Distribution pattern of marine flagellate and its controlling factors in the central and north part of the Huanghai Sea in early summer

A survey was carried out in the central and north part of the Huanghai Sea (34.5° -37.0°N, 120.5°-124.0°E) during June 12-27, 2000. It was found that the abundance of marine flagellate ranged from 45 to 1 278 cell/ml, 479 cell/ml in average. Flagellate was more abundant in the central part than in the north part of Huanghai Sea, and the abundance decreased with the increasing distance from the coast, showing a similar distribution pattern with isotherm. Vertically, high density of flagellate was always presented in the bottom of thermocline, and formed a dense accumulation in the central area of the Huanghai Sea Cold Water Mass. The effects of physical and biological factors on the distribution of marine flagellate in early summer were discussed. Water temperature (especially the existence of thermocline) rather than salinity showed significant effect on the distribution pattern of marine flagellate in the Huanghai Sea in early summer. When comparing the abundance of marine flagellate with that of other microorganisms, it revealed a comparatively stable relationship among these organ-hisms, with a ratio of heterotrophic bacteria: cyanobacteria: flagellate: dinoflagellate: ciliate being 105 :103:102:101:100.

Quantitative relationship between flagellate abundance and suspended particle density in Huanghai Sea and East China Sea in summer

An investigation was carried out in the Huanghai Sea and the East China Sea to study the quantitative relationship between the abundance of flagellates and the density of suspended particles in the summer of 2001. The results show that the abundance of flagellates varies from 44-12 600 cell/cm^3, and flagellates sometimes constitutes a significant part of suspended particles. The size-spectra of suspended particles can be divided into four categories： flat spectrum, humped spectrum, plankton spectrum and mixed spectrum. In general, the abundance of flagellates varies in proportion to the density of suspended particles. However, their quantitative relations reveal different characteristics in the seawater samples of different types of particle-size spectrum. This is only a preliminary study of the quantitative relationship between flagellates and suspended particles, which might lead to a potential convenient approach to the estimation of flagellate abundance in the sea.

Hydrobiological variables as a regulatory factor on the abundance of heterotrophic flagellates in an urban pond

The seasonal abundance of flagellates has been monitored over a period of 1 year from December 2013 to November 2014(divided into 4 conjugative seasons namely winter,spring,summer,and autumn)in an experimental pond located in Rajshahi City Corporation area,Bangladesh.To our knowledge,this study is the fi rst to shed light on the occurrence and possible interrelationships among heterotrophic flagellates(HF),bacteria and zooplankton in Bangladesh and the result obtained by this study will be beneficial for similar water ecosystem all over the world.Standard methods were used to determine the prescribed hydrological parameters and zooplankton cell density.Maximum HF abundance(14 346.00 cells/mL)was found in the spring and the minimum(5 215.00 cells/mL)occurred in the summer.Inverse to HF,significantly(P<0.05)higher zooplankton abundance was found during the winter(782.00±47.62 cells/mL)and the lowest value was found in the autumn(448.00±39.15 cells/mL).Whereas similar to the HF,total bacterial abundance was significantly higher during the spring((2.25±1.05)×10^5 cells/mL)and lower in the summer((0.79±0.06)×10^5 cells/mL).Multivariate analyses(ANOSIM and MDS)have shown significant seasonal differences for cell numbers where MDS ordination plot and cluster analysis based on similarity in the genera abundance of HF revealed overlapping condition between winter and spring.Canonical correspondence analysis(CCA)also showed a distinct separation among the genera based on the prevailing hydrological situation and indicated that temperature,pH,BOD5,and NO3^-were the most important environmental variables in determining the observed variation in HF community structure.Among the biological factors,zooplankton showed negative but total bacteria were positively correlated with HF abundance.

Flagellate erythema in transcription intermediary factor 1 gamma dermatomyositis

A 52-year-old Chinese woman was diagnosed with transcription intermediary factor 1(TIF1)gamma dermatomyositis in November 2022,with manifestations of myositis,polyarthralgia,and low-grade fever.She had cutaneous manifestations of Gottron's sign,V-neck sign,shawl sign,and flagellate erythema(Figure 1A).No interstitial lung disease was detected by high-resolution computed tomography.Comprehensive malignancy screenings,encompassing pap smear and mammogram,endoscopic examination,and computed tomography scans of the thorax,abdomen,and pelvis,were performed.They returned negative,apart from a lobulated nodule with biopsy confirmed as sclerosing pneumocytoma at the left lower lobe(Figure 1C).The therapeutic regimen,consisting of high-dose steroids and mycophenolate mofetil,effectively ameliorated the patient's myositis and rash(Figure 1B).

Morphology and distribution of Pronoctiluca (Dinoflagellata, incertae sedis) in the Pacific Ocean

The diversity and distribution of Pronoctiluca, a marine dinoflagellate of enigmatic systematic position, was studied in the vicinity of the Kuroshio and Oyashio Currents, the Philippines, Celebes, Sulu and South China Seas, western and central equatorial and southeast Pacific Ocean. The abundance of Pronoctiluca was high- er, with a wide vertical distribution, in eutrophic temperate regions, whereas it was nearly absent in surface waters of oligotrophic tropical regions. Most of the specimens corresponded to P. spinifera. Pronoctiluca pelagica, covered by hyaline layers and with no flagella, is considered as an encysted form. The bipartition was only observed in P. acuta-P, spinifera forms, that together with the occurrence of intermediate forms between P. spinifera and P. pelagica suggest that they may correspond to developmental stages of a single species. Pronoctiluca is essential to understanding the evolutionary history of the alveolates.

Abundance and biomass of heterotrophic microbes in the Kongsfjorden, Svalbard

Abundance and biomass of heterotrophic microbes were investigated usingepifluorescense microscopy in August 2004 along a transect in the Kongsfjorden, a glacial fjord inthe high arctic, located in the north-western part of Svalbard. A bacterial abundance was low atouter fjord stations (on average 2.29 x 10~8 ind./dm^3) and was higher at inner fjord stations (onaverage 3.52 x 10~8 ind./dm^3).The biomass of bacteria ranged from 3.69 to 8.01 mg/m^3.The abundanceof bacteria was low at the surface of water(0 m), whereas the higher abundances often occurred atdepths of 30～50 m.The abundance of heterotrophic flagellates varied from 2.785 to 8.891 x 10~4 ind./dm^3. The assemblage was numerically dominated by less than 5 μm heterotrophic flagellates(78.67%～94.80%).The biomass of heterotrophic flagellates varied from 0.37 to 2.30 mg/m^3.The meanbiomass distribution for all stations was 4.91% for less than 5 μm heterotrophic flagellates,86.74% for 6～20 μm flagellates and 8.35% for greater than 20 μm sized flagellates.The low biomassof heterotrophic flagellates often occurred at the surface of water (0 m),while the maximum valueof biomass occurred at different depths. The biomass of total heterotrophic microbial communityranged from 4.20 to 10.03 mg/m^3.The mean biomass distribution for all stations was 82.58% forbacteria, 15.77% for flagellates and 1.66% for ciliates.

Are Small Grazers and/or Viruses a Structuring Factor of the Free-Living Bacterial Community in Lake Geneva?

Two experiments were conducted to test whether viruses, small auto- and heterotrophic nanoflagellates were key factors regulating at relatively short-term (4 days) and nearby periods (April vs. May) the bacterial community in surface waters of Lake Geneva. 2.5 L containing polycarbonate bottles were incubated in situ with either μm filtered water with additions of either virus-free water or a viral concentrate. Abundances of viruses, prokaryotes and small autotrophs were obtained each day using flow cytometry, while bacterial richness was assessed using 16S rDNA PCR-DGGE and auto- and heterotrophic flagellates counted with epifluorescence microscopy at t0 and t96. Transmission electron microscopy was also used to assess virus-induced bacterial mortality at the start and the end of the experiments. Cloning-sequencing was applied on PCR products obtained after excision of selected DGGE bands to highlight more specifically the identity of bacteria of interest in the context of the experiment. The autotrophs and grazer presence and/or the virus enrichment resulted in different effects on the structure of the bacterial community and the impact was also different with the period. In May, bacterial structure changes seemed to be related to the impact or influence of the eukaryotes (including nanoflagellate grazers), while viruses might have a higher impact on the bacterial community structure the month before. This study provides new persuasive evidence that the presence of viruses and small eukaryotes are likely to drive bacterial community composition and shifts on the short-term in lacustrine ecosystems. More interestingly, such effects seem to be different between viruses and grazers, the ones sustaining, the others reducing bacterial community composition.

Study on the effect of methyl bromide and metham sodium fumigation on the soil protozoan community in a greenhouse environment

We examined soil fumigation effects on soil protozoan abundance and community structure in greenhouses and explored the capacity of protozoa to recover after disturbances. A randomized complete block design with five treatments and 4 replicates was set up in Qingzhou, Shandong Province, China. In addition to methyl bromide （MB） and untreated control （CK）, three alternative fumigation treatments were studied, including MB＋VIF （virtually impermeable films）, metham sodium （MS） and MS＋VIF. Tomato cultivars （Lyeopersicum eseulentum Mill）, cv. Maofen-802 were selected as test crops. Results of four fumigations were demonstrated through three-level ten-fold dilution methodology. Abundance of three groups of soil protozoa-flagellates, amoebae, and ciliates was measured from July 2002 to July 2003. Results indicated that two chemical fumigants and their combinations with physical material all significantly repressed soil protozoan abundance. MB was a stronger fumigant than MS, and use of VIF increased their repressive power. The most serious population reduction occurred in amoebae, thus, they also required the longest time to recover. MB and MS also changed the protozoan community structure. MB use decreased the percentage of amoebae but increased percentage of ciliates, while MS incrcased the percentagc of amoebae and decreased the percentage of flagellates in the protozoan community.

Swinburne, Africa, and the Lash

Algernon Charles Swinburne’s late poems encouraging Britain’s aggression against the Boer States are exercises in imperialist jingoism,and seem at odds with the poet's longstanding Republicanism and advocacy of individual rights.A close examination of Swinburne’s notorious involvement in practices of sado-masochist flagellation,however,casts some light on how these poems can be read as congruent with his earlier ideological investments.The rhetoric of his Boer War poems is precisely aligned with his earlier responses to the Bulgarian Crisis of 1876 and the Eyre Affair of 1865;in both of these moments,Swinburne’s political reaction is keyed to his aversion to the use of the lash(by the Russians in the former,by the British colonial Jamaican regime in the latter).While Swinburne was something of a connoiseur of passive flagellation-to the extent that birching becomes sometimes a metaphor for poetry itself-the act of deploying the lash against an unwilling subject(as the Boers did to their African workers)is for him the epitome of tyranny and dehumanization.