Experimental investigation for temperature and emissivity by flame emission spectrum in a cavity of rocket based combined cycle combustor chamber

Flame temperature and spectral emissivity were the important parameters characterizing the sufficient degree of fuel combustion and the particle radiative characteristics in the Rocket Based Combined Cycle(RBCC)combustor.To investigate the combustion characteristics of the complex supersonic flame in the RBCC combustor,a new radiation thermometry combined with Levenberg-Marquardt(LM)algorithm and the least squares method was proposed to measure the temperature,emissivity and spectral radiative properties based on the flame emission spectrum.In-situ measurements of the flame temperature,emissivity and spectral radiative properties were carried out in the RBCC direct-connected test bench with laser-induced plasma combustion enhancement(LIPCE)and without LIPCE.The flame average temperatures at fuel global equivalence ratio(a)of 1.0b and 0.6 with LIPCE were 4.51%and 2.08%higher than those without LIPCE.The flame combustion oscillation of kerosene tended to be stable in the recirculation zone of cavity with the thermal and chemical effects of laser induced plasma.The differences of flame temperature at a=1.0b and 0.6 were 503 K and 523 K with LIPCE,which were 20.07%and42.64%lower than those without LIPCE.The flame emissivity with methane assisted ignition was 80.46%lower than that without methane assisted ignition,due to the carbon-hydrogen ratio of kerosene was higher than that of methane.The spectral emissivities at 600 nm with LIPCE were 1.25%,22.2%,and 4.22%lower than those without LIPCE at a=1.0a(with methane assisted ignition),1.0b(without methane assisted ignition)and 0.6.The effect of concentration in the emissivity was removed by normalization to analyze the flame radiative properties in the RBCC combustor chamber.The maximum differences of flame normalized emissivity were 50.91%without LIPCE and 27.53%with LIPCE.The flame radiative properties were stabilized under the thermal and chemical effects of laser induced plasma at a=0.6.

基于TF-NGO算法的CFB锅炉床温系统建模研究

床温是循环流化床(CFB)锅炉重要的运行参数之一。针对床温耦合性强、干扰因素多、控制复杂的问题,亟需建立床温的数学模型,以实现床温控制,从而保证CFB锅炉安全、平稳地运行。为此,首先引入了混沌映射、切线飞行(TF)和柯西变异策略改进北方苍鹰优化(NGO)算法,并用实际工况的系统模型测试TF-NGO算法。测试结果表明,TF-NGO算法拥有更快的收敛速度和更高的寻优精度。其次,采集并预处理山西某电厂350 MW超临界CFB锅炉的现场运行数据。最后,采用TF-NGO算法对所建模型的参数进行辨识,并用实际工况数据进行模型验证。辨识和验证结果表明,由TF-NGO算法辨识的床温模型与实际输出拟合度高,能有效反映床温的动态特性,证明所建模型的有效性。该研究为后续对350 MW超临界CFB锅炉床温的优化控制研究奠定了基础。

Investigation and optimization of sampling characteristics of light field camera for flame temperature measurement

It is essential to investigate the light field camera parameters for the accurate flame temperature measurement because the sampling characteristics of the flame radiation can be varied with them. In this study, novel indices of the light field camera were proposed to investigate the directional and spatial sampling characteristics of the flame radiation. Effects of light field camera parameters such as focal length and magnification of the main lens, focal length and magnification of the microlens were investigated. It was observed that the sampling characteristics of the flame are varied with the different parameters of the light field camera. The optimized parameters of the light field camera were then proposed for the flame radiation sampling. The larger sampling angle(23 times larger) is achieved by the optimized parameters compared to the commercial light field camera parameters. A non-negative least square(NNLS) algorithm was used to reconstruct the flame temperature. The reconstruction accuracy was also evaluated by the optimized parameters. The results suggested that the optimized parameters can provide higher reconstruction accuracy for axisymmetric and non-symmetric flame conditions in comparison to the commercial light field camera.

Numerical Simulation of High Temperature Air Combustion Flames Properties

High temperature air combustion (HTAC) is an attractive technology of saving energy and controlling environment. The mathematical models of turbulent jet flame under the highly preheated air combustion condition are conducted in the paper. The mixture fraction/probability density function model is employed. The results show that the maximum flame temperature is decreased, the temperature in the HTAC furnace is more uniform than that in the conventional furnace, and the NO x emission is low. The numerical results are partially validated by some experimental measurements.

Flame-retardant concentrated electrolyte enabling a Li F-rich solid electrolyte interface to improve cycle performance of wide-temperature lithium–sulfur batteries

Lithium–sulfur batteries have been regarded as the most promising high-energy electrochemical energy storage device owing to the high energy density, low cost and environmental friendliness. However, traditional lithium–sulfur batteries using ether-based electrolytes often suffer from severe safety risks(i.e. combustion). Herein, we demonstrated a novel kind of flame-retardant concentrated electrolyte(6.5 M lithium bis(trifluoromethylsulphonyl)imide/fluoroethylene carbonate) for highly-safe and widetemperature lithium–sulfur batteries. It was found that such concentrated electrolyte showed superior flame retardancy, high lithium-ion transference number(0.69) and steady lithium plating/stripping behavior(2.5 m Ah cm^(-2) over 3000 h). Moreover, lithium–sulfur batteries using this flame-retardant concentrated electrolyte delivered outstanding cycle performance in a wide range of temperatures(-10 °C, 25 °C and 90 °C). This superior battery performance is mainly attributed to the LiF-rich solid electrolyte interphase formed on lithium metal anode, which can effectively suppress the continuous growth of lithium dendrites. Above-mentioned fascinating characteristics would endow this flame-retardant concentrated electrolyte a very promising candidate for highly-safe and wide-temperature lithium–sulfur batteries.

COMPARISON AND ANALYSIS OF THREE DIFFERENT NON-CONTACTING FLAME TEMPERATURE FIELD MEASUREMENTS

A much better substitutional means is discussed to calculate the flametemperature field with the application of digital image processing technology. Three non-contactingtemperature measurements are used and compared. Such as the traditional two-color temperaturemeasurement, the CCD filtering two-color temperature measurement and the monochromatic temperaturemeasurement. It is indicated that the CCD two-color temperature measurement is not a fully correctmeans because of its poor theoretical basis. The monochromatic temperature measurement acquires arelatively ideal temperature field distribution in spite of needing a reference temperature. Itshould be noted that the Abel transformation applied in the plasma diagnosis is for the first timeintroduced to solve the problem of three-dimensional flame brightness piling.

Effects of Flame Temperature and SiCl_4 Concentration on Particle Characteristics for Synthetic Silica Glass

Effects of flame temperature and SiCl4 concentration on the particle characteristics were studied.The flame temperature distributions were measured using modified sodium line-reversal technology.The particles were collected by quartz supports and were analyzed by scanning electron microscope（SEM） at different locations along the flame centerline.When the SiCl4 concentration is 16 g/min,the particles first grow and then shrink with the flame temperature increasing.When the SiCl4 concentration is 26 g/min,the flame temperature has little influence on the particle characteristics along the flame and many large spherical particles exist all the way.

Reconstruction model for temperature and concentration profiles of soot and metal-oxide nanoparticles in a nanofluid fuel flame by using a CCD camera

This paper presents a numerical study on the simultaneous reconstruction of temperature and volume fraction fields of soot and metal-oxide nanoparticles in an axisymmetric nanofluid fuel sooting flame based on the radiative energy images captured by a charge-coupled device(CCD)camera.The least squares QR decomposition method was introduced to deal with the reconstruction inverse problem.The effects of ray numbers and measurement errors on the reconstruction accuracy were investigated.It was found that the reconstruction accuracies for volume fraction fields of soot and metaloxide nanoparticles were easily affected by the measurement errors for radiation intensity,whereas only the metal-oxide volume fraction field reconstruction was more sensitive to the measurement error for the volume fraction ratio of metaloxide nanoparticles to soot.The results show that the temperature,soot volume fraction,and metal-oxide nanoparticles volume fraction fields can be simultaneously and accurately retrieved for exact and noisy data using a single CCD camera.

Computation and measurement for distributions of temperature and soot volume fraction in diffusion flames

A combined computational and experimental investigation to examine temperature and soot volume fraction in coflow ethylene-air diffusion flames was presented.A numerical simulation was conducted by using a relatively detailed gas-phase chemistry and complex thermal and transport properties coupled with a semi-empirical two-equation soot model.Thermal radiation was calculated using the discrete ordinates method.An image processing technique and a decoupled reconstruction method were used to simultaneously measure the distributions of temperature and soot volume fraction.The results show that the maximum error for temperature does not exceed 10% between the prediction and the measurement.And the maximum error is 6.9% for soot volume fraction between prediction and measurement.Additional simulations were performed to explore the effects of global equivalence ratio on diffusion flames and the soot formation.The results display that the soot formation increases with decreasing the coflow air velocity.And the soot formation in each case appears in the annular region,where the temperature ranges from about 1 000 K to 2 000 K and the profile becomes taller and wider when the coflow air is decreased.

Emission Characteristics and Axial Flame Temperature Distribution of a Circumferential Reverse Flow Combustor

In partially premixed combustion of gas turbine, the combustion temperature should be lowed in order to reduce NOx. One solution is lean premixed combustion. However, the problem is that large excess air ratio may make the combustion unstable. A novel combustor with circumferential reverse flow of fuel gas is proposed for settling this problem. A 10 kw furnace is established to test performance of this combustor. Three factors such as primary air ratio, position of secondary air, total excess air ratio are studied. The emission characteristics and axial flame temperature distribution are studied. Basing on experimental results, the axial flame temperature and NOr emission increase with primary air ratio and axial length of second stream, and decrease with total excess air ratio. When the total excess air ratio is larger than 1.05, the combustor presents a lower temperature field and much lower NOx emission （less than 10 ppm）.

Visualization of 3-D temperature distribution in a 300 MW twin-furnace coal-fired boiler

Until now, it has been difficult to obtain on-line three-dimensional (3-D) temperature distribution information which can reflect the overall combustion condition in the furnace of a coal-fired power plant boiler. A combustion monitoring system is introduced which can solve the problem efficiently. Through this system, the 3-D temperature distribution in a coal-fired boiler furnace can be obtained using a novel flame image processing technique. Briefly, we first outline the visualization principle. Then, the hardware and software design of the system in a 300 MW twin-furnace coal-fired boiler are introduced in detail. The visualization of the 3-D temperature distribution in the twin-furnace boiler is realized with an industrial computer and the Distributed Control System (DCS) of the boiler. The practical operation of the system shows that it can provide valuable combustion information of a furnace and is useful for the combustion diagnosis and adjustment in coal-fired power plants.

Effect of wall temperature and random distribution of micro organic dust particles on their combustion parameters

The effect of wall temperature on the characteristics of random combustion of micro organic particles with recirculation was investigated. The effect of recirculating in micro-combustors is noticeable, hence it is necessary to present a model to describe the combustion process in these technologies. Recirculation phenomenon is evaluated by entering the exhausted heat from the post flam zone into the preheat zone. In this work, for modeling of random situation at the flame front, the source term in the equation of energy was modeled considering random situation for volatizing of particles in preheat zone. The comparison of obtained results from the proposed model by experimental data regards that the random model has a better agreement with experimental data than non-random model. Also, according to the results obtained by this model, wall temperature affects the amount of heat recirculation directly and higher values of wall temperature will lead to higher amounts of burning velocity and flame temperature.

有机基相变材料的研究与应用

相变材料(PCM)是一种可逆的储能材料,在实际使用中可以周期性的以相变潜热的形式储存能量以达到节能的效果。针对相变温度为中低温的有机基相变材料(OPCM)进行了探讨,其具有长期的化学稳定性,无污染且节能、高效、无毒无腐蚀性。归纳综述了国内外有机基相变材料的制备以及OPCM包封技术的最新研究成果,根据材料的特点介绍了降低可燃性的方法以及在各个领域的最新应用。

封闭舱室动态泄放氢喷射火焰行为及关键参数的试验研究

为了研究封闭舱室内动态泄放氢喷射火焰形态、火焰高度、氧气体积分数、火焰上方中心线温度和侧壁气体温度的变化规律,开展了一系列封闭舱室氢喷射火试验。试验采用相机拍摄火焰形态,采用氧浓度传感器、热电偶测量舱室内指定点氧气体积分数和温度。试验结果表明,封闭舱室动态泄放氢喷射火焰形态演变过程分为氢气控制的喷射火和氧气控制的喷射火两种类型。前者的火焰演变过程分为四个阶段,即增长阶段、衰减阶段、升高阶段和熄灭阶段;后者的火焰演变过程分为三个阶段,即增长阶段、衰减阶段和自熄灭阶段。两种类型氢喷射火的氧气体积分数下降趋势明显不同。氢气控制的喷射火的氧气体积分数变化呈先近似线性下降再缓慢下降趋势,而氧气控制的喷射火的氧气体积分数呈近似线性下降趋势。同时,两者最小平均氧气体积分数与喷射压力呈线性下降趋势。舱内火焰上方中心线温度和侧壁气体温度变化的总体趋势大致相同,但氧气控制的喷射火温度下降过程中会出现明显的中断现象。喷射压力对封闭舱内氢喷射火作用下最大温升有显著的影响。基于本试验条件,建立了封闭舱室火焰上方中心线最大温升预测模型。

煤炭地下气化点火阶段正庚烷着火及燃烧数值模拟研究

煤炭地下气化技术将地下煤层以天然气形式开采出来,是一种清洁、高效的能源利用方式。点火是开启气化反应的第一步,对化学点火过程中燃料着火与燃烧特性的分析将有助于高效气化。该文选取正庚烷为点火燃料,采用离散相模型模拟庚烷雾化过程,建立庚烷液滴与氧气共流燃烧模型,探究庚烷着火温度及燃烧火焰特性,并对影响初始点火过程的关键因素进行分析。结果表明:随压力升高,庚烷着火温度降低,10 MPa时达到670 K;液滴粒径在0.1~0.4 mm范围内时,着火温度随粒径减小而小幅上升;提高氧化剂中氧气浓度可显著提高火焰温度,但会导致火焰长度变短;为避免煤的熔融问题,氧气浓度控制在20%~30%附近较为合适,对壁面最高温度在1200~1530 K内。贫氧燃烧时,火焰温度较低,但过量空气系数处于0.6~0.8时,对壁面的加热温度及加热长度均高于富氧燃烧,在点火过程中能更高效利用燃料。结果可为煤炭地下气化点火过程燃料及氧化剂参数控制提供一定参考。

阻燃输送带火灾早期温度变化与烟气成分研究

为实现带式输送机火灾早期预警,改进滚筒摩擦实验平台并监测阻燃输送带温度。利用质谱(MS)技术,分析钢丝绳芯阻燃输送带在摩擦事故早期的升温规律与烟气成分。研究表明,随着摩擦持续进行,阻燃输送带表面温度分布呈现出较强的对称性,最高温度区域逐渐向输送带中心集聚,烟气成分随温度变化而改变。根据实验中烟气产物主要成分以及对应的反应过程,将钢丝绳芯阻燃输送带升温过程分为氧化反应阶段(环境温度至100℃)、取代反应阶段(100~160.2℃)和热解反应阶段(160.2℃以后)。当阻燃输送带处于氧化反应阶段时,输送带热容量较小、升温快,产物多为烷基和酯类化合物;取代反应阶段热容量逐渐增加,升温放缓,产物多为硝基、醚类、羧酸类化合物;热解反应阶段输送带内部热容量基本稳定,升温速率最小,在160.2℃时在烟气成分中首次检测到含氯化合物。

高高原受限空间内小尺度油池火燃烧特性试验研究

为研究我国高高原地区的受限空间内液体燃料小尺度油池火燃烧特性,在高高原康定机场自主搭建受限空间内油池火的试验平台。共选取3类典型液体燃料(航空煤油、航空汽油、正庚烷)进行燃烧试验,测量火焰高度、火焰温度和烟气成分等变化规律,研究了高高原受限空间内小尺度油池火行为。研究发现:在高高原地区,正庚烷稳定燃烧阶段的平均火焰高度可以通过模型L/D=k+0.254Q^(2/5)/D表示,其中,火焰高度与压力之间的关系式为L/D~p^(-2/9)。3种燃料的火焰最高温度均超过600℃,而羽流轴线温升与火焰高度呈现-5/3的指数关系。产烟速率则表现出对环境压力的依赖性,其关系可表示为:v~p^(-1/3)。

活性炭动态富集-火焰原子吸收光谱法测定金矿石中金的影响因素探讨

金在新一轮找矿突破战略行动矿产分析中占有重要的地位,采用活性炭动态富集-火焰原子吸收光谱法测定岩石矿物样品中金的分析方法已被广泛应用。然而其分析条件的影响因素较多,在测定过程中活性炭的用量、灰分的大小、吸附层的设计以及洗涤液溶液温度等因素对测定结果的准确性具有重要影响。分别以活性炭用量、不同灰分值、吸附层数以及洗涤溶液的温度为变量,对金分析标准物质GBW(E)070013b、GBW07297a、GBW07299a、GBW07810进行实验对比分析。结果表明,金的回收率随着活性炭用量的增加而不断提升,在0.5 g后趋于稳定;活性炭灰分值越大,金元素损失越多,当灰分值小于0.05%时,回收率趋于稳定,接近99%;活性炭吸附层设计为双层和三层时,测定值的平均值与认定值的相对偏差(RE)和相对标准偏差(RSD,n=6)分别为0.14%~3.2%和0.040%~3.7%,优于混合层和单层,满足岩石矿物质控标准规范中正确度和精密度的要求;抽滤洗涤热溶液(70~80℃)时,金矿石标准物质金元素的平行样的准确度和相对标准标准偏差最小,均小于2.1%,通过方法验证,测定金的正确度精密度(RSD,n=6)分别小于0.76%和3.8%,满足DZ/T 0130.3—2006《地质矿产实验室测试质量管理规范》中岩石矿物样品化学成分分析的质量要求。优化了活性炭吸附测金的实验条件,方法的正确度和精密度均满足要求,能满足金矿石中金的准确测定。

发动机进气温度对稀薄燃烧稳定性影响的可视化研究

稀薄燃烧稳定性是先进天然气发动机稳定高效清洁燃烧的重要指标.为了进一步探索改善天然气发动机稀薄燃烧性能的方法,本文基于一台高压缩比单缸光学发动机,采用高速摄影和瞬态压力同步测量方法,研究了进气温度对天然气发动机稀薄燃烧特性的影响,量化了火焰发展演变与发动机性能之间的关联性.研究表明:提高进气温度可以提升缸内压力和放热率峰值,进气温度从25℃到75℃,峰值压力从3.71 MPa提升至4.49 MPa,峰值放热率从57.17 J/(°CA)提升至64.36 J/(°CA),并且放热过程更为集中,同时结合发动机点火时刻,可进一步实现燃烧相位优化,降低传热损失;可视化燃烧图像显示,高进气温度条件下着火延迟期缩短,初始火焰尺寸增大,后期火焰传播更快,最大火焰传播速度提升至约10.6 m/s,同时火焰前锋趋于向四周传播,火焰形态对称性更好.此外,本文创新性地提出了一种基于可视化图像来量化的已燃质量分数的经验准则来评价初期火焰发展特性,发现提升进气温度主要影响早期火焰发展规律,高进气温度下早期火焰循环变化系数从18.12%降低至7.86%,并且该持续期平均值从13.03°CA降低到了9.25°CA,从而减小了后期燃烧过程的差异,这是天然气发动机稀薄燃烧稳定性改善的主要原因.

中红外层析吸收光谱技术应用于甲烷掺氨层流预混火焰温度测量

氨(NH3)是一种代表性的零碳燃料,其完全燃烧产物为水(H_(2)O(g))和氮气。由于其独特的零碳排放优势,近年来,NH3已在热力锅炉、内燃机和工业窑炉中实现高比例掺烧的减排应用。由于火焰温度与燃烧效率和污染物生成密切相关,因此亟须精准的实验数据以实现对燃烧过程的主动控制。本文开发了基于中红外层析吸收光谱技术的测量系统,通过跃迁谱线分析,优选了H_(2)O在基频谱带(v3)内2482 nm附近的吸收谱线开展吸收光谱测量。采用多个Voigt线型函数实现H_(2)O光谱重叠吸收特征的精确拟合,并结合阿贝尔逆变换和正则化技术实现了不同掺氨比燃烧工况下火焰温度的免标定、定量测量。实验结果表明纯氨燃料和甲烷/氨气混合燃料的火焰面位置位于燃烧器上方高度的0.5~2 mm之间,当体积掺氨比从20%向100%增大时,火焰面逐渐远离燃烧器,同时火焰最高温度大约从1600 K上升至2000 K。本文开发的测量方法与系统,不仅能捕捉到层流预混火焰沿着轴向和径向的非均匀温度分布,还能分辨出不同燃烧工况下的火焰温度差异,特别适合零碳氨燃料火焰温度测量。