Degradation and mineralization of 2-chlorophenol in a single-stage anaerobic fixed-bed bioreactor

Chlorophenols(CPs) have drawn great attention due to their high toxicity and ubiquitous presence in the environment. However,the practical application of anaerobic biodegradation to remove CPs is limited by low degradation rate and incomplete mineralization. This work aims to apply a single-stage anaerobic fixed-bed bioreactor(An FBR) for complete anaerobic dechlorination and mineralization of CPs. Results showed that 2-CP removal efficiency of 99.4%, chemical oxygen demand(COD)removal efficiency of 93.0%, and methane yield of 0.22 L-CH4/g-COD could be obtained for a wide range of 2-CP loading rates(3.6–18.2 mmol L–1 d–1). Nearly complete anaerobic mineralization of 2-CP was achieved even in the absence of co-substrates,thereby greatly reducing the operation cost. This may be partly related to the attached-growth microorganisms in An FBR,allowing a higher biomass concentration and longer biomass retention time for enhanced 2-CP removal. Moreover, 16 S r RNA gene sequence analysis suggests that the An FBR harbored the potential dechlorinators(e.g., Anaeromyxobacter), phenoldegrading microbes(e.g., Comamonas and Syntrophobacter), and methanogens(e.g., Methanobacterium and Methanosaeta)after acclimation, which could cooperate effectively for 2-CP dechlorination and mineralization. Based on the identified intermediates, the possible mineralization pathway of 2-CP was proposed. These findings should be valuable to facilitate the engineering applications of An FBRs for removing CPs from wastewater.

Simulation of biodiesel industrial production via solid base catalyst in a fixed-bed reactor

Biodiesel industrial production based on a solid base catalyst in a fixed-bed was simulated. The lab and bench scale experiments were carded out effectively, in which the kinetic model is established and it can describe the transesterification reaction well. The Antoine equation of biodiesel is regressed with the vapor-liquid data cited of literature. The non-random two liquid （NRTL） model is applied to describe the system of fatty acid methyl ester （FAME）, methanol and glycerol and parameters are obtained. The Ternary phase map is obtained from Aspen Plus via the liquid-liquid equilibrium （LLE） data. In order to describe the production in a fixed-bed performs in industrial scale after being magnified 1 000 times, the Aspen Plus simulation is employed, where two flowsheets are simulated to predict material and energy consumption. The simulation results prove that at least 350. 42 kW energy consumption can be reduced per hour to produce per ton biodiesel compared with data reported in previous references.

Carbon Dioxide Captured from Flue Gas by Modified Ca-based Sorbents in Fixed-bed Reactor at High Temperature

Four kinds of Ca-based sorbents were prepared by calcination and hydration reactions using different precursors： calcium hydroxide, calcium carbonate, calcium acetate monohydrate and calcium oxide. The CO2 absorption capacity of those sorbents was investigated in a fixed-bed reactor in the temperature range of 350-650 ℃. It was found that all of those sorbents showed higher capacity for CO2 absorption when the operating temperature higher than 450 ℃. The CaAc2-CaO sorbent showed the highest CO2 absorption capacity of 299 mg.g-1. The mor- phology of those sorbents was examined by scanning electron microscope （SEM）, and the changes of composition before and after carbonation were also determined by X-ray diffraction （XRD）. Results indicated that those sorbents have the similar chemical compositions and crystalline phases before carbonation reaction [mainly Ca（OH）2], and CaCO3 is the main component after carbonation reaction. The SEM morphology shows clearly that the sorbent pores were filled with reaction products after carbonation reaction, and became much denser than before. The N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms indicated that the CaAc2-CaO and CaCO3-CaO sorbents have higher specific surface area. lar2er oore volume and anoropriate pore size distribution than that of CaO-CaO and Ca（OH）2-CaO.

Experimental Study and Modeling of an Adiabatic Fixed-bed Reactor for Methanol Dehydration to Dimethyl Ether

One-dimensional heterogeneous plug flow model was employed to model an adiabatic fixed-bed reactor for the catalytic dehydration of methanol to dimethyl ether.Longitudinal temperature and conversion profiles predicted by this model were compared to those experimentally measured in a bench scale reactor.The reactor was packed with 1.5mm γ-Al2O3 pellets as dehydration catalyst and operated in a temperature range of 543-603K at an atmospheric pressure.Also,the effects of weight hourly space velocity(WHSV)and temperature on methanol conversion were investigated.According to the results,the maximum conversion is obtained at 603.15K with WHSV of 72.87h-1.

Changes in char reactivity due to char-oxygen and char-steam reactions using Victorian brown coal in a fixed-bed reactor

This study was to examine the influence of reactions of char–O2and char–steam on the char reactivity evolution.A newly-designed fixed-bed reactor was used to conduct gasification experiments using Victorian brown coal at800 °C. The chars prepared from the gasification experiments were then collected and subjected to reactivity characterisation(ex-situ reactivity) using TGA(thermogravimetric analyser) in air. The results indicate that the char reactivity from TGA was generally high when the char experienced intensive gasification reactions in 0.3%O2in the fixed-bed reactor. The addition of steam into the gasification not only enhanced the char conversion significantly but also reduced the char reactivity dramatically. The curve shapes of the char reactivity with involvement of steam were very different from that with O2 gasification, implying the importance of gasifying agents to char properties.

Modeling-based optimization of a fixed-bed industrial reactor for oxidative dehydrogenation of propane

An industrial scale propylene production via oxidative dehydrogenation of propane （ODHP） in multi-tubular re- actors was modeled. Multi-tubular fixed-bed reactor used for ODHP process, employing 10000 of small diameter tubes immersed in a shell through a proper coolant flows. Herein, a theory-based pseudo-homogeneous model to describe the operation of a fixed bed reactor for the ODHP to correspondence olefln over V2O5/γ-Al203 catalyst was presented. Steady state one dimensional model has been developed to identify the operation parameters and to describe the propane and oxygen conversions, gas process and coolant temperatures, as well as other pa- rameters affecting the reactor performance such as pressure. Furthermore, the applied model showed that a double-bed multitubular reactor with intermediate air injection scheme was superior to a single-bed design due to the increasing of propylene selectivity while operating under lower oxygen partial pressures resulting in propane conversion of about 37.3%. The optimized length of the reactor needed to reach 100% conversion of the oxygen was theoretically determined. For the single-bed reactor the optimized length of 11.96 m including 0.5 m of inert section at the entrance region and for the double-bed reactor design the optimized lengths of 5.72 m for the first and 7.32 m for the second reactor were calculated. Ultimately, the use of a distributed oxygen feed with limited number of injection points indicated a significant improvement on the reactor performance in terms of propane conversion and propylene selectivity. Besides, this concept could overcome the reactor run- away temperature problem and enabled operations at the wider range of conditions to obtain enhanced propyl- ene production in an industrial scale reactor.

Scale up and stability test for oxidative coupling of methane over Na_2WO_4-Mn/SiO_2 catalyst in a 200 ml fixed-bed reactor

The study of scale up for the oxidative coupling of methane （OCM） has been carried out in a 200 ml stainless steel fixed-bed reactor over a 5wt% Na2WO4-1.9wt% Mn/SiO2 （W-Mn/SiO2） catalyst. The effects of reaction conditions were investigated in detail. The results showed that, with increasing reaction temperature, the gas-phase reaction was enhanced and a significant amount of methane was converted into COx; with the CH4/O2 molar ratio of 5, the highest C2 （ethylene and ethane） yield of 25% was achieved; the presence of steam （as diluent） had a positive effect on the C2 selectivity and yield. Under lower methane gaseous hourly space velocity （GHSV）, higher selectivity and yield of C2 were obtained as the result of the decrease of released heat energy. In 100 h reaction time, the C2 selectivity of 66%-61% and C2 yield of 24.2%-25.4% were achieved by a single pass without any significant loss in catalytic performance.

Conversion enhancement of tubular fixed-bed reactor for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis using static mixer

Recently, Fischer-Tropsch synthesis （FTS） has become an interesting technology because of its potential role in producing biofuels via Biomass- to-Liquids （BTL） processes. In Fischer-Tropsch （FT） section, biomass-derived syngas, mainly composed of a mixture of carbon monoxide （CO） and hydrogen （H2）, is converted into various forms of hydrocarbon products over a catalyst at specified temperature and pressure. Fixed-bed reactors are typically used for these processes as conventional FT reactors. The fixed-bed or packed-bed type reactor has its drawbacks, which are heat transfer limitation, i.e. a hot spot problem involved highly exothermic characteristics of FT reaction, and mass transfer limitation due to the condensation of liquid hydrocarbon products occurred on catalyst surface. This work is initiated to develop a new chemical reactor design in which a better distribution of gaseous reactants and hydrocarbon products could be achieved, and led to higher throughput and conversion. The main goal of the research is the enhancement of a fixed-bed reactor, focusing on the application of KenicsTM static mixer insertion in the tubular packed-bed reactor. Two FTS experiments were carried out using two reactors i.e., with and without static mixer insertion within catalytic beds. The modeled syngas used was a mixed gas composed of H2/CO in 2 ： 1 molar ratio that was fed at the rate of 30 mL（STP）·min^- 1 （GHSV ≈ 136 mL·gcat^-1 ·h^-1） into the fixed Ru supported aluminum catalyst bed of weight 13.3 g. The reaction was carried out at 180 ℃ and atmospheric pressure continuously for 36 h for both experiments. Both transient and steady-state conversions （in terms of time on stream） were reported. The results revealed that the steady-state CO conversion for the case using the static mixer was approximately 3.5 times higher than that of the case without static mixer. In both cases, the values of chain growth probability of hydrocarbon products （α） for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis were 0.92 and 0.89 for the case with and without static mixer, respectively.

Fixed-bed column study for deep removal of copper(Ⅱ) from simulated cobalt electrolyte using polystyrene-supported 2-aminomethylpyridine chelating resin

This study presents the deep removal of copper (Ⅱ) from the simulated cobalt electrolyte using fabricated polystyrene-supported 2-aminomethylpyridine chelating resin (PS-AMP) in a fixed-bed.The effects of bed height (7.0–14.0 cm),feed flow rate (4.5–9.0 mL/min),initial copper (Ⅱ) concentration of the feed (250–1000 mg/L),feed temperature (25–40 ℃) and the value of pH (2.0–4.0) on the adsorption process of the PS-AMP resin were investigated.The experimental data showed that the PS-AMP resin can deeply eliminate copper (Ⅱ) from the simulated cobalt electrolyte.The bed height,feed flow rate,initial copper (Ⅱ) concentration of the feed,feed temperature and feed pH value which corresponded to the highest removal of copper (Ⅱ) were 7.0 cm with 35 mm of the column diameter,4.5 mL/min,40℃,1000 mg/L and 4.0,respectively.The breakthrough capacity,the saturated capacity of the column and the mass ratio of Cu/Co (g/g) in the saturated resin were correspondingly 16.51 mg/g dry resin,61.72 mg/g dry resin and 37.67 under the optimal experimental conditions.The copper (Ⅱ) breakthrough curves were fitted by the empirical models of Thomas,Yoon-Nelson and Adam-Bohart,respectively.The Thomas model was found to be the most suitable one for predicting how the concentration of copper (Ⅱ) in the effluent changes with the adsorption time.

Valorization of natural diatomite mineral:Application to removal of anionic dye from aqueous solution in a batch and fixed-bed reactor

In this work,the efficiency of an adsorption process,in which Moroccan diatomite(ND)is used as a low-cost adsorbent to remove Congo red(CR)dye from contaminated waters in batch and column system,was examined.The influence of experimental conditions(pH,adsorbent dose and temperature)on the adsorption of CR onto the ND adsorbent was studied.A study of the adsorption kinetics for CR revealed that a pseudo-second-order model provided the best fit to the experimental kinetic data,and the equilibrium data were well described by the Langmuir isotherm model with an adsorption capacity of 6.07 mg/g using 15 g/L of ND,pH=6,contact time 3 h and 25℃.On the other hand,the ND regeneration tests were investigated and showed that the desorption reaches at least 50%when using ethanol as eluent.In addition,the adsorption process in a continuous mode was studied.Breakthrough curves were properly represented by the Yoon—Nelson model.Hence,the adsorption capacity of 5.71 mg/g was reached using 0.114 g of adsorbent,CR concentration of 6 mg/L and a flow of 1 mL/min under 25℃.

Removal of Lead Ions from Ginseng Ethanol Extracts by Dynamic Adsorption in a Fixed-bed Column

The removal of lead from ginseng ethanol extracts by a fixed-bed column filled with an adsorbent bearing amine and carboxyl groups was investigated. The Pb2+ content was determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. When the flowrate increased from 0.12 to 0.34 ml·min-1 , the column exhibited a marked increase in percentage of lead removal from 54.9% to 92.3%. Further increase in the flowrate did not bring evident changes to the lead removal, whereas an increase in the temperature could reinforce adsorption further, suggesting that the adsorption process was controlled by external film diffusion below the flowrate of 0.34 ml·min-1 , and by the intraparticle pore diffusion of lead ions when the flowrate exceeded it. A low remaining lead amount in extracts such as 0.11 mg·kg-1 (extracts powder) was achieved. The adsorbents also adsorbed effective constituents to some extent. But 88% of constituents adsorbed were taken off using a 70% ethanol aqueous solution.

On-Line Prediction of a Fixed-Bed Reactor Using K-L Expansion and Neural Networks

An on-line prediction scheme combining the Karhunen-Love expansion and a recurrent neural network for a wall-cooled fixed-bed reactor is presented.Benzene oxidation in a pilotscale,single tube fixed-bed reactor is chosen as a working system and a pseudo-homogeneous twodimensional model is used to generate simulation data to investigate the prediction scheme presentedunder randomly changing operating conditions.The scheme consisting of the K-L expansion andneural network performs satisfactorily for on-line prediction of reaction yield and bed temperatures.

DETERMINATION OF PARAMETERS IN A TWO-DIMENSIONAL MODEL FOR FIXED-BED ADSORBERS

A new method is proposed for the determination of the parameters in a two-dimensionalmodel which characterizes the properties of axial and radial mixing and mass transport in afixed-bed adsorber.Parameter estimation for the model is carried out with methane-air-5A molecularsieve in a bed under the condition of step injection of tracer from a point on the main axis of thebed by the curve fitting method in the time domain.

Numerical investigation of complex chemistry performing in Ptcatalyzed oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane fixed-bed reactors

Ethylene is one of the most important basic chemicals in the modern chemical industry.Thermal or catalytic cracking of hydrocarbons is the main industrial technologies nowadays,which suffer from equilibriumlimitation and rapid coke formation.The oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane(ODHE)is considered to be a promising alternative process since it overcomes equilibrium-limitations,avoids catalyst deactivation by coke formation,and decreases the number of side reactions.In this study,particle-resolved 2 D CFD simulations of fixed-beds filled with eggshell catalysts coupled with micro-kinetics of Pt-catalyzed ODHE were performed to understand the effect of operation conditions and catalyst properties on ethylene selectivity.The catalyst bed was created by discrete element method(DEM)and the central longitudinal section of the reactor tube was defined as the 2 D simulation region.Both of the homogeneous and catalytic heterogeneous chemical reactions were described by detailed micro-kinetics within the particle-resolved CFD simulation.At first,the established model of monolith reactors was verified by comparing the simulated results with experimental results reported in literature.Then,the effects of operation conditions and catalyst concentration on the ethylene selectivity in randomly packed beds were explored.The specific variation of certain operation conditions including inlet flow rate,inlet temperature,pressure,inlet C2 H6/O2 ratio and N2 dilution ratio can effectively increase ethylene selectivity.And the reduction of ratio of catalytic active area to geometric area Fcat/georepresenting catalyst properties from 140 to 30 increases the selectivity from 42.2%to 59.3%.This research can provide reference for the industrialization of ODHE process in the future.

Biosorption of basic violet 10 onto activated Gossypium hirsutum seeds:Batch and fixed-bed column studies

Sulphuric acid activated immature Gossypium hirsutum seed(AIGHS) was prepared to biosorbe basic violet 10(BV10) from aqueous solutions.Methylene blue number,iodine number and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface analysis indicated that the AIGHS were hetero-porous.Boehm titrations and Fourier-transform infrared spectra demonstrated the chemical heterogeneity of the AIGHS surface.Batch biosorption studies were used to examine the effects of process parameters in the following range:pH 2-12,temperature 293-313 K,contact time 1-5 h and initial concentration 200-600 mg·L^(-1).The matching of equilibrium data with the Langmuir-Freundlich form of isotherms indicated that the BV10 was adsorbed via chemisorption and pore diffusion.Kinetic investigation indicated multiple order chemisorption through an Avrami kinetic model.Film diffusion controlled the rate of BV10 biosorption onto AIGHS.The spontaneous and endothermic nature of sorption was corroborated by thermodynamic study.Continuous biosorption experiments were performed using a fixed-bed column and the influence of operating parameters was explored for different ranges of initial concentration 100-300 mg·L^(-1),bed height 5-10 cm,and flow rate 2.5-4.5 ml·min^(-1).A dose response model accurately described the fixed-bed biosorption data.An external mass transfer correlation was formulated explaining BV10-AIGHS sorption.

SINOPEC's Success in Fixed-bed Methanol-to-Propylene Pilot Scale Tests

The first in China pilot tests of fixed-bed methanol-topropylene unit were successfully implemented at the Yangzi Petrochemical Company(YPC).It is told that this technology has opened up a new process for production of propylene through coal gasification,and China has possessed both the fluidized-bed methanolto-propylene process(F-MTP)and the

A Simulation Study of the Steam Reforming of Methaneina Fixed-Bed Reactor

In this work a one-dimensional mathematical model was developed to simulate methane conversion and hydrogen yield in a fixed-bed reactor filled with catalyst particles. For the reason that reforming reactions are sorely endothermic process, the heat is supplied to the reactor through electrical heating. The reforming reactions have been investigated from a modelling view point considering the effect of different temperatures ranging from 500℃ and 977℃ on the conversion of methane and hydrogen yield. Simulation results show that the steam reforming of methane in a fixed-bed reactor can efficiently store high temperature end thermal energy. When the operating temperature is increased to 977℃, the conversion of methane is 97.48% and the hydrogen yield is 2.2408. As a conclusion, the maximum thermochemical efficiency will be obtained under optimal operating temperature (977℃) and the steam/methane (3.86) ratio.

Suiting Dynamic Models of Fixed-Bed Catalytic Reactors for Computer-Based Applications

This work investigated the applicability of heterogeneous and pseudo-homogeneous models to predict the dynamic behavior of a fixed-bed catalytic reactor. Some issues concerning the dynamic behavior of the system were discussed, such as the prediction of the inverse response phenomenon. The proposed models (Het- erogeneous I and II and Pseudo-homogeneous) were able to predict with qualitative similarity the main characteristics of the dynamic behavior of a fixed-bed catalytic reactor, including the inverse response. The computational time demanded for the solution of the heterogeneous models was 10 to 50% longer than in the case of the pseudo-homogeneous model, making the use of the former suitable for applications where computational time is not the major restriction (off-line applications). On the other hand, when on-line applications are required, the simplified model (Pseudo-homogeneous model) showed to be a good alternative because this model was able to predict (qualitatively) the dynamics of the reactor using a faster and easier numerical solution.

Phytotoxicity Assessment of Biofertilizer Produced from Bioreactor Composting Technology Using Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) Seeds

Establishing reliable technological information on the safety of biofertilizers produced from a bioreactor composting technique is a must prior to its commercialization. A phytotoxicity study of biofertilizer made from the bioreactor composting technology at Aklan State University, Banga, Aklan, Philippines was conducted for fourteen (14) days using commercially available lettuce seeds (Lactuca sativa L.). Standard phytotoxicity attributes such as hypocotyl length, radicle length, relative germination percentage, and relative radicle growth observed during the germination stage were evaluated. Results revealed no significant difference in the radicle lengths of the germinated lettuce seeds as affected by the varying levels of biofertilizer dilution at H(3) = 10.567, p = 0.061 > 0.05. On the other hand, the hypocotyl length of the lettuce showed significant differences in response to varying levels of biofertilizer dilution with Welch’s F(5, 5.163) = 8.175, p = 0.017 < 0.05. Also, the different levels of biofertilizer affected significantly the germination percentage of lettuce seeds F(5, 12) = 5.822, p = 0.006 < 0.05. All levels of biofertilizer treatments indicated a decrease in relative germination percentage. However, those seeds applied with 10% biofertilizer have the highest reduction of germination percentage, equivalent to 86.9% (RGP = 13.10%). All levels of biofertilizer showed an increase in radicle growth in contrast to the negative control plant except for the one given a 10% level of biofertilizer. Seeds that received 10% biofertilizer showed an extremely high reduction in radicle growth, equivalent to 72.22% (RRG = 27.78%). The study shows that applying low levels of the bioreactor-produced biofertilizer will observably reduce the measure of the germination characteristics of lettuce seeds, but not necessarily low enough to be considered phytotoxic. However, the application of at least 10% bioreactor-produced biofertilizer can presumptively lead to phytotoxicity.

MBR与HMBR除污效能及相关功能微生物对比研究

复合式膜生物反应器(Hybrid membrane bioreactor,HMBR)是在膜生物反应器(Membrane bioreactor,MBR)中引入悬浮生物膜载体。利用高通量测序及相关分析软件筛选出具有降碳、脱氮、除磷功能的微生物,对比HMBR、MBR内微生物群落结构差异,结合两种反应器各自最优工况下对污染物去除效果,探究二者除污效能存在差异的原因。试验结果表明,HMBR的除污性能优于MBR,且MBR与HMBR污染物降解机制不同。HMBR拥有更优运行性能的原因在于HMBR内部拥有物种更加丰富、分布更加均匀、数量更多的微生物群落,相关功能菌在HMBR内增殖明显,尤其是悬浮填料的投加带来了功能菌的额外增量,从而提升了HMBR的污染物降碳、脱氮、除磷效能。