Analysis and Control Measures of Hazardous Chemical Explosions Based on Fault Tree Analysis

In view of the environmental and safety risks of hazardous chemical explosions in chemical enterprises,the fault tree analysis was used to establish a fault tree model of hazardous chemical explosions and comprehensively analyze the possibility of the explosions.The 34 basic events that caused hazardous chemical explosions were expounded,and the minimum cut and path sets were obtained.The structure importance of basic events were calculated.According to the minimum path sets,the basic events when the accident does not occur were determined,and combined with the sequence of structure importance,the preventive measures for hazardous chemical explosion accidents were proposed.The fault tree model intuitively clarified the correlation between the direct causes of hazardous chemical explosion accidents,and proposed directions for effectively reducing the probability of hazardous chemical explosion accidents in the chemical industry.

Integration of Geological, Geophysical and Seismological Data for Seismic Hazard Assessment Using Spatial Matching Index

Probabilistic seismic hazard assessment (PSHA) takes into account as much data as possible for defining the initial seismic source zone model. In response to this, an algorithm has been developed for integration of geological, geophysical and seismological data through a spatial index showing the presence or absence of a potential seismic source feature in the input data. The spatial matching index (SMI) is calculated to define the coincidence of independent data showing any indications for existence of a fault structure. It is applied for hazard assessment of Bulgaria through quantification of the seismic potential of 416 square blocks, 20 × 20 km in size covering the entire territory of Bulgaria and extended by 20 km outside of the country borders. All operations are carried out in GIS environment using its capabilities to work with different types of georeferenced spatial data. Results show that the highest seismic potential (largest SMI) is observed in 56 block elements (13% of the territory) clearly delineating cores of the source zones. Partial match is registered in 98 block elements when one of the features is missing. Not any evidence for earthquake occurrence is predicted by our calculation in 117 elements, comprising 28% of the examined area. The quantitative parameter for spatial data integration which is obtained in the present research may be used to analyze information regardless of its type and purpose.

Development of fragility curves by incorporating new spectral shape indicators and a weighted damage index:case study of steel braced frames in the city of Mashhad,Iran

In this study, strong ground motion record （SGMR） selection based on Eta （~/） as a spectral shape indicator has been investigated as applied to steel braced flame structures. A probabilistic seismic hazard disaggregation analysis for the definition of the target Epsilon （ε） and the target Eta （η） values at different hazard levels is presented, taking into account appropriately selected SGMR＇s. Fragility curves are developed for different limit states corresponding to three representative models of typical steel braced frames having significant irregularities in plan, by means of a weighted damage index. The results show that spectral shape indicators have an important effect on the predicted median structural capacities, and also that the parameter r/is a more robust predictor of damage than searching for records with appropriate c values.

Sustainability of Bridges:Risk Mitigation for Natural Hazards

Bridges serve as essential parts of transportation infrastructure,facilitating the movement of people and goods across rivers,valleys,and other obstacles.However,they are also susceptible to a wide range of natural hazards,including floods,earthquakes,and landslides,which can damage or even collapse these structures,leading to severe economic and human losses.A risk index has been developed to address this issue,which quantifies the likelihood and severity of natural hazards occurring in a specific location.The application of risk indices for natural hazards in bridge management involves a data collection process and mathematical modelling.The data collection process gathers information on bridges’location,condition,and vulnerability,while mathematical modelling uses the data to assess the risk of natural hazards.Overall,risk indices provide a quantitative measure of the vulnerability of bridges to natural hazards and help to prioritize maintenance and repair activities.Mitigation measures are then evaluated and implemented based on the risk assessment results.By using this tool,the UBMS research group has developed an algorithm for risk assessment which will be essential in the decision-making process,specifically focused on enhancing Fund Optimization,Deterioration Modelling,and Risk Analysis.These developments effectively fulfill the primary objectives associated with addressing and mitigating hazards.This development also helps bridge managers understand the potential threats posed by natural hazards and allocate resources more efficiently to ensure the safety and longevity of critical transportation infrastructure.

环境温度对锂离子电池爆炸参数影响

为探究在不同环境温度下锂离子电池触发热失控后的燃爆危险性,利用改进的20-L球装置测试了锂离子电池在不同初始环境温度和加热功率下触发热失控后的爆炸参数,对爆炸后的气体取样并分析气体成分。结果表明,当初始环境温度为25℃时,随着加热功率增加,电池更早发生燃爆,最大压升速率增大,电池质量损失增大,损毁更为严重;当初始环境温度为60℃时,最大压升速率由14.41 MPa/s增加至29.12 MPa/s,表明初始环境温度对爆炸参数的测试结果有显著影响;当初始环境温度为95℃时,最大压升速率基本一致,最大压力略有下降;爆炸后的气体中均存在CO和H2,其体积分数随着初始环境温度的增加而增加,表明锂离子电池热失控产物并未充分燃烧。研究结果有助于更为全面地评估锂离子电池的燃爆危险性,为锂离子电池的安全防护提供数据参考。

Integration system research and development for three-dimensional laser scanning information visualization in goaf

An integration processing system of three-dimensional laser scanning information visualization in goaf was developed. It is provided with multiple functions, such as laser scanning information management for goaf, cloud data de-noising optimization, construction, display and operation of three-dimensional model, model editing, profile generation, calculation of goaf volume and roof area, Boolean calculation among models and interaction with the third party soft ware. Concerning this system with a concise interface, plentiful data input/output interfaces, it is featured with high integration, simple and convenient operations of applications. According to practice, in addition to being well-adapted, this system is favorably reliable and stable.

危险化学品火灾爆炸事故分类鉴定及鉴定实验室建设现状研究

本文旨在深入探讨危险化学品火灾爆炸事故的分类鉴定方法以及危险化学品鉴定实验室建设的现状,以提高对危险化学品事故的防范和处理水平。通过系统性的方法,对火灾爆炸事故进行分类鉴定,同时分析危险化学品鉴定实验室的建设步骤。通过数据采集与分析,对火灾爆炸事故分类鉴定结果和危险化学品鉴定实验室现状进行详细描述,为相关领域的研究提供了全面而清晰的资料,为提高对危险化学品事故的防范和处理水平提供理论和实践支持。

空分装置爆炸危险性分析与安全技术措施

为提高空分装置运行安全,避免爆炸危险,对空分装置爆炸危险性与安全技术措施展开研究。阐述空分装置工作原理,对空分装置爆炸危险性展开分析,并从预防气体泄漏、静电消除、防爆措施、安全在线监测的角度,提出对应的空分装置安全技术措施,以期保障空分装置运行安全,促进工业安全与可持续发展。

金属粉末涂料工艺危害分析

昆山8.2铝粉爆炸事故将涉粉企业的工艺安全推上风口浪尖,粉末特别是金属粉末的工艺安全备受瞩目。本文介绍了铝粉作为金属粉的Bonding粉末涂料工艺危害分析及结果。

安徽佛岭公路隧道某段塌方地质灾害综合分析

随着我国公路隧道建设的快速发展,隧道工程面临着各方面的地质灾害风险。隧道围岩塌方是隧道建设中的一大地质灾害,本文结合国内外发生塌方地质灾害案例,参照有关规范以及相关文献,运用统计分析的方法,提出造成围岩塌方的风险因子,分析影响塌方的各种风险因素,建立风险因子对于塌方发生概率的隶属度函数,提出了一套塌方地质灾害综合分析方法。以安徽佛岭地区为例,开展了塌方地质灾害综合评估,与施工监测结果对比,有较为一致的评估效果。

某重油罐区机柜间和外操间抗爆改造结构计算分析

针对某重油罐区机柜间和外操间采取的抗爆改造方案,使用ABAQUS有限元软件进行仿真模拟,对建筑物爆炸荷载作用下结构有限元弹塑性进行时程分析。对建筑物各面墙体、屋面的爆炸变形下支座转角、相应基础承载力、抗倾覆、抗滑移等相关性能指标进行验算,其中,墙体的最大转角为0.13°,屋面位移最大转角为0.26°,基底最大压力P_(max)≤2×f a,基底最小压力P_(min)>0,M抗力>M倾覆,F抗力>F滑移。结果表明,经过改造处理后的建筑物结构安全性能满足现行国家规范的要求,可根据所采用的改造方案对建筑物进行相应抗爆加固。

Numerical simulation to determine the gas explosion risk in longwall goaf areas:A case study of Xutuan Colliery

Underground gassy longwall mining goafs may suffer potential gas explosions during the mining process because of the irregularity of gas emissions in the goaf and poor ventilation of the working face,which are risks difficult to control.In this work,the 3235 working face of the Xutuan Colliery in Suzhou City,China,was researched as a case study.The effects of air quantity and gas emission on the three-dimensional distribution of oxygen and methane concentration in the longwall goaf were studied.Based on the revised Coward’s triangle and linear coupling region formula,the coupled methane-oxygen explosive hazard zones(CEHZs)were drawn.Furthermore,a simple practical index was proposed to quantitatively determine the gas explosion risk in the longwall goaf.The results showed that the CEHZs mainly focus on the intake side where the risk of gas explosion is greatest.The CEHZ is reduced with increasing air quantity.Moreover,the higher the gas emission,the larger the CEHZ,which moves towards the intake side at low goaf heights and shifts to the deeper parts of the goaf at high heights.In addition,the risk of gas explosion is reduced as air quantities increase,but when gas emissions increase to a higher level(greater than 50 m3/min),the volume of the CEHZ does not decrease with the increase of air quantity,and the risk of gas explosion no longer shows a linear downward trend.This study is of significance as it seeks to reduce gas explosion accidents and improve mine production safety.

Factor analysis of earthquake-induced geological disasters of the M7.0 Lushan earthquake in China

The seismic intensities, lithologic characteristics and terrain features from a 3000 km2-region near the epicenter of the Lushan earthquake are used to analyze earthquake-induced geological disaster. The preliminary results indicate that secondary effects of the earthquake will affect specific areas, including those with glutenite and carbonate bedrock, a seismic intensity of IX, slopes between 40° and 50°, elevations of less than 2500 m, slope change rates between 20° and 30°, slope curvatures from - 1 to -0.5 and 0. 5 to 1, and relief between 50 and 100 m. Regions with susceptibility indices greater than 0.71 are prone to landslides and collapses. The secondary features are mainly distributed on both sides of the ridges that extend from Baosheng to Shuangshi and from Baosheng to Longxing. Other features are scattered on both sides of the ridges that extend from Qishuping to Baosheng and from Masangping to Lingguan. The distribution of the earthquake-related features trends in the NE direction, and the area that was most affected by the Lushan earthquake covers approximately 52.4 km^2.

Fluvial Geomorphology and Basin Development of Karra Khola Basin, Hetauda, Central Nepal

Geomorphological study of a basin is important for understanding theoverall basin characteristics which are helpful for the management of waterresources, construction along the river bank and natural hazard mitigationwithin the area. The study was carried out in the Karra Khola Basin, oneof the prominent basins in the Eastern extreme of the Hetauda Dun Valley,Central Nepal, to investigate geomorphic characteristics of the mainstream of the basin, categorize them into various stream types and studybasin development through drainage basin’s morphometric parameters.Geographical Information System (GIS) and Remote sensing techniquesusing satellite images were used as a tool to make the morphometricanalysis of the basin along with its major 13 sub-basin and delineate streamclassification following the Rosgen’s Level I hierarchical inventory. Themain stream of the Karra Khola is characterized as A-, B- and C-typeand the tributaries segments as B- and F-type. The basin is structurallyunaffected and has the permeable surface area and elongated shape. Thehypsometric analysis indicates that the basin is mostly at the old stage ofgeomorphic development while four out of 13 sub-basin being at maturestage. The Karra Khola sub-basin have higher risk to flash flooding(Lg=0.1-0.16km). Drainage density value reveals that the basin is highlysusceptible to flooding, gully erosion, etc. Similarly, dissection index valueimplies that the north eastern region of the basin is highly vulnerable toerosion as it at the younger stage of geomorphic development. Since thestudy area is highly sensitive to future natural hazards, further study andappropriate measures should be followed for safeguarding against thefuture risk along the Karra Khola basin and its tributaries.

基于道化学火灾爆炸危险指数评价法的丙烯聚合工艺安全评价

道化学火灾、爆炸危险指数评价法是化工领域对生产过程危险性的一种定量评价方法,能够量化火灾、爆炸事故对化工生产的预期损失,确定引起事故发生或使事故扩大的装置。以某石化厂300 kt/a聚丙烯生产项目为研究背景,根据火灾、爆炸危险指数法制定的系数选取规则,对工艺单元危险性进行量化与分级。从工艺过程、危险物质两方面进行道化学火灾、爆炸危险指数计算,得出主反应区、储罐区固有危险等级,计算火灾、爆炸事故发生的财产损失,同时分析安全补偿措施对降低危险系数的影响。结果表明聚丙烯生产工艺中火灾、爆炸危险指数F&EI最大的工艺单元是预聚合反应单元、聚合反应单元和催化剂单元,危险等级为非常大,通过安全措施补偿后危险等级分别降为最轻、较轻和最轻。同时,采取安全措施补偿后,丙烯聚合工艺的八个工艺单元的暴露半径大幅度下降,丙烯聚合工艺操作环境安全性有很大的改善。

乡村人居环境综合韧性指数构建及实证研究——以江苏省为例

基于韧性概念内涵与人居环境科学理论,确定了乡村人居环境系统韧性和灾害危险性的测度方法,提出综合韧性指数用以测度乡村人居环境韧性,并以江苏省为例开展研究。基于现有江苏省范围内自然灾害危险性的分析,选取地震、地质、洪水和台风作为主要灾害威胁,结合乡村人居环境韧性指标体系,测度2016年与2020年江苏省乡村人居环境综合韧性指数并开展空间相关性和泰尔指数(Theil index)分析。研究发现:(1)综合韧性指数整体呈上升趋势,5大系统中除了人类系统均有所提升;(2)江苏省人居环境综合韧性指数指数在空间上呈现出明显的集聚特征;(3)江苏省内综合韧性指数水平的区域差异明显,且苏南地区内部差异性显著大于苏中和苏北地区。从韧性与灾害危险性的综合视角,为乡村人居环境韧性研究提供新的研究思路和方向。

基于PCA与改进AHP-CRITIC法的地质灾害风险评价研究——以神木市为例

神木市是西部地区重要的能源城市,对能源的过度开发利用引发了大量地质灾害,严重阻碍着居民生产生活和城市发展建设,因此开展地质灾害风险评价研究是该地区可持续发展的必由之路。为解决多因子综合作用对评价精度的影响,根据神木市地质环境及社会经济情况选取合适的评价因子分别建立危险性和易损性评价体系,利用主成分分析(PCA)法判断、提取主成分来避免因子间相关性的干扰,计算各因子综合分值得到危险性区划图;首次将改进层次分析(AHP)-CRITIC主客观组合赋权法应用于承灾体易损性评价当中,通过该方法计算因子综合权重得到各乡镇易损指数。叠加危险区划图和易损指数图完成神木市地质灾害风险性分区,将风险区划为高、较高、中、较低和低五个等级,分别占全市面积的5.31%、7.72%、14.17%、17.08%和55.72%,表明研究区风险等级中等偏低。可为同类型地区地质灾害风险评价工作提供参考依据。

基于黄芪无机元素含量分析的产地区分及健康风险评估

目的:建立电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)同时测定78批黄芪药材中37种无机元素含量的分析方法;了解不同产地无机元素的差异,通过多元统计分析黄芪的差异性元素和产地关联性。方法:收集甘肃省内黄芪47份、省外黄芪31份。采用微波消解法,通过ICP-MS对黄芪中所含元素进行含量测定,经主成分分析(PCA)及偏最小二乘判别分析(PLS-DA)模型对其进行分析,并通过危害指数评价法进行评价。结果:各无机元素均呈良好的线性关系(r>0.99);产地判别中2组黄芪的差异性无机元素为Sr、Ba、Ni、Cd和Cr;主成分分析得到3个主要因子F_(1)、F_(2)、F_(3)及综合得分Y,进行产地排名和危害指数(HI)评价。结论:所建立的分析方法快捷准确、灵敏度高,适用于黄芪中多种无机元素的含量测定;不同来源的黄芪中无机元素存在地域差异,可用多元统计分析进行产地区分,有助于合理选择种植区域。

医疗失效模式和效应分析在腔镜器械管理中的应用研究

目的应用医疗失效模式和效应分析法找出腔镜器械管理中的高风险失效模式,明确管理重点。方法组建HFMEA课题小组,分析器械处理流程中可能出现的失效模式,制定高危因素整改措施,完善腔镜器械处理流程。结果内镜器械在处理过程中存在回收分类不规范、清洗消毒不规范、包装查对不严格和灭菌摆放不正确等问题。针对性采取改进措施后,RPN控制效果、腔镜器械的全过程处理时间、不良事件发生率、灭菌包合格率、损耗成本等显著降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论应用HFMEA能有效的降低腔镜器械处理风险,提升工作质量,降低损耗成本。

An Analysis of Social Vulnerability to Natural Hazards in Nepal Using a Modified Social Vulnerability Index

Social vulnerability influences the ability to prepare for, respond to, and recover from disasters. The identification of vulnerable populations and factors that contribute to their vulnerability are crucial for effective disaster risk reduction. Nepal exhibits multihazard risk and has experienced socioeconomic and political upheaval in recent decades, further increasing susceptibility to hazards.However, we still know little regarding social vulnerability in Nepal. Here, we investigate social vulnerability in Nepal by adapting Social Vulnerability Index(SoVI) methods to the Nepali context. Variables such as caste, and populations who cannot speak/understand Nepali were added to reflect the essence of the Nepali context. Using principal component analysis, 39 variables were reduced to seven factors that explained 63.02% of variance in the data.Factor scores were summarized to calculate final SoVI scores. The highest levels of social vulnerability are concentrated in the central and western Mountain, western Hill, and central and eastern Tarai regions of Nepal, while the least vulnerable areas are in the central and eastern Hill regions. These findings, supplemented with smaller-scale analyses, have the potential to assist village officers, policymakers,and emergency managers in the development of more effective and geographically targeted disaster management programs.