerical results indicate that the SIF for mode I decrease with the decreases in clearance, and in the cases of clearance being present, the corner crack is in a mix-mode, even if mode I loading is dominant.

Integration of nanoindentation and finite element method for interpretable tensile properties:A crossscale calculation method of uneven joints

Nanoindentation testing and its Reverse Analysis Method(RAM)show great potential in understanding the tensile properties of metallic alloys with various microstructures.Nevertheless,the tensile properties of heterogeneous materials such as nickel-based superalloy welded joints have not been well interpreted by combining the microstructures and nanoindentation results,due to their diverse and complex microscopic zones,which throws shade on the properties of separated zones in the material.Here we demonstrated a new method of implanting nanoindentation results into Finite Element Method(FEM)and applied the method to the welded joints with the zones of various microstructure features.The local properties are calculated by the nanoindentation data using RAM,and used as input of Finite Element(FE)simulation of an identical indentation process,to in turn verify the accuracy and reliability of the reverse model.The simulation results reveal that the global mechanical behaviors,such as Young's modulus,yield strength and strain hardening exponent,are related to the local properties to a great extent.Thus,the global properties can be verified by simulation straight after experiments,taking consideration of local properties and dimension parameters of different zones.It is shown that the maximum error between calculation of RAM and testing is within 5.1%in different zones,and the errors of maximum indentation depth and residual depth obtained by FE simulation are less than 2.4%,which indicates that the method provides a reliable prediction of mechanical properties of superalloy welded joints.

Influence of bolt dynamic installation on topography characteristics and mechanical behaviors of CFRP interference-fit bolted joints

As the controlled research of Dynamic Installation(DI)and Static Installation(SI),a new interference installation method was developed based on electromagnetic loading to enhance the mechanical properties of composite structures.Four different interference-fit sizes were considered,ranging from a net fit to 2.0%.The experiments were conducted to evaluate the installation resistance and the mechanical behavior of the joint under external loads.Meanwhile,an FFA model to model the stress distribution and damage behavior of the bolt-hole contact interface was established.The load-displacement curve and damage modes of experiments were used to verify the FEA results.The results show that the installation resistance during DI process was remarkably lower than that of SI process corresponding to all interference-fit sizes,and the stress amplitudes induced by interference were larger and widely distributed.The damage of the hole wall was positively correlated with interference fit size,but DI can significantly reduce the damage compared to SI.In performance tests,DI enhanced the static bearing capacity and extended longer fatigue life of the joints than SI.DI methods can be an effective way to achieve highly reliable interference joints in composite structures.

Predicting fatigue life of automotive adhesive bonded joints:a data-driven approach using combined experimental and numerical datasets

The majority of vehicle structural failures originate from joint areas.Cyclic loading is one of the primary factors in joint failures,making the fatigue performance of joints a critical consideration in vehicle structure design.The use of traditional fatigue analysis methods is constrained by the absence of adhesive life data and the wide variety of joint geometries.Therefore,there is a pressing need for an accurate fatigue life estimation method for the joints in the automotive industry.In this work,we proposed a data-driven approach embedding physical knowledge-guided parameters based on experimental data and finite element analysis(FEA)results.Different machine learning(ML)algorithms are adopted to investigate the fatigue life of three typical adhesive joints,namely lap shear,coach peel and KSII joints.After the feature engineering and tuned process of the ML models,the preferable model using the Gaussian process regression algorithm is established,fed with eight input parameters,namely thicknesses of the substrates,line forces and bending moments of the adhesive bonded joints obtained from FEA.The proposed method is validated with the test data set and part-level physical tests with complex loading states for an unbiased evaluation.It demonstrates that for life prediction of adhesive joints,the data-driven solutions can constitute an improvement over conventional solutions.

Understanding roof deformation mechanics and parametric sensitivities of coal mine entries using the discrete element method

Although conventional coal mine designs are conservative regarding pillar strength,local failures such as roof-falls and pillar bursts still affect mine safety and operations.Previous studies have identified that discontinuous,layered roof materials have some self-supporting capacity.This research is a preliminary step towards understanding these mechanics in coal-measure rocks.Although others have considered broad conceptual models and simplified analogs for mine roof behavior,this study presents a unique numerical model that more completely represents in-situ roof conditions.The discrete element method(DEM)is utilized to conduct a parametric analysis considering a range of in-situ stress ratios,material properties,and joint networks to determine the parameters controlling the stability of single-entries modeled in two-dimensions.Model results are compared to empirical observations of roof-support effectiveness(ARBS)in the context of the coal mine roof rating(CMRR)system.Results such as immediate roof displacement,overall stability,and statistical relationships between model parameters and outcomes are presented herein.Potential practical applications of this line of research include:(1)roof-support optimization for a range of coal-measure rocks,(2)establishment of a relationship between roof stability and pillar stress,and(3)determination of which parameters are most critical to roof stability and therefore require concentrated evaluation.

Influence of adhesive layer properties on laser-generated ultrasonic waves in thin bonded plates

This paper studies quantitatively the generation of Lamb waves in thin bonded plates subjected to laser illumination, after considering the viscoelasticity of the adhesive layer. The displacements of such plates have been calculated in the frequency domain by using the finite element method, and the time domain response has been reconstructed by applying an inverse fast Fourier transform. Numerical results are presented showing the normal surface displacement for several configurations： a single aluminum plate, a three-layer bonded plate, and a two-layer plate. The characteristics of the laser-generated Lamb waves for each particular case have been investigated. In addition, the sensitivity of the transient responses to variations of material properties （elastic modulus, viscoelastic modulus, and thickness） of the adhesive layer has been studied in detail.

Deformation characterization of conductive particles in anisotropically conductive adhesive simulated by FEM

The deformation behavior and the contact area of conductive particles in anisotropically conductive adhesives (ACA) were investigated by finite element method (FEM). The solid conductive particles are made of pure Ni and Cu. The results indicate that the deformation of the conductive particles is inhomogeneous during fabrication. When the reduction in height is small the deformation concentrates in the area near the contact area. As the reduction in height increases, the strain in the area near the contact area increases, and the metal flows toward the circumference, resulting in the increase of the contact area between the conductive particles and pad. The higher the degree of deformation, the larger the contact area. The regression equations were offered to express the relations between the bounding force and the contact area or the reduction in height. An approach of how to obtain the maximum contact area in ACA was discussed.

Numerical modelling of resonance mechanisms in jointed rocks using transfer functions

Resonance effects in parallel jointed rocks subject to stress waves are investigated using transfer functions,derived from signals generated through numerical modelling.Resonance is important for a range of engineering situations as it identifies the frequency of waves which will be favourably transmitted.Two different numerical methods are used for this study,adopting the finite difference method and the combined discrete element-finite difference method.The numerical models are validated by replicating results from previous studies.The two methods are found to behave similarly and show the same resonance effects;one operating at low frequency and the other operating at relatively high frequency.These resonance effects are interpreted in terms of simple physical systems and analytical equations are derived to predict the resonant frequencies of complex rock masses.Low frequency resonance is shown to be generated by a system synonymous with masses between springs,described as spring resonance,with an equal number of resonant frequencies as the number of blocks.High frequency resonance is generated through superposition of multiple reflected waves developing standing waves within intact blocks,described as superposition resonance.While resonance through superposition has previously been identified,resonance based on masses between springs has not been previously identified in jointed rocks.The findings of this study have implications for future analysis of multiple jointed rock masses,showing that a wave travelling through such materials can induce other modes of propagation of waves,i.e.spring resonance.

CFRP层合板单搭胶接接头胶板界面剥离强度仿真分析

基于异材界面奇异应力场理论,以CFRP层合板单搭胶接结构为对象,通过有限元和实验的方法分析了结构承载时板胶结合界面上出现的应力分布,锁定界面剥离强度关键区域,通过网格无关的有限元应力比值法提升仿真求解精度,最大限度还原板胶界面应力分布,着重探讨了多层各向异性CFRP板与传统均质材料在仿真过程和结果的差异,及搭接长度、胶层厚度、结构胶参数等对板胶界面应力分布及起裂点位置的影响,为板胶界面剥离应力的优化、胶接工艺的改进和单搭胶接接头强度的提升提供理论支撑。结果表明:各层参数不同的CFRP板胶界面承载时,剥离应力的最大处需由三个维度共同约束,其中两个维度的约束结果与均质材料相同,极值位于板胶界面垂直于拉伸方向的边缘,实际结构中失效的起始亦常见于此处,第三维度受层合板多层异性影响,该边缘上应力最大的点既不位于该边缘的中点也不位于界面角部,具体位置由材料参数和胶接结构共同影响。

装配式钢板-混凝土地下粮仓螺栓-焊缝节点受弯承载力分析

装配式钢板-混凝土组合地下粮仓具有节约土地、节能减碳、绿色环保、密闭低温等优点,但是连接节点的结构形式和力学性能仍是制约其发展及推广应用的关键难题之一。为解决节点焊缝过多、施焊难度大等问题,该研究提出一种新型装配式钢板-混凝土组合地下粮仓螺栓-焊缝竖向节点,采用螺栓代替部分焊缝,减少焊缝长度、方便构件施工。依据规范要求及实际工程情况,设计了2种不同螺栓数量(单侧三螺栓连接和单侧五螺栓连接)的螺栓-焊缝竖向节点试件,利用四点弯曲试验与有限元数值分析,研究其破坏形态和受弯承载力性能。结果表明:三螺栓试件与五螺栓试件承载力的试验值分别为1998、2053 kN,两试件承载力基本相同;相较于五螺栓试件,三螺栓试件在破坏后具有更好的延性。在参数取值范围内,混凝土强度、内防水钢板厚度、外防水钢板厚度和内衬钢板厚度对峰值荷载回归得到的标准化系数(Beta)分别为0.993、-0.003、-0.012、0.056,表明增加混凝土强度可有效提高试件承载能力。研究成果可为装配式钢板-混凝土地下粮仓节点的设计提供科学参考和设计依据。