Land system reform should protect farmers' interests

|Editorial Note|Land has become an issue of increasing social concern as demand continues to surge in the midst of economic development,urbanization and industrialization.The crux of the issue is the land regime. China has a unique dualistic land regime under which the land market has not been well developed.Based on a review and commentary of the existing land polices,this article elaborates on the deficiencies inherent in China’s dualistic land rights system and land market and offers policy recommendations for promoting land system reform and market development.This study will help us gain an in-depth understanding of the problems in China’s land regime.

Contradiction between the Modernization of Agriculture and the Protection of the Interests of Farmers

Main modes of agricultural modernization in developed countries are summarized,as well as their impact on the interests of farmers. Among them,the America,Canada,Australia and other sparsely-populated countries adopt the labor force saving model based on large-scale mechanization during agricultural mechanization. Japan and other countries with many people and little land adopt the land saving model with high technology. And the Western European Countries use the intermediate model to exert the function of mechanization and technology. Interests security of farmers in rural land circulation is discussed,such as the unreasonable allocation of circulation rights,changing the land property and land use without authorization;undermining the long-term interests of farmers,and the unsolved social security problem of farmers. Interest guarantee of farmers during the process of agricultural industrialization is analyzed,pointing out that big household or leading enterprise usually occupies a favorable position in the cooperative. They use their advantages in share and management to raven the operation achievement of peasant households and to transfer risks. Due to the information asymmetry,farmers are at a weak position in the cooperation with leading enterprise. Interests protection of farmers in scale management is put forward,such as strengthening the subsidies for farmers,implementing a moderate scale management suitable for the situation of China,and establishing a fair and reasonable benefit affiliating mechanism among peasant household,cooperative and leading enterprise.

The Pulses of the Mekong River Basin: Rivers and the Livelihoods of Farmers and Fishers

The transboundary Mekong River is shared by six SE Asia countries (China, Myanmar, Thailand, Lao PDR, Cambodia, and Vietnam). In this paper the livelihoods of farmers and fishers of Lao PDR, Cambodia and Vietnam are examined to assess impacts of Mekong River development and modernization projects on the rural peoples of the Mekong River and Delta. A high proportion of the 190 million rural people of the Mekong basin are dependent on the diverse and abundant resources of the Mekong River and its tributaries for food security and basic necessities, livelihoods, and cultural identities. Although rice farming and fisheries occupations are primary income sources, many livelihoods involve a diversity of on-farm and off-farm activities. Agricultural specialization and intensification and hydropower dam construction on the Mekong main stem and tributaries are altering traditional rural patterns of household food security, income, and cultural ways of living at an increasingly rapid pace. Rural transformation projects must better assess how these modernization efforts change the ecology of the Mekong River and in turn affect the capacity of rural people to adapt in ways that ensure food security and improve household livelihoods. It will be critical that development efforts recognize, value, and invest in rural people’s roles in producing a stable, affordable food system and managing the integrity of river ecosystems upon which future prosperity depends. Interventions are needed to prevent degradation of the Mekong Basin soil and water resources from large-scale agricultural intensification, water diversion and overbuilding of hydropower dams which are threats to small-scale land holdings and farmers and fishers capacities to provide daily food for their own consumption and to feed SE Asia’s growing urban populations.

Analysis of Hidden Danger in Farmer's Rights and Interests during Farmland Transfer——An Evaluation of Rights Safeguarding Effect of Farmland Transfer Contract

Taking Shuangliu County,Chengdu City,China as an example,evaluation index system for the rights protection effects of farmland transfer is established contract from three aspects of basic information,transfer agreement and legal safeguards in the contracts.According to the investigation data,weight of evaluation index is determined by both entropy weight and Analytic Hierarchy Process.Comprehensive index method is used to evaluate the rights protection effects of farmland transfer contract in the flat dam,high hill and low hill in Shuangliu County,Chengdu,China.Result shows that the transfer agreement of farmland and the basic information of contract greatly affect the rights protection effects of farmland transfer contract.There are differences in the five indices of the information of the signature of contract,pricing for payment,time limit for farmland transfer,transfer mode of farmland,and use range of farmland transfer.During the farmland transfer in reality,there are three hidden dangers in farmer's land rights and interests,which are the ill-formed transfer behavior,the relatively low income of farmers from farmland transfer,and the quality decline of farmland and difficult full reclamation in transfer period.Based on the evaluation result and investigation data,countermeasures are put forward to improve the rights protection effects of farmland transfer contract.

Safeguarding Farmer Workers' Rights and Interests——An interview with Ye Jingyi, professor of Beijing University Law School

Farmer workers are a new powerful workforce that has sprung up amid China＇s reform and door opening and in the process of the country＇s industrialization and urbanization. They have made great contributions to urban prosperity, rural development and their country＇s modernization. At present, however, farmer workers face numerous difficulties and problems in income, work safety, social security, vocational training, the schooling of their children and living conditions. To safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of farmer workers, the State Council in March 2006 issued Ideas of the State Council on Solving Farmer Workers-related Problems. In the document, the State Council promises to strengthen and improve leadership over work regarding farmer workers and prioritize the solving of farmer workers-related problems.

Land Expropriation and Constitutional Protection of Farmers' Rights

One of the reasons for many social tragedies resulted from land expropriation in China is failure of the constitution to bring into play its due functions in standardizing land expropriation power of the government and protecting farmers' rights.In the existing land expropriation system,government is not only a policy maker of land expropriation,but also a "referee" of dispute over land expropriation.Government' land expropriation power and land-expropriated farmers' rights become out of balance.As a result,some local governments do not attach importance to farmers' rights,making land-expropriated farmers dissatisfied and consequently leading to some social tragedies unfavorable for harmony and stability.To fundamentally settle disputes over land expropriation and realize win-win of farmers' right and state interest,it should bring into full play functions of the constitution through protecting farmers' right to participate in land expropriation and establishing constitution evaluation mechanism.

县域富民产业促进农民共同富裕:作用机理、现实困境与策略选择

实现全体人民共同富裕的难点在农村。县域一头连着乡村,一头连着城镇,发展县域富民产业是促进农民共同富裕的现实选择。县域富民产业是能在长期内显著促进农民收入增长、改善城乡居民收入分配状况的现代化产业集群,其在空间维度、组织维度和价值维度上具有独特的内涵特征。县域富民产业在产业发展端通过凝聚竞争优势提高产业效益;在农民参与端通过带动农民发展生产、实现农民就近就业和共享资产收益,促进农民共同富裕。实践中,发展县域富民产业仍然面临产业集群培育不足、辐射带动效应不强,产业同质化突出、结构不优,产业生产经营主体能力不足,产业联农带农机制不健全等困境。加快培育县域富民产业、有效促进农民共同富裕,应依托特色资源培育特色产业集群、优化产业布局、调整产业结构、提升生产经营主体产业支撑能力、持续完善产业利益联结机制。

乡村振兴背景下小农户与新农人合作的利益联结模式选择研究

基于2021年中国6个省份的小农户调研数据,采用有序Probit模型,从小农户的个体特征、家庭特征、生产经营状况、市场状况以及与新农人合作目的等5个方面探讨影响小农户与新农人建立利益联结模式选择的关键因素。结果表明:现阶段小农户与新农人合作以松散型的利益联结模式为主,但地区之间仍存在差异,中西部地区小农户更倾向于选择紧密型的利益联结模式;从影响因素来看,家庭农业经营收入比例、风险承受能力、是否加入合作组织、是否在涉农企业就业等对小农户选择紧密的利益联结模式起到显著的正向影响,而受教育程度、保证农产品销路对小农户利益联结模式选择起着显著的负向影响。据此,建议培育发展农业专业合作组织,发展壮大涉农企业,加大政府政策支持,提高小农户的风险承受能力,以期助力小农户与新农人构建乡村利益共同体。

土地流转过程中农民权益保护研究

以土地承包经营权流转过程中农民权益保护为视角,从土地流转过程中农民主体地位、农民意愿的表达、流转收益分配、农民经济利益和生活环境情况等方面展开分析。从权利理论视角对土地流转过程中农民权益保护情况进行探讨,基于理论和实证的研究,从健全农村土地管理法规体系、完善农村土地产权制度、以市场机制为导向创新土地流转机制、大力发展农村土地流转服务、协调流转和耕地保护的关系、构建农村社会保障体系等方面提出完善建议,对深化农村土地制度改革、促进统筹城乡发展具有重要的现实意义和理论价值。

联合的力量:农社利益联结对农户信贷违约风险的缓释效应与机制

基于农民合作社联农带农的视角,采用面板Probit模型、内生扩展模型(ERM)和中介效应模型分析农社利益联结对农户参与农民合作社供应链信贷的违约风险缓释效应及其作用机制。结果表明:提高农社利益联结程度能够显著降低农户信贷违约风险;相较于利润返还和技术培训联结方式,融资支持与订单销售联结对农户信贷违约风险缓释效果更好,通过一系列稳健性检验结果依然可靠。机制分析显示,农社利益联结能够通过增收机制和非正规风险分担机制增强农户还款能力和私人借贷能力,从而促进农户履约还款。异质性分析发现,农户家庭收入结构、合作社领办主体及社员规模的差异,也是影响农民合作社联农带农的重要因素,并导致农户参与农民合作社供应链信贷的违约风险缓释效应表现出明显的异质性。据此,建议加强农民合作社供应链金融联农带农服务体系建设,打造农业供应链金融信用联合体,不断完善农村普惠金融信用生态圈。

恩格斯农民利益问题研究——基于《法德农民问题》文本分析

《法德农民问题》是恩格斯晚年在对农民问题深刻认识的基础之上形成的具有代表性的理论著作。恩格斯从农民的数量和地位、无产阶级政党自身利益以及社会生产力发展三个方面阐述了农民利益问题的重要性。同时,恩格斯批判了《南特纲领》中保护小土地私有制、保护剥削短工、联合农村生产的一切成分、制定政策不符合农民实际这些损害农民利益的行为,并提出了改变原有封建生产关系,实行生产资料公有制;坚守农民立场,反对剥削雇佣劳动;加强教育引导,建立巩固的工农联盟;尊重农民意愿,制定符合农民实际的政策;加强物质帮扶,发挥农民主体作用的对策。这些内容对于新时期提高对农民利益问题重要性的认识、坚持生产资料公有制、巩固新时代工农联盟、制定符合农民实际的政策、加大国家帮扶力度具有极为重要的现实启示。

农民主体视角下宅基地制度改革历程、困境及建构方略

宅基地制度改革是破解城乡二元结构、促进城乡要素互惠互通的重要抓手,其制度变迁经历了“制度宽松—制度紧固—制度解绑—制度规范”4个演进阶段。当前,我国农村宅基地制度改革尚处于发展阶段,农民政治权益、经济权益和社会权益不同程度、不同方面受损,导致改革实践存在较多阻碍。为使现行农村宅基地制度更好地实现赋权扩能,提出从政治、经济、制度和农民自身4个维度来盘活以农民为主体的宅基地退出机制。一是矫正基层政府行为偏差;二是高效利用市场机制;三是健全宅基地退出补偿机制;四是动员农民以“主人翁”角色参与宅基地制度改革,以此激发农民的内生动力,协同推进农村宅基地制度改革走向深入,进而畅通城乡经济循环。

浅析渔业公益诉讼中非法捕捞案件追诉问题

在渔业公益诉讼案件中,相比于环境污染公益诉讼案件,非法捕捞案件更为常见,其中大部分案件为检察机关办理的非法捕捞刑事附带民事公益诉讼。公安机关在侦办非法捕捞案件中面临诸多难点;检察机关在提起刑事附带民事公益诉讼时面临生态损害后果认定难、具体修复方案确定难等问题;而在具体修复方式中劳务代偿方案又发挥了重要作用。公安机关应多方统筹,跨水域联合打击非法捕捞;检察机关在办理具体案件中应加强与有关部门的沟通,采取替代性修复赔偿方式。

Analysis on Development Pathway of Farmer Organization under the Background of Rural Revitalization

The development of farmer organization will play an important role in rural revitalization. Basic pathways of farmer organization development are excavating common interest,playing the role of farmer elite,cultivating modern farmers and increasing government support. But due to the influences of rural culture tradition and current management system,there exists certain difficulty to meet these conditions to different extents,which decides that benign development of farmer organization will be a long persistence process.

推动小农户和现代农业发展有机衔接的机制创新--基于永川探索实践的思考

开展小农户和现代农业发展有机衔接机制创新,是实现农村产业兴旺和农业农村现代化的重要手段。重庆市永川区作为全国农村改革试验区之一,通过壮大现代特色农业、发展土地股份合作社和农业生产社会化服务、培育股份农民和新型职业农民、强化农业信息服务等措施,为推动小农户与现代农业发展有机衔接提供了可复制经验。尽管如此,在巩固拓展脱贫攻坚成果同乡村振兴有效衔接的关键时期,小农户与现代农业发展衔接仍面临着利益联结不紧密、衔接的深度广度不足、农民职业转型培育待强化、财政金融支农政策不完善、农业社会化服务覆盖率低、农业产业链价值链有待延伸等一系列问题。未来进一步推动小农户与现代农业发展的有机衔接,亟须加快建立适应小农户与现代农业发展有机衔接的体制机制,创新驱动农业产业链延伸和价值链提升,强化农业农村金融高质量服务供给,建立绿色化财政投入引导机制,打造“多位一体”的农业社会化服务体系,制订互利共享的政策措施。

四位一体:资本下乡长效经营机制研究

有效激发乡村内生发展动力,实现外部市场要素和乡村内生资源有机融合、高效协调的农企合作是资本下乡长效经营的关键所在。研究发现,地方行政阻力、乡村社会关系障碍、利益分配机制不健全等因素往往导致资本下乡陷入经营困境。要化解资本下乡经营困境,需要创新资本经营机制。通过优化行政统合效率、密切乡土联系、完善产业内外结构衔接,从而构建起政府和市场双轮驱动“公司+合作社+基地+农户”新型农企合作平台,加快形成下乡资本和农户亲密互动关系与紧密型利益联结,推动乡村产业高质量协调发展。

山西省小农户与新型农业经营主体利益联结分析

创新小农户与现代农业发展有机衔接的路径,紧密新型农业经营主体与小农户之间的利益联结,对于加快推进农业农村现代化至关重要。在尊重小农户与新型农业经营主体意愿的基础上,以共享为核心,两者之间常见的利益联结方式有订单收购、带动就业、股份分红等模式。以农业特色转型中的山西省为例,梳理了小农户与新型农业经营主体利益联结的国内外研究成果与发展现状,指出当前存在新型农业经营主体带动能力弱、小农户土地流转意愿不强、小农户融入大市场困难的发展困境。针对存在的问题,从增强新型农业经营主体经营能力、增加小农户土地流转收益、促进小农户与大市场有效衔接等方面,提出了推动中国经济欠发达地区小农户与新型农业经营主体形成利益共同体的政策建议。

交易特性影响产业组织模式选择吗?——基于肉牛优势产区的调研数据

构建中国特色的农业产业组织与组织体系是加快推进农业农村现代化,实现小农户与现代农业有机衔接的重要途径。基于肉牛优势产区542份微观调查数据,采用Logit模型和中介效应模型,系统分析交易特性对养殖户产业组织模式选择的影响及作用机制。研究表明,交易特性强弱对养殖户选择产业组织模式存在显著影响,交易特性较强的养殖户倾向选择紧密型产业组织模式中的生产管理合同模式或准纵向一体化模式;组织信任度在交易特性对养殖户选择紧密型产业组织模式的影响中起到部分中介作用;组织满意度正向调节交易特性对养殖户选择紧密型产业组织模式的影响。因此,提出加强养殖户自身能力建设,稳定和完善企农利益联结机制,提高产业组织服务的标准化建设等政策建议。

乡村振兴下工商资本下乡的主要风险及防范

工商资本下乡对推进城乡融合发展、促进乡村全面振兴、实现农村共同富裕具有重要作用。近年来,工商资本下乡的领域在逐步拓展,方式呈多元发展,效益在逐渐显现。然而,工商资本下乡在带来积极作用的同时,引发的土地流转无序混乱、粮食安全受到威胁、生态环境恶化、农户财产权益受损等多种风险也不容小觑。全面乡村振兴需要对工商资本下乡从多维度全方位进行规制,通过完善工商资本下乡的制度政策、健全工商资本下乡的投资环境、优化工商资本下乡中政府职能、强化工商资本下乡中生态保护措施与保障工商资本下乡中农民权益五个方面进行风险防范,充分发挥工商资本对推进农村农民共同富裕,实现农业农村现代化的带动作用。

进城落户农民土地权益法律保障的正当性基础与途径

法律保障进城落户农民土地权益,需要明确保障的正当性基础、保障的对象与途径。在农村集体经济组织功能已经发生变化的情况下,我国需要改革集体经济组织成员资格判断的传统户籍标准,允许进城落户农民继续以集体经济组织成员资格享有农村土地权益。我国传统农民正在分化为进城务工农民和职业农民,保障进城落户农民合法土地权益的目标是提高户籍人口城镇化率,因此法律保障的对象是向市民身份转化的传统农民。进城落户农民农村土地权益的实现需要建立土地承包经营权、宅基地使用权的流转和退出机制,对此应培育成熟的流转市场、赋予农民完整权能,由市场进行资源配置。