A geologically-based approach to map arsenic risk in crystalline aquifers:Analysis of the Tampere region, Finland

The study illustrates the critical role of accurate geological structural mapping to delineate crystalline aquifer zones more prone to high health risk due to elevated dissolved As in drinking wells.The analysis revisits the results from more than 1200 groundwater samples collected over ten years from domestic wells across the Tampere region (Finland).It is demonstrated that the highest dissolved As concentrations in the region (up to 2230 mg/L) are exclusively found near major faults and deformation zones (FDZs) detected via geophysical and geological surveys,and that a clear correlation exists between dissolved concentrations and the distance from the FDZs (r).Almost all values exceeding the drinking water limit (10 mg/L) occur at r < 8 km,while concentrations above 100 mg/L occur at r < 4 km.Solidphase As concentrations in bedrock show less dependency on FDZ than aqueous concentrations.This behavior is explained considering different mechanisms,which include enhanced sulfide oxidation and fracture connectivity,promoting preferential transport of dissolved As to FDZs and mixing of waters from different redox zones,mobilizing preferentially As(III) or As(V).Fe hydro-oxides may also precipitate/ dissolve preferentially because of FDZs,while residence time may influence the contact time between water and As-bearing minerals.It is concluded that the accurate mapping of FDZs,and in general of structural geology,provides an important preliminary information to identify where localized,sitespecific characterization of hydrogeology and geochemistry is more urgent to reduce As-related health risk from groundwater intake.

Mineralogical and Petrographic Characteristics of Indium and REE-Bearing Accessory Phases in the Kymi Granite Stock, Southern Finland

The Wiborg rapakivi batholith (1.64 Ga) in southeastern Finland with documented occurrences of REE, indium and Zn-Cu-Pb sulphide mineralization was studied. Hydrothermal greisen and quartz vein type Fe-Sn and Zn-Cu-Pb are found in the Kymi granite stock as intrusions. They are enriched with indium and rare earth elements, with roquesite (CuInS2) being a major indium- carrier, whereas monazite (Ce), allanite (Ce), bastn&#228;esite (Ce), xenotime-(Y) and thorite are the main REE carriers. Combination of optical and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) were used to study the indium and REE-bearing mineral assemblages. EPMA of roquesite found in galena had a composition of 26.16% S, 0.02% Fe, 25.06% Cu, 0.03% Zn, 1.06% As, 0.31% Sb and 47.14% In. Substitution reaction Pb2+S2-Cu+In3+S2- is the cause of the incorporation of indium in the galena structure. The majority of the LREE are carried by monazite, bastn&#228;esite and allanite, and the HREE by xenotime and zircon. There is a partial solid solution between monazite and xenotime with minor or trace amounts of LREE in xenotime grains (6.0 wt%). LREE (>95 mol% LREE) and less than 5 mol% HREE + Y reflects the enrichment of chondrite-normalized REE of the monazite grains of the Kymi granite stock. The xenotime grains (small and irregular) main composition contains 71 - 76 mol% YPO4, 16 - 27 mol% HREE, and 6 - 8 mol% LREE. It is believed that indium and REE-mineralization presence is due to the combination of magmatic and postmagmatic processes, particularly at later stages by fluid fractionation.

Risk factors for major gastrointestinal bleeding in the general population in Finland

BACKGROUND Data on non-drug related risk-factors for gastrointestinal bleeding(GIB)in the general population are limited,especially for life-style factors,clinical measurements and laboratory parameters.AIM To identify and investigate non-drug risk factors for major GIB in the general population of Finland.METHODS We performed a retrospective cohort study using data from the FINRISK health examination surveys,which have been conducted every 5 years across Finland from 1987 to 2007.Participants were adults aged 25 years to 74 years,excluding those with a previous hospitalization for GIB.Follow-up from enrollment was performed through linkage to national electronic health registers and ended at an event of GIB that led to hospitalization/death,death due to any other cause,or after 10 years.Covariates included demographics,socioeconomic and lifestyle factors,clinical measurements,laboratory parameters and comorbidities.Variable selection was undertaken using Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator(LASSO)and factors associated with GIB were identified using Cox regression.RESULTS Among 33,508 participants,403(1.2%)experienced GIB[256 men(63.5%);mean age,56.0 years(standard deviation(SD)±12.1)]and 33105 who did not experience GIB[15768 men(47.6%);mean age,46.8(SD±13)years],within 10 years of follow-up.Factors associated with a significantly increased risk of GIB were baseline age[per 10-year increase;hazard ratio(HR)1.62,95%confidence interval(CI):1.42-1.86],unemployment(HR:1.70,95%CI:1.11-2.59),body mass index(BMI)(HR:1.15,95%CI:1.01-1.32),gamma-glutamyl transferase(GGT)(HR:1.05,95%CI:1.02-1.09),precursors of GIB(HR:1.90,95%CI:1.37-2.63),cancer(HR:1.47,95%CI:1.10-1.97),psychiatric disorders(HR:1.32,95%CI:1.01-1.71),heart failure(HR:1.46,95%CI:1.04-2.05),and liver disorders(HR:3.20,95%CI:2.06-4.97).Factors associated with a significantly decreased risk of GIB were systolic blood pressure(SBP)(HR:0.78,95%CI:0.64-0.96),6-10 cups of coffee a day(HR:0.67,95%CI:0.46-0.99),or>10 cups(HR:0.43,95%CI:0.23-0.81).CONCLUSION Our study confirms established risk-factors for GIB and identifies potential risk-factors not previously reported such as unemployment,BMI,GGT,SBP and coffee consumption.

Paired Border Towns or TwinCities from Finland and China

This paper discusses cross-border cooperation at the level of urban socio-economic systems. Worldwide, cross-border urban cooperation has in several cases produced socio-economic and political coherence supported by various joint programs and efforts. However, the degree of coherence varies and seldom cre-ates socio-economically and politically tightly integrated "Twin-Cities" where the state border becomes highly transparent or ob-scure. Focusing on Finlan d and China, our aim is to identify whether the selected border towns represent coherent TwinCities or a more loose type of "paired border towns". The study uses an empirical examination of three Finnish towns (Helsinki, Tornio, Imatra) and their neighboring towns in Estonia, Sweden, and Rus-sia as a benchmark. Then, a comparative study is made regarding three Chinese cross-border cities facing Russia, Vietnam and Ka-zakhstan. We highlight the differences in cross-border integration from the viewpoint of shared public sector programs, cross-border enterprise relocation and networking, and integrated social sector in terms of labor market, education and shopping area.

International Comparison of Intercity Differences in Premature Deaths: Pyll-Rates in Canada, Finland and Russia 2010

Background: Potential years of life lost (PYLL) rate describes the number of years lost due to pre-ventable premature death in a population. This is equal to the loss of human capital. Cause-specific PYLL-rates provide information for public health policy. Methods: PYLL-rate is calculated as an absolute difference between the age at death and the assumed length of life. Causes of preventable deaths are defined and classified according to International Classification of Diseases version 10 (ICD-10) as determined by World Health Organization. PYLL rate is age-standardized and expressed per 100,000 persons. Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) standard of 70 years was applied as the expected length of life in Saint Petersburg (Russia), Edmonton (Canada), and Helsinki (Finland). Results: There were very big differences in PYLL rates of all causes of death between the countries compared. Total PYLL-rates were the lowest in Helsinki, slightly higher in Edmonton, and the highest in Saint Petersburg. The intercity differences in the total of PYLL-rates were considerably smaller among women than men. In each city, the three most prevalent causes of premature death were injuries, cancer and cardiovascular diseases. Magnitudes of these causes varied between the three cities. Conclusions: PYLL rate provides comparable and sensitive information about the health related well-being of a population concerning all preventable causes of death as well as cause-specific premature deaths. The study demonstrates that the reduction of cause-specific PYLL-rates is possible. It provides supplementary information for planning of health policies and evaluation of effectiveness of past interventions. Results demonstrate that these actions need to differ between countries and localities.

Wind Power Revenue Potential: Simulation for Finland

Potential revenue from wind power generation is an important factor to be considered when planning a wind power investment.In the future,that may become even more important because it is known that wind power generation tends to push electricity wholesale prices lower.Consequently,it is possible that if a region has plenty of installed wind power capacity,revenue per generated unit of electricity is lower there than could be assumed by looking at the mean electricity wholesale price.In this paper,we compare 17 different locations in Finland in terms of revenue from wind power generation.That is done by simulating hourly generation with three different turbine types at two different hub heights and multiplying that by the hourly electricity spot price for years 2018 and 2019.Estimated revenues differ greatly between locations and turbine types,major factor being technical potential i.e.,the amount of electricity generated.Differences between revenues per generated MWh seem to be small,however,the smallest figures being on the western coast where installed capacities are also the largest in Finland.

Mesoproterozoic Nuna Supercontinent and the Geomagnetic Field in Light of Recent Paleomagnetic Data from Diabase Dykes of Finland

The number of good quality paleomagnetic data of the Mesoproterozoic supercontinent Nuna(e.g.Columbia,Hudsonland)has increased in recent years enabling more reliable global continental reconstructions(e.g Hoffman

Quantifying the Mean Sea Level Change at the Gulf of Finland Coast Caused by the Realistic Portion of the Global Warming Forcing

Quantifying the coastal mean sea level change causing by the winter positive phase of the North Atlantic oscillation index NAO＋ at the Gulf of Finland coast is of high priority for detecting and predicting the global warming impact in this region. Both boreal winter months and season of three long-term data station series of the coastal mean sea levels and the NAO indices were linked for two cases, i.e.： different periods and the 1977-1994 period. This study is dedicated to： （1） Detecting the exclusive impacts of the NAO＋; （2） Estimating the significant standard bivariate linear regression models; （3） Calculating the climatic linear trend coefficient by using three methods （OLS, GLS, Theil-Sen）; （4） Correcting the mean sea level series anomalies by using the significant linear regression equations as a function of NAO＋ anomalies, over the period 1977-1994; （5） Calculating the realistic linear trend caused as a function of NAO＋ for period 1977-1994 in the context of the realistic portion of the global warming. The results reveal that, the NAO＋ manifests their impacts on the coastal mean sea levels and its contribution in the configured linear trends. The realistic linear changes have detected and predicted. The Gulf of Finland coast showed the wannest regions in the context of the realistic portion of the global warming during the winters of the period 1977-1994.

Geopolitical Analysis of the Entry of Finland and Sweden to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization(NATO)

Russia’s invasion of Ukraine has significantly altered the pattern of alliances and geopolitical balances on the European continent to such an extent that countries like Finland and Sweden that have traditionally remained neutral are now applying to join the North Atlantic Treaty Organization(NATO).These two countries fear that Russia,which is currently trying to reposition itself,could try in the near future to invade these two Nordic countries to prevent the West(European Union,United Kingdom,and United States)from increasing its military presence and its military force in the Scandinavian peninsula and in the Baltic Sea.The enlargement that the European Union(EU)has carried out since the 1990s,and that has also meant the expansion of NATO,has been viewed with great concern by the government of Vladimir Putin,who considers that the United States and the European Union did not fulfill their commitment to former Russian President Mikhail Gorbachev to respect the sphere of influence of the former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics(USSR).Within the framework of this geopolitical confrontation,Helsinki and Stockholm do not want to run the risk of being invaded by the Russian army,which is why they seek to take advantage of the principle of collective security that NATO membership would grant them.

Crystal Chemistry and Geochronology of Thorium-Rich Monazite from Kovela Granitic Complex,Southern Finland

Abundant porphyritic granites, including Grt-bearing and Bt-bearing porphyritic granites, and porphyritic potash-feldspar granite (trondhjemite-granitic composition) are widely distributed within the Kovela granitic complex Southern Finland, which associated with monazite-bearing dikes (strong trondhjemite composition). The investigated monazite-bearing dikes are dominated by a quartz + K-feldspar + plagioclase + biotite + garnet + monazite assemblage. The monazite forms complexly zoned subhedral to euhedral crystals variable in size (100 - 1500 μm in diameter) characterized by high Th content. The chemical zoning characterised as: 1) concentric, 2) patchy, and 3) intergrowth-like. Textural evidence suggests that these accessory minerals crystallized at an early magmatic stage, as they are commonly associated with clusters of the observed variations in their chemical composition are largely explained by the huttonite exchange , and subordinately by the cheralite exchange with proportions of huttonite (ThSiO4) and cheralite [CaTh(PO4)2] up to 20.4% and 9.8%, respectively. Textural evidence suggests that these monazites and associated Th-rich minerals (huttonite/thorite) crystallized at an early magmatic stage, rather than metamorphic origin. The total lanthanide and actinide contents in monazite and host dikes are strongly correlated. Mineral compositions applied to calculate P-T crystallization conditions using different approaches reveal a temperature range of 700°C - 820°C and pressure 3 - 6 kbars for the garnet-biotite geothermometry. P-T pseudo-section analyses calculated using THERMOCALC software for the bulk compositions of suitable rock types, constrain the PT conditions of garnet growth equilibration within the range of 5 - 6 kbars and 760°C - 770°C respectively. Empirical calculations and pseudo-section approaches indicate a clockwise P-T path for the rocks of the studied area. 207Pb/206Pb dating of monazite by LA-MC-ICPMS revealed a recrystallization period at around 1860 - 1840 Ma. These ages are related to the tectonic-thermal event associated with the intense crustal melting and intra-orogenic intrusions, constraining the youngest time limit for metamorphic processes in the Kovela granitic complex.

Market-Making Practices of Private Tutoring in Finland:Commercialization of Exam Preparation for Admission to Higher Education

Purpose:This study focuses on courses that prepare applicants for universities’highly competitive entrance examinations in Finland.The analysis clarifies the market-making practices and the construction of this field.Design/Approach/Methods:To understand these processes,we useÇalişkan and Callon’s five framings for studying marketization as a heuristic framework.In our analysis,we combine different data sets,including data on course provision,thematic interviews,documents,and ethnographic notes.Findings:In this article,we argue that the preparatory course markets in Finland are an example of private tutoring which operates in the privacy of the university applicants’exam preparation process,thus commercializing this process.The market making of this type of private tutoring is an assemblage of a variety of agents that interact in parallel with each other.Originality/Value:This study aims to contribute to the systemic understanding of the assemblage of private tutoring markets in an equality-focused Nordic country by providing new heuristic lenses from economic sociology through which to view private tutoring.

Safeguard Peace Together Speech at the Peace Alert International Peace Seminar in Helsinki, Finland

It gives me great pleasure to attend the"Peace Alert"gathering,and exchange views with you on major issues concerning current global security and development,in the hope of pioneering a way to push forward peace,stability and development.Being the largest peace organization in China,the CPAPD’s objective is to

Dehydration Melting and Proterozoic Granite Petrogenesis in a Collisional Orogen——A Case from the Svecofennian of Southern Finland

Dehydration melting of metasupracrustal rocks at mid-to deep-crustal levels can generate water undersaturated granitic melt.In this study,we evaluate the potential of~1.89–1.88 Ga metasupracrustal rocks of the Precambrian of southern Finland as source rocks for the 1.86–1.79 Ga late-orogenic leucogranites in the region,using the Rhyolite-MELTS approach.Melt close in composition to leucogranite is produced over a range of realistic pressures(5 to 8 kbar)and temperatures(800 to 850℃),at 20%–30%of partial melting,allowing separation of melt from unmelted residue.The solid residue is a dry,enderbitic to charnoenderbitic ganulite depleted in incompatible components,and will only yield further melt above 1000–1050℃,when rapidly increasing fractions of increasingly calcic(granodioritic to tonalitic)melts are formed.The solid residue after melt extraction is incapable of producing syenogranitic magmas similar to the Mid-Proterozoic,A-type rapakivi granites on further heating.The granitic fraction of the syenogranitic rapakivi complexes must thus have been formed by a different chain of processes,involving mantle-derived mafic melts and melts from crustal rock types not conditioned by the preceding late-orogenic Svecofennian anatexis.

Transnational Edu-Business in China:A Case Study of Culturalist Market-Making from Finland

This article examines a scholar’s discourses related to edu-business in the context of Sino-Finnish edu-business.Based on a critical approach to interculturality,and the decade-long critiques of culturalism,a case study serves as an illustration of the use of the concept of culture by a scholar from Finland to retail Finnish education in China.The results show a reliance on an old and highly criticized conception of culture and a tendency to exoticize and aggrandize Finland,the Finns and Finnish education.Yet a hint at similarities between“Asians”and Finns represents an interesting move from typical differentialist discourses.The article ends with a call for taking interdisciplinarity and ethics into account in edu-business activities in academia.

Deconstructing Doctoral Students’ Socialization from an Institutional Logics Perspective: A Qualitative Study of the Socialization of Chinese Doctoral Students in Finland

While socialization has become a major lens of research in doctoral education,this paper advances the theoretical foundation of the socialization process in doctoral education by using the institutional logics theory.Specifically,it proposes an analytical framework for understanding the socialization of doctoral students,where it is seen as a process of reconciling different or even competing institutional logics that drive students’development in doctoral education.The framework has been applied in an empirical study of ten doctoral students in Finland who were funded by the China Scholarship Council(CSC).While proving the usefulness of the analytical framework,the study shows that CSC doctoral students mainly face the competing logics of profession and corporation during socialization.Influenced by a strong profession logic,the Chinese students have transformed themselves into novice professionals and knowledge producers.Corporation logic competed with profession logic in the management of doctoral students and has resulted in a lack of teaching experiences in doctoral training and a weak recognition of professional identity in the students’host universities.The influence of family logic,inherited from CSC doctoral students’cultural backgrounds,has been decoupled in the socialization process and has led to a strong sense of loss in handling the supervisory relationship between supervisors and students.Based on the findings of this study,the author provides several recommendations for host universities,supervisors,doctoral students,the CSC,and the Chinese Embassy in Finland to enable them to work together and help CSC doctoral students tackle the aforementioned challenges.

Academic Integration of Chinese Students in Finland and Germany: A Comparative Perspective

It has been recognized that international students studying in non-Anglophone countries face more challenges in integrating into local higher education institutions for a number of reasons,such as the local language barrier and cultural differences.This study aims to understand the challenges and coping strategies of academic integration in non-Anglophone countries from the students’perceptive,taking Chinese students as an example and using a qualitative approach based on semi-structured interviews with 58 Chinese students in Germany and Finland.It shows that,despite learning environment differences between Finland and Germany,Chinese students face similar challenges,including individual ones,such as the mismatch between their academic background and learning requirements,or contextual ones,such as a lack of consideration for international students in the pedagogical approach and curriculum design adopted by the host higher education institutions.The results challenge the existing stereotype of Chinese students and present evidence of students’resourcefulness in generating novel approaches to develop their learning capabilities.It also shows that traditional learning techniques may be used as pathways to achieving deep learning and understanding.

Finland Celebrates the 50th Anniversary of North Karelia Project

April 6,2022 in Joensuu,Finland marked 50 years since the start of the North Karelia project—the first population-based program for prevention and control of cardiovascular diseases.The decline in heart disease mortality over the last 50 years in Finland has been one of the most rapid in the world and the overall health of the adult population has greatly improved.Population-based prevention through changes in lifestyle and environment was the most cost-effective and sustainable way of controlling cardiovascular and other major chronic diseases.

Chinese Jiaotong Universities Presidents Delegation Visits Russia and Finland

At the invitation of the Russian St.Petersburg State Transport University and the Regional State Administrative Agency for Eastern Finland,the Chinese Jiao tong Universities Presidents Delegation,led by CPAFFC Secretary General Li Xikui,visited Russia and Finland,to attend the First Forum of Chinese and Russian Transport Universities’Presidents and hold exchanges with local governments and universities of Finland from May 19 to 26.The forum was jointly initiated and organized by the CPAFFC