The deterministic condition for the ground reaction force acting point on the combined knee valgus and tibial internal rotation moments in early phase of cutting maneuvers in female athletes

Background:Combined knee valgus and tibial internal rotation(VL+IR)moments have been shown to stress the anterior cruciate ligament(ACL)in several in vitro cadaveric studies.To utilize this knowledge for non-contact ACL injury prevention in sports,it is necessary to elucidate how the ground reaction force(GRF)acting point(center of pressure(CoP))in the stance foot produces combined knee VL+IR moments in risky maneuvers,such as cuttings.However,the effects of the GRF acting point on the development of the combined knee VL+IR moment in cutting are still unknown.Methods:We first established the deterministic mechanical condition that the CoP position relative to the tibial rotational axis differentiates the GRF vector’s directional probability for developing the combined knee VL+IR moment,and theoretically predicted that when the CoP is posterior to the tibial rotational axis,the GRF vector is more likely to produce the combined knee VL+IR moment than when the CoP is anterior to the tibial rotational axis.Then,we tested a stochastic aspect of our theory in a lab-controlled in vivo experiment.Fourteen females performed 60˚cutting under forefoot/rearfoot strike conditions(10 trials each).The positions of lower limb markers and GRF data were measured,and the knee moment due to GRF vector was calculated.The trials were divided into anterior-and posterior-CoP groups depending on the CoP position relative to the tibial rotational axis at each 10 ms interval from 0 to 100 ms after foot strike,and the occurrence rate of the combined knee VL+IR moment was compared between trial groups.Results:The posterior-CoP group showed significantly higher occurrence rates of the combined knee VL+IR moment(maximum of 82.8%)at every time point than those of the anterior-CoP trials,as theoretically predicted by the deterministic mechanical condition.Conclusion:The rearfoot strikes inducing the posterior CoP should be avoided to reduce the risk of non-contact ACL injury associated with the combined knee VL+IR stress.

A generalized model for estimation of aerodynamic forces and moments for irregularly shaped bodies

A novel method for estimation of an aerodynamic force and moment acting on an irregularly shaped body (such as HE projectile fragments) during its flight through the atmosphere is presented. The model assumes that fragments can be approximated with a tri-axial ellipsoid that has continuous surface given as a mathematical function. The model was validated with CFD data for a tri-axial ellipsoid and verified using CFD data on aerodynamic forces and moments acting on an irregularly shaped fragment. The contribution of this method is that it represents a significant step toward a modeling that does not require a cumbersome CFD simulation results for estimation of fragment dynamic and kinematic parameters. Due to this advantage, the model can predict the fragment motion consuming a negligible time when compared to the corresponding time consumed by CFD simulations. Parametric representation (generalization) of the fragment geometrical data and the conditions provides the way to analyze various correlations and how parameters influence the dynamics of the fragment flight.

Theoretical and Practical Studies of Determining the Force of the Lifting-Lowering of the Roll Box

The lifting and lowering mechanism of the roll box of the saw gin, being an integral part of the ginning process, is used when starting the electric motor of the saw cylinder until its rated speed is reached to prevent an increase in the load current on it, as well as to start the ginning process. The article defines the kinematics of the movement, and also studies the regularity of the movement of the roll box of the saw gin when lifting it with the help of a pneumatic drive. The kinematics of the roll box movement was determined through experimental studies. Knowing the equation of motion, using the second-order Lagrange equation, the regularity of the change in the lifting force of the roll box was determined. Here the system is closed, its degree of freedom is equal to one. The angle of rotation of the roll box is taken as a generalized coordinate. Numerical results were obtained using the Matlab software environment. The theoretical analysis and graphs for determining the lifting force of the roll box are presented. To study the kinematics of lifting the roll box, a method and a test bench have been developed. According to him, when the roll box was raised, its movement was recorded on video, the image was processed using the After Effect and CorelDraw programs, and the movement of the rod attachment point to the roll box was determined. And also the equation for changing the angle of rotation of the roll box is determined using the Matlab Curve Fiting program.

Rolling Force and Rolling Moment in Spline Cold Rolling Using Slip-line Field Method

Rolling force and rolling moment are prime process parameter of external spline cold rolling.However,the precise theoretical formulae of rolling force and rolling moment are still very fewer,and the determination of them depends on experience.In the present study,the mathematical models of rolling force and rolling moment are established based on stress field theory of slip-line.And the isotropic hardening is used to improve the yield criterion.Based on MATLAB program language environment,calculation program is developed according to mathematical models established.The rolling force and rolling moment could be predicted quickly via the calculation program,and then the reliability of the models is validated by FEM.Within the range of module of spline m=0.5-1.5 mm,pressure angle of reference circle α=30.0°-45.0°,and number of spline teeth Z=19-54,the rolling force and rolling moment in rolling process(finishing rolling is excluded) are researched by means of virtualizing orthogonal experiment design.The results of the present study indicate that:the influences of module and number of spline teeth on the maximum rolling force and rolling moment in the process are remarkable;in the case of pressure angle of reference circle is little,module of spline is great,and number of spline teeth is little,the peak value of rolling force in rolling process may appear in the midst of the process;the peak value of rolling moment in rolling process appears in the midst of the process,and then oscillator weaken to a stable value.The results of the present study may provide guidelines for the determination of power of the motor and the design of hydraulic system of special machine,and provide basis for the farther researches on the precise forming process of external spline cold rolling.

FORCES AND MOMENTS OF THE LIQUID FINITE AMPLITUDE SLOSHING IN A LIQUID-SOLID COUPLED SYSTEM

Nonlinear coupling dynamics between a spring_mass system and a finite amplitude sloshing system with liquid in a cylindrical tank is investigated. Based on a group of nonlinear coupling equations of six degrees of freedoms, analytical formulae of forces and moments of the liquid large amplitude sloshing were obtained. Nonlinearity of the forces and moments of the sloshing was induced by integrating on final configuration of liquid sloshing and the nonlinear terms in the liquid pressure formula. The symmetry between the formula of Ox and Oy direction proves that the derivation is correct. According to the coupled mechanism, the formulae are available in other liquid_solid coupled systems. Simulations and corresponding experimental results arecompared. It is shown that the forces and moments formulae by integrating on the final sloshing configuration are more reasonable. The omitted high_dimensional modal bases and high_order nonlinear terms and the complexity of sloshing damping are main sources of errors.

Forced Response of Fluid-Spacecraft Coupling System and Force and Moment of Fluid Acting on Container

In this paper, forced response of fluid-spacecraft coupling system and force and moment of acting on rect-angular container are studied. Firsily, the interrelation between the generaized coordinates of fluid velocity potential function and surface wave-height function is derived for liearized eqqations describing motion of contained fluid.The drnamical equations of coupling system is obtained by Lagrangian formulation. These equations provides some in-sights of fluid-spacecraft coupling characteristics.It is not in the sense of the whole modal mass that the fluid sloshing of corresponding order is excited by the vibration of the spacecratt.Then, the force and moment of the fiuid on the container are derived and discussed in detal. Latly, numerical simulation and conclusions are given.

ACTUATION OF SLOSHING MODULATED FORCE AND MOMENT ON LIQUID CONTAINER DRIVEN BY JITTER ACCELERATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH SIEW MOTION IN MICROGRAVITY

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Control of flight forces and moments by flapping wings of model bumblebee

The control of flight forces and moments by flapping wings of a model bumblebee is studied using the method of computational fluid dynamics.Hovering flight is taken as the reference flight:Wing kinematic parameters are varied with respect to their values at hovering flight.Moments about(and forces along)x,y,z axes that pass the center of mass are computed.Changing stroke amplitude(or wingbeat frequency) mainly produces a vertical force.Changing mean stroke angle mainly produces a pitch moment.Changing wing angle of attack,when down-and upstrokes have equal change, mainly produces a vertical force,while when down-and upstrokes have opposite changes, mainly produces a horizontal force and a pitch moment.Changing wing rotation timing, when dorsal and ventral rotations have the same timing,mainly produces a vertical force, while when dorsal and ventral rotations have opposite timings,mainly produces a pitch moment and a horizontal force.Changing rotation duration has very small effect on forces and moments.Anti-symmetrically changing stroke amplitude(or wingbeat frequency)of the contralateral wings mainly produces a roll moment.Anti-symmetrically changing angles of attack of the contralateral wings,when down-and upstrokes have equal change, mainly produces a roll moment,while when down-and upstrokes have opposite changes, mainly produces a yaw moment.Anti-symmetrically changing wing rotation timing of the contralateral wings,when dorsal and ventral rotations have the same timing,mainly produces a roll moment and a side force,while when dorsal and ventral rotations have opposite timings,mainly produces a yaw moment.Vertical force and moments about the three axes can be separately controlled by separate kinematic variables.A very fast rotation can be achieved with moderate changes in wing kinematics.

Operation and Force Analysis of the Guide Wire in a Minimally Invasive Vascular Interventional Surgery Robot System

To develop a robot system for minimally invasive surgery is significant,however the existing minimally invasive surgery robots are not applicable in practical operations,due to their limited functioning and weaker perception.A novel wire feeder is proposed for minimally invasive vascular interventional surgery.It is used for assisting surgeons in delivering a guide wire,balloon and stenting into a specific lesion location.By contrasting those existing wire feeders,the motion methods for delivering and rotating the guide wire in blood vessel are described,and their mechanical realization is presented.A new resistant force detecting method is given in details.The change of the resistance force can help the operator feel the block or embolism existing in front of the guide wire.The driving torque for rotating the guide wire is developed at different positions.Using the CT reconstruction image and extracted vessel paths,the path equation of the blood vessel is obtained.Combining the shapes of the guide wire outside the blood vessel,the whole bending equation of the guide wire is obtained.That is a risk criterion in the delivering process.This process can make operations safer and man-machine interaction more reliable.A novel surgery robot for feeding guide wire is designed,and a risk criterion for the system is given.

THE METHOD OF THE RECIPROCAL THEOREM OF FORCED VIBRATION FOR THE ELASTIC THIN RECTANGULAR PLATES(Ⅱ)—RECTANGULAR PLATES WITH TWO ADJACENT CLAMPED EDGES

In this paper,applying the method of reciprocal theorem,we give the distributions ofthe amplitude of bending moments along clamped edges and the amplitude of deflectionsalong free edges of rectangular plates with two adjacent clamped edges under harmonicdistributed and concentrated loads.

THE METHOD OF THE RECIPROCAL THEOREM OF FORCED VIBRATION FOR THE ELASTIC THIN RECTANGULAR PLATES(Ⅲ)—CANTILEVER RECTANGULAR PLATES

In this paper,applying the method of the reciprocal theorem,we give the stationarysolutions of the forced vibration of cantilever rectangular plates under uniformly distributedharmonic load and concentrated harmonic load acting at any point of the plates,the figuresand tables of number value of bending moment and the deflection amplitudes as well.

Analysis of Electrical Dipoles Interaction Forces as a Function of the Distance and of the Form of Electrical Force Law

Here, we initially introduced and demonstrated two principles: orientation OR principle and attraction AT principle of electrical dipoles. The OR principle stipulates that any two electrical dipoles P1A, P1B, from two bodies A and B, at any distance in the free state each, will be reciprocally oriented parallel and in the same sense if the electrical interaction forces F between them are of decreasing type with distance r. If the electrical interaction forces F are of increasing type with distance, the two dipoles will be reciprocally oriented parallel but on the opposite sense. The AT principle stipulate that any two electrical dipoles P1A, P1B, at any distance in the free state each, will present always a reciprocal force of attraction FD in both cases of orientation accordingly to OR principle in case of any type of electrical force F decreasing or increasing with distance. These findings may complete our previous work where we found that FD force, between two electrical dipoles P1A, P1B considered at atomic and nuclear level, is in fact the actual gravitation Newton force FN. The paper must be considered together with this work for more consistency.

Rolling centrifuge repulsion Force Spacecraft

A Rolling Centrifugal Repulsion force UFO Introduction: Any object that rolls along a straight line will generate a centrifugal repulsive force that is away from the body being rolled, it is rolling centrifugal repulsive force. Utilizing this phenomenon, rolling the round ring along the edge of the UFO's disk will produce a constant lift, and then use the electric wheel technology to set the ballast rock at the bottom of the UFO to change the position of the ballast stone at the bottom of the chamber. In order to change the position of the center of gravity of the UFO, the purpose of driving the UFO can be achieved.

LASG Global AGCM with a Two-moment Cloud Microphysics Scheme:Energy Balance and Cloud Radiative Forcing Characteristics

Cloud dominates influence factors of atmospheric radiation, while aerosol–cloud interactions are of vital importance in its spatiotemporal distribution. In this study, a two-moment(mass and number) cloud microphysics scheme, which significantly improved the treatment of the coupled processes of aerosols and clouds, was incorporated into version 1.1 of the IAP/LASG global Finite-volume Atmospheric Model(FAMIL1.1). For illustrative purposes, the characteristics of the energy balance and cloud radiative forcing(CRF) in an AMIP-type simulation with prescribed aerosols were compared with those in observational/reanalysis data. Even within the constraints of the prescribed aerosol mass, the model simulated global mean energy balance at the top of the atmosphere(TOA) and at the Earth’s surface, as well as their seasonal variation, are in good agreement with the observational data. The maximum deviation terms lie in the surface downwelling longwave radiation and surface latent heat flux, which are 3.5 W m-2(1%) and 3 W m-2(3.5%), individually. The spatial correlations of the annual TOA net radiation flux and the net CRF between simulation and observation were around 0.97 and 0.90, respectively. A major weakness is that FAMIL1.1 predicts more liquid water content and less ice water content over most oceans. Detailed comparisons are presented for a number of regions, with a focus on the Asian monsoon region(AMR). The results indicate that FAMIL1.1 well reproduces the summer–winter contrast for both the geographical distribution of the longwave CRF and shortwave CRF over the AMR. Finally, the model bias and possible solutions, as well as further works to develop FAMIL1.1 are discussed.

自复位转动摩擦阻尼器弯矩-转角恢复力性能研究

为了满足减震结构对可恢复功能的要求,针对传统摩擦阻尼器不具备自复位能力震后存在较大残余变形的问题,提出了一种基于形状记忆合金的自复位转动摩擦阻尼器,由摩擦耗能装置和形状记忆合金自复位装置组合而成。介绍了该SCRF(self-centering rotating friction)阻尼器的构造形式、工作原理,通过理论推导建立了SCRF阻尼器的弯矩-转角恢复力模型,通过ABAQUS软件有限元数值分析结果对弯矩-转角恢复力模型进行了验证,分析了低周往复荷载作用下SCRF阻尼器的滞回性能,并进行了参数分析。结果表明:有限元计算结果与阻尼器恢复力模型结果吻合良好;提高接触面间的摩擦因数与斜面高度可以提高阻尼器的最大承载力、耗能能力、有效刚度,但是超过一定限值的斜面高度会降低阻尼器的自复位能力;施加SMA螺栓预紧力可以提高阻尼器的摩擦启动弯矩,对于阻尼器的耗能能力与最大承载力影响不大。

鸭舵转速对双旋弹追随稳定性影响研究

发展了适合双旋弹虚拟飞行仿真的高保真计算流体力学和刚体动力学耦合平台,以此为基础研究了旋转鸭舵对双旋弹弹道追随稳定性的影响。为了准确刻画双旋弹前后体的差动旋转效应,将滑移网格算法引入自研非结构混合网格流场数值模拟程序HUND3D。通过对双旋弹进行定轴转动非定常模拟,考察了不同鸭舵转速下双旋弹的流动特征与气动特性。通过耦合求解非定常雷诺平均NS方程和七自由度刚体动力学方程,实现了双旋弹不同弯度弹道的虚拟飞行仿真,分析了弹道追随过程的动力学机理,并结合气动特性分析结果研究了控制鸭舵转速改善弹道追随稳定性的策略。研究结果表明:鸭舵旋转所产生的气动干扰,能够显著影响弹体的侧向力与偏航力矩。通过控制前体鸭舵转速以产生有利于弹道追随的偏航力矩,能够在一定程度上改善弹道追随稳定性。

基于城市中心区实测风场的高层建筑风荷载特性

风剖面是影响高层建筑风荷载特性的主要因素。为了探究城市中心区风场下高层建筑的风荷载特性,选取了北京气象塔2013年−2017年连续观测的实测风速数据,采用指数率模型并结合城市边界层分层结构对实测风场风剖面进行了拟合。通过刚性模型风洞测压试验得到了宽厚比D/B=1,2,4三种超高层建筑在实测风场下的风荷载,并将试验结果同规范中的B、D类风场进行了对比。研究表明:基于分层结构,采用指数率模型拟合得到的实测风场幂指数为0.35,其平均风速剖面同D类风场相似,湍流度剖面则大于D类风场;与B、D类风场下的风荷载相比,实测风场对超高层建筑的平均风荷载影响较小,对脉动风荷载的影响较大,且建筑宽厚比增大后,其在实测风场下的脉动风效应显著增强;建筑基底横风向和扭转向力矩系数间具有较强的相关性,且存在极值相关性,特别是90°风向角时的D/B=4建筑,两种相关性在实测风场下均显著增强。

钢-混组合梁负弯矩区裂缝控制措施探讨

钢-混组合梁具有自重小、抗震性能好且用钢少、刚度大挠度小的特点,钢-混连续组合梁与简支组合梁相比,可以提高负载能力,增强刚度,增大应用跨度。但其墩顶负弯矩区会产生混凝土受拉、钢梁受压的不利情况,通过介绍钢-混连续组合梁桥负弯矩区的裂缝控制措施,从而限制裂缝宽度、防止钢梁失稳的作用,使钢-混组合梁在负弯矩区桥面板受力性能得到有效提升,整体结构更加耐久。

基于改进NSGA-Ⅱ的破损沉船起吊力优化

沉船打捞工程中,按照工程经验布置的起吊力参数(位置和大小)容易使得破损沉船起吊时的内力(剪力和弯矩)较大,可能导致沉船起吊断裂,尤其当沉船存在破损时,起吊断裂的可能性大大增加。为此,从梁弯曲理论出发,针对沉船起吊时的受力特点建立了以起吊力参数为输入,以内力分布为输出的沉船内力数值计算模型;基于该计算模型,以起吊力参数为优化变量,以内力峰值为优化目标,建立了起吊力参数优化模型;采用改进的NSGA-Ⅱ算法进行优化计算。以某破损沉船为对象,通过MATLAB实现建模与优化计算,结果表明:优化后的剪力峰值下降约22.72%,弯矩峰值下降约16.13%。

采油螺杆泵摩擦阻抗力(矩)分析

螺杆泵定子衬套的磨损是螺杆泵失效的重要因素。通过分析螺杆泵的磨损成因,推导出螺杆泵摩擦阻抗力的计算公式;考虑橡胶材料热膨胀及溶胀问题,计算出橡胶定子自由膨胀变形量;根据采油实际工况,得到高温高压对定子橡胶溶胀的影响;对螺杆泵进行热力耦合仿真分析,得到定子橡胶的溶胀对过盈量的影响以及过盈量和温度对螺杆泵摩擦阻抗力(矩)的影响。研究结果表明:由于定子的溶胀会导致实际过盈量与理论过盈量不一致;当理论过盈量较小时,由于定子的溶胀现象会导致实际过盈量变大;当理论过盈量较大时,由于定子的溶胀现象反而会导致实际过盈量变小;过盈量和温度的增加会导致螺杆泵摩擦阻抗力(矩)增大。