Fishermen and Territorial Trends in the Brazilian Fisheries Policies

The fishing activity has been known for centuries by man and is configured as an important source of livelihood and income for many families of Brazilian fishermen. This article tries to do a brief contextualization of fishing in Brazil, as well as discuss the notion of territoriality of sector policies. The trend shown for the future is the need for a planning/mapping of operation areas of productive agents in the country, so that fish stocks can be managed more appropriately. One of the proposals that comes with acceptance and is already being applied in some municipalities is fishing agreements, using co-management mechanisms for planning and use of fisheries resources.

Livelihood status of small-scale fishermen and determinants of their income: Insights from north-eastern floodplains of Bangladesh

The small-scale fishermen in the north-eastern floodplains are one of the most vulnerable communities of Bangladesh due to their limited income.This study assessed their livelihood status using a sustainable livelihood framework and employed a multiple regression model to evaluate factors influencing their earnings.Primary data were collected from fishermen’s households in Tanguar Haor and Hakaluki Haor through direct interviews.Results revealed that these households lacked human capital,had poor sanitation facilities and suffered from frequent diseases.Their income is very limited as they lack training on other socioeconomic activities to comple-ment their livelihood grounded on fishing.Hence,their financial capital was very deficient and ranked lowest among other livelihood capitals.Fishermen’s major physical assets were the boats used for group and individual fishing.These small-scale fishermen had limited involvement with local administration,and around half of them were members of various NGOs.Women of these households had low participation in fishing or other income activities.The income of the fishermen was influenced by their age,fish catch per day,training and NGO mem-bership.To increase the earnings and improve the livelihood status of small-scale fishers in the floodplain,this study suggests providing training on complementary income generating activities,improving sanitation facilities and providing additional government and non-government support.

Prevalence and Incidence of HIV Infection among Fishermen along Lake Victoria Beaches in Kisumu County, Kenya

Background: Herpes simplex virus type-2 (HSV-2) and human papillomavirus (HPV) are common sexually transmitted infections (STIs) among fishing communities and are associated with high HIV prevalence in this underserved population. However, there is limited knowledge on HIV incidence among fishermen. This study aimed at determining prevalence, incidence and risk factors associated with HIV infection among fishermen in Kisumu Kenya. Methods: Three hundred fishermen were evaluated for baseline HIV, HSV-2, HPV infection and a structured questionnaire administered. HIV incidence was assessed after 12 months among those initially HIV negative. HIV incidence rate in person-years and prevalence were estimated. Multivariate logistic regression was used to determine factors independently associated with HIV acquisition. Results: HIV prevalence was 23.3% (95% CI: 18.5 - 28.1). Risk factors for baseline HIV prevalence were older age (aOR = 2.13;95% CI: 1.25 - 5.07), history of STI (aOR 4.21;95% CI: 2.07 - 9.34), baseline HPV infection (aOR 2.13;95% CI: 1.05 - 4.77), number of lifetime sexual partners (>5) aOR = 5.76 (95% CI: 1.41 - 13.57) and transactional sex (aOR = 10.98;95% CI: 1.86 - 19.34). Condom uses with new sexual partner (aOR 0.21, 95% CI: 0.08 - 0.55) and during most recent sexual act (aOR 0.09, 95% CI: 0.03 - 0.61), were negatively associated with HIV prevalence. HIV incidence was 4.2 (95% CI = 1.3 - 7.1) per 100 person-years with being single (aIRR = 8.32;95% CI: 1.27 - 54.67) as an independent risk factor. Condom use with new sexual partner (aIRR = 0.11;95% CI: 0.01 - 0.89) and recent sex with wife/regular girlfriend (compared to sex worker/casual partner;aIRR = 0.03;95% CI: 0.01 - 0.35) were associated with reduced risk of HIV acquisition. Conclusion: Inconsistent condom use and transactional/casual sexual partnerships were the main high-risk sexual behaviors in addition to marital status explaining the high HIV acquisition rate among fishermen. Intensified safer sex promotion is urgently needed in this subpopulation to avert new HIV infections.

Prevalence, Incidence and Risk Factors for Acquisition of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 among Fishermen on the Shores of Lake Victoria in Kisumu County, Kenya

Background: Herpes simplex virus Type 2 (HSV-2) has been associated with HIV infection. More recently, HSV-2 incidence has been linked to HIV acquisition. A few studies have suggested that the fishing communities have a high HSV-2 prevalence but there is limited knowledge on HSV-2 incidence and associated risk factors among fishermen. Methods: Three hundred fishermen were consented, and evaluated for baseline HSV-2 serology status and again after 12 months among those negative at baseline. Sexual behavior and socio-demographic data were collected at enrolment and exit visits using a structured questionnaire. Baseline HIV serology and Human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA genotyping were also performed. Multivariate logistic regression was used to determine independent factors associated with HSV-2 acquisition. Results: Baseline HSV-2 prevalence was 56.3% (95% CI: 50.7 - 62.0). Factors associated with HSV-2 prevalence were, older age (aOR = 1.96;95% CI: 1.16 - 2.85), history of STI (aOR 2.12;95% CI: 1.19 - 3.91), infection with HIV (aOR 2.22;95% CI: 1.17 - 4.22), ever married (aOR = 3.80;95% CI: 1.42 - 11.90), most recent sexual act with sex worker/casual partner (OR= 3.56;95% CI: 1.49 - 8.62) and inconsistent condom use with new sexual partner (aOR = 6.34;95% CI: 2.24 - 13.04). The HSV-2 incidence was 23.6 (95% CI = 15.4 - 31.8)/100 pyr. Infection with persistent high-risk (HR) HPV (aIRR = 3.35;95% CI: 1.21 - 11.37), multiple (≥2) partners in 12 months prior to study participation (aIRR = 4.77;95% CI: 1.12 - 11.38), inconsistent condom use with new partner (aIRR =2.53;95% CI: 1.12 - 7.38) and most recent sexual act with sex worker/casual partner (OR = 3.03;95% CI: 1.17 - 8.58) were independent risk factors for HSV-2 acquisition. Conclusion: The incidence of HSV-2 is very high among fishermen. It is associated with persistent HR HPV infection and high-risk sexual behavior. Intervention strategies targeting these men with high risk sexual behavior are urgently needed to stop new HSV-2 acquisition and subsequently prevent HIV infection.

Marine Fishermen’s Perception about Consequences of Climate Change on Fisheries in Tamil Nadu State,India

Global climate change has become a critical barrier in the twenty-first century and it alarms the marine fishermen to respond and react until conditions become more adverse.Interaction with climate by humans occurs at all levels,but recent research has focused on industries,technological and demographic aspects.So far,less attention has been paid to investigate the factors which affect perception and decision-making at the individual level.The uncertain condition of climate on marine fisheries from the last two decades had created drastic change in ecosystems as well as in the fishers’livelihood.Fishers are the group who first experiences the bitter conditions of climate change on marine fisheries because their livelihood depends highly on the marine resources.Therefore,the fishers’perception about the consequences of climate change on fisheries may help to emerge the fisheries by implicating certain productive management measures.The research has been carried out in the two southern coastal districts of Ramanathapuram and Kanyakumari,Tamil Nadu state to find out the fishers’perception of the consequences of climate change on fisheries.A sample size consisting of 120 marine fishermen were randomly selected and interviewed.The results inferred that increase in cost of fishing,increase in fishing investments,decline in fishing days,reduction in fish diversity and fish catches were the major consequences faced by fishers due to the climate change.

Problems and Strategies of Fishermen’s Social Security

With the development of social economy and industry,fisheries also play an important role in the development of the country.In the process of fishery development,the problems in the fishermen’s social security system are becoming more and more serious,and the types of problems are gradually increasing.Discovering the problems existing in the development of fisheries,and making up and correcting them in time,has an important role in promoting the development of fisheries and social and economic development.In recent years,the issue of“agriculture,rural areas and farmers”has been a hot topic of discussion.During the course of the problem,the party and the government introduced a series of safeguard measures and policy systems.Based on this,this paper focuses on the problems existing in the fishermen’s social security system and the measures to solve the problems.At the same time,the reasons for the reform of the fishermen’s social security system are also briefly explained.The main reasons can be divided into four points,namely the cost of living,unemployment insurance for fishermen,fishery resources,and income of fishermen,etc.,which are the reasons why the fishery social security system is in urgent need of optimization,contributing to the sustainable development and progress of fisheries.

长江流域生态退捕渔民生计脆弱性评价及生计风险预测

渔民作为长江十年禁渔的参与主体,其后续生计发展将直接决定此生态保护政策的实施成效。在重构非自愿生态移民生计脆弱性评价体系的基础上,结合长江流域重点禁渔水域典型退捕渔民的抽样数据,测度渔民生计脆弱性指数(LVI)并找出影响后续生计恢复的主要障碍因子,最后跨领域的引入支持向量回归(SVR)预测模型动态分析了不同区域渔户生计脆弱性的演变趋势。结果表明:(1)渔民弃船上岸后呈现出生计脆弱性的比例较高,但不同类型区域间存在明显差异,其中内湖保护区最高,干流非保护区次之而干流保护区最低;(2)敏感性维度在诱发渔民生计脆弱性上起着主导作用,即个体禀赋比安置区条件更为重要,特别是成员年龄大但无基本社保兜底,受教育程度低且“双转”难的渔民家庭更易陷入生计困境;(3)自然和金融资本是推动渔民生计恢复的主要生计资本,而阻碍渔民生计脆弱性降低的共性因子主要有上岸后的收支失衡,社会支持不足及过分依赖原有生计方式等,同时各区域在脆弱性各维度上还有特殊的障碍因子;(4)推动安置区经济社会发展和家庭转产增收后,并不一定能确保缓解未来五年中的渔户生计脆弱性程度,上岸后完成社会融入并有效降低生产生活成本也至关重要,而干流保护区则还需加强人力资本建设,否则后续将面临极高的返贫风险;(5)长江临近区域的同类渔民生计脆弱性现状、面临的生计风险、后续生计恢复的进程具有一定的相似性和规律性,生计监测和帮扶政策可进行协同统筹。

海岛民间非遗舟山渔民画文化基因图谱建构与数字化传承发展路径

利用数字技术对舟山渔民画的图形符号、色彩体系、地域属性、时代特征等核心元素进行系统识别、基因提取和分类排序,借鉴生物基因遗传的基本原理,通过构建舟山渔民画的文化基因图谱,对其文化基因进行归类并找到与之对应的适宜数字化时代和现代海洋海岛生境的传承路径,从而为海岛民间非遗舟山渔民画文化基因的数字化保护与传承提供创新路径和借鉴依据。

中国式现代化中的道德经济及其理解——来自捕捞渔业的人类学案例

近些年来道德经济逐渐成为社会科学的重要概念,这与底层、边缘群体生计方式变迁引起学界的关注有关。在时空切换中,道德责任与经济活动的嬗变关系调节了人们的互惠义务与行为。传统的捕捞渔业带有家长制和生存安全的特征,保障了渔民的生存权利与水上社会的赓续。随着市场机制的引入和生产形式的变迁,渔业趋向工业化生产,而渔民则通过财富积累来抵御个人及家庭的生存风险。市场经济条件下的渔业生产推崇自由与公平的竞争伦理,以及对利润追求的理性化,形成了以发展主义为核心的捕捞经济。然而,过度捕捞不仅折射出在生态环境和经济增长方面的道德失败,也严重损害了渔民自身的生存利益。在“人与自然的脱嵌”全面转向“人类与自然和谐共生”过程中,水生动植物得以恢复生息,渔民也从渔业捕捞中抽离出来,处于“渔与非渔”的转型阈限中。为此,倡导生态系统正义与社会正义并举的道德经济既是增强退捕渔民生计韧性的伦理基础,也是实现“人与自然和谐共生现代化”的必由之路。

南海渔民生计脆弱性的内生问题——基于广东硇洲岛的田野调查

使用田野工作法,调查了广东硇洲岛渔民生计脆弱性的内生问题。研究发现,渔民因海洋生态保护所遭遇的已经显露的生活困境,或许能在政府的扶持下有所改善,但那些更多的隐性风险——内部竞争、社会保障、文化适应等生计,遭受前所未有的挑战,渔民生产工具的投入、自身的技能、年龄与身份的模糊性,构成其内生的生计脆弱性,在现代消费市场的刺激下容易对海洋资源造成破坏性作用。基于马克思关于生产力与生产关系的理论,渔民生计的脆弱性内生于生产力快速提高导致的其自身技能未进行更迭,未能建立适应生产力需求的新的生产关系,因而造成人海关系的紧张。要解决渔民生计的脆弱性内生问题,需从渔民的文化特殊性出发,由内而外地改革渔民的生产关系,更新渔民的技能、建立有效的组织,逐步缓解人海关系的紧张状态,以实现人类-海洋命运共同体的构建。

行动者网络视角下长江流域退捕渔民可持续生计重构——以歙县九砂村为例

为动态探究长江流域退捕渔民可持续生计重构过程,以及重构过程中多元主体的互动关系,文章基于行动者网络视角,以歙县九砂村为案例地,采用半结构化访谈与参与式观察等质性研究方法,讨论了可持续生计重构过程、模式及机制。研究发现,退捕渔民可持续生计重构以政府为关键行动者,涉及村委会、退捕渔民、市场主体等人类行动者和房屋、土地、乡土环境、人文风俗等非人类行动者,共同缔结成具有互动关系的行动者网络。政府主导、市场配置、村集体参与、退捕渔民为主体是一种典型的产业融合型可持续生计重构模式。在该模式下,退捕渔民生计资本、基层自治能力、政府政策、社会力量共同推动退捕渔民可持续生计重构。

论海洋文创产品的外观设计保护——以舟山渔民画衍生品为研究对象

新时代海洋强国战略背景下,海洋文创产业正逐渐成为海洋经济的新增长极。在实现海洋文创产业高质量发展过程中,知识产权保护是其必不可少的法律保障。新《中华人民共和国专利法》(以下简称《专利法》)纳入了局部外观设计,这对于激励包括文创产品在内的创新设计产业的健康发展具有重要的制度意义。以舟山渔民画衍生品为代表的海洋文创产品可以是手工制品,也可以是批量化的工业制品,其具有装饰性美学特征的外观设计通过附着于文创产品而实现外在表达。衍生品具有艺术性和实用性的双重属性,作品倾向于主观艺术感受,外观设计专利通过艺术性表达方式实现产品适销之实用目的,通过外观设计专利特别是局部外观设计专利进行保护的模式具有实践优越性。

渔业技术推广对渔民收入影响的实证分析--基于我国30个省份的面板数据

本文应用我国30个省份(不包含港澳台地区和西藏自治区)2016-2021年的面板数据分析渔业技术推广对渔民收入的影响效应。结果发现,第一,渔业技术推广对渔民收入具有显著的促进作用。第二,渔业技术推广是通过促进渔业发展对渔民收入施加影响的。第三,渔业技术推广对非沿海地区渔民收入具有显著的促进作用,但对沿海地区渔民收入的影响不显著;渔业技术推广对中、西部地区渔民收入的影响较为显著,但对东部地区渔民收入的影响不显著;渔业技术推广对低、中、高收入渔民收入的促进作用均较为显著,且影响程度随渔民收入的增加而扩大。第四,渔业技术推广对渔民增收具有非线性影响,但需达到一定临界值时这种影响效应才会显著。

长江退捕渔民劳动力就地转移影响因素实证研究

本文基于2022年“十省百县千户”退捕渔民跟踪调研数据,以转移方式为因变量,个体与家庭情况、劳动力转移资本、客观条件、主观因素为自变量,对影响渔民劳动力就地转移的因素进行实证分析。研究发现:年龄、当地农村人均可支配收入因素对就地转移具有正向影响,而每周工作时间、渔村到县城中心距离、上一年家庭年净收入、捕捞经验对渔民劳动力就地转移具有负向影响。对此提出加大就业帮扶力度、完善就业补贴、发展当地特色产业等政策建议,促使渔民劳动力合理有效地实现就地转移。

渔民对伏季休渔政策的满意度研究——基于黄、渤海渔村问卷调查的分析

我国伏季休渔期政策自实施以来,其休渔范围、时间和类型不断扩大和完善,政策的落地和执行对我国渔业资源可持续发展做出了重要贡献。渔民作为休渔期政策实施的核心载体,他们对休渔期政策的满意度是我国持续推行伏季休渔政策的关键。文章以辽宁省大连市541位渔民的调研数据为基础,运用logistic模型对伏季休渔政策满意度进行了研究,结果表明:(1)渔民对伏季休渔政策总体满意度比较高,77.4%的渔民持有满意态度;(2)健康状况不佳的渔民对伏季休渔政策满意度较低;(3)渔业收入占比高的渔民对伏季休渔政策满意度较低;(4)对政府部门工作的满意度与伏季休渔政策满意度呈明显正相关关系。基于上述研究结果,对伏季休渔制度提出相应的政策建议。

戏剧张力中的诗性意蕴——评话剧《沧桑巨变——我们的卧鱼岛》

话剧《沧桑巨变——我们的卧鱼岛》以刀鱼为隐喻,不仅再现了渔民江海与城里姑娘白月纯真质朴的爱情,还讲述了他们的儿子江河面对滚滚而来的经济大潮见利忘义的故事。这部具有戏剧张力和诗性意蕴的话剧,自觉审视了新时代新机遇下出现的道德盲区,传递出有关人与自然的哲思,以小见大地再现了改革开放四十年来卧鱼岛翻天覆地的沧桑巨变。

渔民专业合作社主导的水产品供应链优化研究——基于关系和信任视角

渔民专业合作社主导的水产品供应链可将链上产权独立、资源互补的上下游节点主体组织起来协同参与竞争,建立起资源与利益共享机制。但目前节点主体间合作关系不稳定并缺乏信任,而关系和信任是汇聚各合作主体优势以及维持供应链动态柔性能力的关键要素。基于对渔民专业合作社主导的水产品供应链关系和信任内涵以及关系和信任对合作绩效的作用机理分析,明确关系和信任是供应链价值增值的基本来源,在供应链的成长过程中扮演着极为重要的角色。关系和信任下的渔民专业合作社主导的水产品供应链优化,需要围绕提升品牌实力稳定节点合作关系,基于不同供需特征优化契约信任,基于积累交往经验和专用资产投资优化能力信任,基于有效沟通优化善意信任,并通过完善政府支持体系强化合作信任。

Safety Equipment in Artisanal Maritime Fishing in Gabon: Between Adaptation and the Weight of Socio-Cultural Logics at the Libreville Artisanal Fishing Center (CAPAL)

Maritime safety equipment allows to prevent and minimize the risks inherent to navigation at sea. However, in the artisanal maritime fishery in Gabon, fishermen are confronted with the major difficulty of the inaccessibility of protective tools to carry out fishing trips in all peace of mind. The absence of equipment to help maritime navigation poses the problem of insecurity in which the various artisanal fishermen work, often victims of numerous accidents at sea. This article aims at highlighting the difficulties of accessibility, by the fishermen, of all the conventional protection tools recommended by the administrations. In fact, the methodology used is based on the consultation of official reports and publications on the subject, field observations and semi-structured interviews with 110 actors. The results obtained reveal, on the one hand, a plethora of conventional protective equipment required of fishing vessels. On the other hand, they reveal the high cost of safety equipment which creates, among the professionals concerned, a reluctance to acquire all of the said tools and forces the interested parties to associate them very often with the traditional procedures for rescue at sea.

长江退捕渔民城乡居民养老保险保障水平测度——以湖北省9个地区为例

退捕渔民城乡居民养老保险(简称“城乡居保”)的保障水平是否适度是衡量制度设计优劣的重要标准,也是长江退捕渔民能否真正“稳得住”的关键一步。文章以湖北省退捕渔民为研究对象,利用扩展性消费模型(ELES)构建农村居民城乡居保的合意替代率下限模型;随之测算农村居民城乡居保的合意替代率下限与退捕渔民城乡居保的实际替代率,并将二者进行比较。研究发现,退捕渔民城乡居保养老金实际替代率偏低,未达到适度水平。为保障退捕渔民日常生活需要以及生活水平不受影响,提高其养老保险的保障水平具有必要性。结合湖北省退捕渔民城乡居保实施状况,笔者建议应科学设计退捕渔民养老保险,适度提高保障水平;加大政策宣传力度,完善参保激励机制,促进退捕渔民长缴多缴等。

渔业油价补贴政策调整对海洋捕捞渔民收入的影响分析——以山东省胶州市为例

海洋捕捞业是事关国计民生、高风险、高成本的产业,渔船燃油成本在整个捕捞成本中占比较大。为了在缓解渔民生计困难的同时养护渔业资源,我国多次进行渔业油价补贴政策的调整。通过分析山东省胶州市2018年与2020年补贴公示的渔船情况,选用相同船名且渔具名称中的油补标准相同的122艘渔船来对比研究渔业油价补贴政策调整对海洋捕捞渔民转移性收入的影响,结果表明:补贴政策标准总额下降2386,300元,下降幅度为19%;平均每户家庭标准补助减少25,691.46元,减少幅度为19%;渔业补贴标准金额降低,渔民可得到的转移性收入在减少。2018年和2020年渔民遵守渔船管理规定的规范率分别为86%和99%,渔民遵守管理规定的意识在增强。在此基础上提出完善渔业补贴政策、提高渔民补贴意识、保障渔民生计的对策建议。