Seismic performance of double- skin steel- concrete composite box piers: Part Ⅰ——Bidirectional quasi-static testing

To study the seismic performance of double-skin steelconcrete composite box（ DSCB） piers, a total of 11 DSCB pier specimens were tested under bidirectional cyclic loading. The effects of the loading pattern, the steel plate thickness, the axial load ratio, the slenderness ratio and the aspect ratio were taken into consideration. The damage evolution process and failure modes of the tested specimens are presented in detail. Test results are also discussed in terms of the hysteretic curve, skeleton curve, ductility and energy dissipation capacity of DSCB pier specimens. It can be concluded that the hysteretic performance of DSCB piers in one direction is affected and weakened by the cyclic loading in the other direction. DSCB piers under bidirectional cyclic loading exhibit good performance in terms of load carrying capacity, ductility, and energy dissipation capacity. Overall, DSCB piers can meet the basic aseismic requirements. The research results can be taken as a reference for using DSCB piers as high piers in bridges in strong earthquakeprone areas.

Seismic performance of double-skin steel-concrete composite box piers: Part Ⅱ—Nonlinear finite element analysis

An accurate finite element （ FE） model was constructed to examine the hysteretic behavior of double-skin steel-concrete composite box （ DSCB） piers for further understanding the seismic performance of DSCB piers; where the local buckling behavior of steel tubes, the confinement of the in-filled concrete and the interface action between steel tube and in-filled concrete were considered. The accuracy of the proposed FE model was verified by the bidirectional cyclic loading test results. Based on the validated FE model, the effects of some key parameters, such as section width to steel thickness ratio, slenderness ratio, aspect ratio and axial load ratio on the hysteretic behavior of DSCB piers were investigated. Finally, the skeleton curve model of DSCB piers was proposed. The numerical simulation results reveal that the peak strength and elastic stiffness decrease with the increase of the section width to steel thickness ratio. Moreover, the increase of the slenderness ratio may result in a significant reduction in the peak strength and elastic stiffness while the ultimate displacement increases. The proposed skeleton curve model can be taken as a reference for seismic performance analyses of the DSCB piers.

Closed-form solution for shear lag effects of steel-concrete composite box beams considering shear deformation and slip

Based on the consideration of longitudinal warp caused by shear lag effects on concrete slabs and bottom plates of steel beams,shear deformation of steel beams and interface slip between steel beams and concrete slabs,the governing differential equations and boundary conditions of the steel-concrete composite box beams under lateral loading were derived using energy-variational method.The closed-form solutions for stress,deflection and slip of box beams under lateral loading were obtained,and the comparison of the analytical results and the experimental results for steel-concrete composite box beams under concentrated loading or uniform loading verifies the closed-form solution.The investigation of the parameters of load effects on composite box beams shows that:1) Slip stiffness has considerable impact on mid-span deflection and end slip when it is comparatively small;the mid-span deflection and end slip decrease significantly with the increase of slip stiffness,but when the slip stiffness reaches a certain value,its impact on mid-span deflection and end slip decreases to be negligible.2) The shear deformation has certain influence on mid-span deflection,and the larger the load is,the greater the influence is.3) The impact of shear deformation on end slip can be neglected.4) The strain of bottom plate of steel beam decreases with the increase of slip stiffness,while the shear lag effect becomes more significant.

A new 3-D element formulation on displacement of steel-concrete composite box beam

Slip of a composite box beam may reduce its stiffness, enlarge its deformation and affect its performance. In this work, the governing differential equations and boundary conditions of composite box beams were established. Analytic solutions of combined differential equations were also established. Partial degree of freedom was adopted to establish a new FEA element of three-dimensional beam, taking into account the slip effect. Slip and its first-order derivative were introduced into the nodes of composite box beams as generalized degree of freedom. Stiffness matrix and load array of beam elements were established. A three-dimensional nonlinear calculation program was worked out. The results show that the element is reliable and easy to divide and is suitable for special nonlinear analysis of large-span composite box beams.

Manufacturing Process Selection of “Green” Oil Palm Natural Fiber Reinforced Polyurethane Composites Using Hybrid TEA Criteria Requirement and AHP Method for Automotive Crash Box

In this study,the best manufacturing process will be selected to build an automotive crash box using green oil palm natural fibre-reinforced polyurethane composite materials.This paper introduces an approach consist of technical aspects(T),the economic point of view(E)and availability(A),and it’s also called as TEA requirement.This approach was developed with the goal of assisting the design engineer in the selection of the best manufacturing process during the design phase at the criteria selection stage.In this study,the TEA requirement will integrate with the analytical hierarchy process(AHP)to assist decision makers or manufacturing engineers in determining the most appropriate manufacturing process to be employed in the manufacture of a composite automotive crash box(ACB)at the early stage of the product development process.It is obvious that a major challenge in the manufacturing selection process is lack of information regarding manufacturing of ACB using natural fibre composite(NFC).There have been no previous studies that examined ranking manufacturability processes in terms of their suitability.Therefore,the TEA-AHP hybrid method was introduced to provide unprejudiced criteria-ranking selection prior to evaluation of pairwise comparisons.At the end of this study,the pulforming process was selected as the best manufacturing process for fabrication of the ACB structural component.

Shear deformable finite beam elements for composite box beams

The shear deformable thin-walled composite beams with closed cross-sections have been developed for coupled flexural, torsional, and buckling analyses. A theoretical model applicable to the thin-walled laminated composite box beams is presented by taking into account all the structural couplings coming from the material anisotropy and the shear deformation effects. The current composite beam includes the transverse shear and the restrained warping induced shear deformation by using the first-order shear deformation beam theory. Seven governing equations are derived for the coupled axial-flexural-torsional-shearing buckling based on the principle of minimum total potential energy. Based on the present analytical model, three different types of finite composite beam elements, namely, linear, quadratic and cubic elements are developed to analyze the flexural, torsional, and buckling problems. In order to demonstrate the accuracy and superiority of the beam theory and the finite beam elements developed by this study,numerical solutions are presented and compared with the results obtained by other researchers and the detailed threedimensional analysis results using the shell elements of ABAQUS. Especially, the influences of the modulus ratio and the simplified assumptions in stress-strain relations on the deflection, twisting angle, and critical buckling loads of composite box beams are investigated.

Distortional buckling analysis of steel-concrete composite box beams considering effect of stud rotational restraint under hogging moment

Restrained distortional buckling is an important buckling mode of steel-concrete composite box beams(SCCBB)under the hogging moment.Rotational and lateral deformation restraints of the bottom plate by the webs are essential factors affecting SCCBB distortional buckling.Based on the stationary potential energy principle,the analytical expressions for the rotational restraint stiffness(RRS)of the web upper edge as well as the RRS and the lateral restraint stiffness(LRS)of the bottom plate were derived.Also,the SCCBB critical moment formula under the hogging moment was derived.Using twenty specimens,the theoretical calculation method is compared with the finite-element method.Results indicate that the theoretical calculation method can effectively and accurately reflect the restraint effect of the studs,top steel flange,and other factors on the bottom plate.Both the RRS and the LRS have a nonlinear coupling relationship with the external loads and the RRS of the web’s upper edge.Under the hogging moment,the RRS of the web upper edge has a certain influence on the SCCBB distortional buckling critical moment.With increasing RRS of the web upper edge,the SCCBB critical moment increases at first and then tends to be stable.

THE ANALYSIS OF THIN WALLED COMPOSITE LAMINATED HELICOPTER ROTOR WITH HIERARCHICAL WARPING FUNCTIONS AND FINITE ELEMENT METHOD

In the present paper, a series of hierarchical warping functions is developed to analyze the static and dynamic problems of thin walled composite laminated helicopter rotors composed of several layers with single closed cell. This method is the development and extension of the traditional constrained warping theory of thin walled metallic beams, which had been proved very successful since 1940s. The warping distribution along the perimeter of each layer is expanded into a series of successively corrective warping functions with the traditional warping function caused by free torsion or free beading as the first term, and is assumed to be piecewise linear along the thickness direction of layers. The governing equations are derived based upon the variational principle of minimum potential energy for static analysis and Rayleigh Quotient for free vibration analysis. Then the hierarchical finite element method. is introduced to form a,. numerical algorithm. Both static and natural vibration problems of sample box beams axe analyzed with the present method to show the main mechanical behavior of the thin walled composite laminated helicopter rotor.

Reliability analysis of a composite laminate using estimation theory

Composite laminates are made up of composite single-plies sequence. The plies generally have the same fiber and resin and their difference in fiber orientation results in a difference in various laminates' strength. Tsai-Hill failure criterion as a limiting state function to analyze structural reliability of a composite laminate and estimation theory in order to estimate statistical parameters of effective stress were utilized to construct probability box. Finally, we used the Monte Carlo simulation and FERUM software to calculate the upper and lower bounds of probability of failure.

Preparation and properties of flame-retardant rubber composites based on steel slag filler

Ultrafine steel slag powder(shield powder)was prepared by grinding ordinary steel slag with a functional compound.As a substitute for aluminum hydroxide,the shield powder was combined with rubber to prepare flame-retardant composites.Vulcanization tests showed that the incorporation of shield powder enhances the crosslinkage of the composite and speeds up the curing rate.The gaseous products formed in the pyrolysis process are mainly hydrocarbons.Mechanical and combustion tests revealed that the introduction of shield powder improves flame-retardant performance without sacrificing mechanical properties.Specifically,the optimum substitution ratio of shield powder for aluminum hydroxide is 50.0%.In this case,the composite has the highest degree of graphitization and exhibits excellent flame-retardant performance.

部分充填式窄幅钢箱-UHPC组合梁抗剪试验研究

目的为研究部分充填式窄幅钢箱-UHPC组合梁的抗剪性能,方法对4根倒置组合梁试件通过三点加载方式进行了静载试验,通过研究其负弯矩作用下的破坏形态及变形特征,得到了组合梁的荷载-挠度曲线、应变分布、荷载-滑移曲线、最终破坏形态等。结果试验研究结果表明:UHPC翼板显著提升了组合梁的变形能力和极限承载力;相较于试件SUCB-3(NC翼板),试件SUCB-1(1/2UHPC翼板和SUCB-4(全UHPC翼板))的承载力分别提高了18.2%和27.3%,变形能力则分别增强了38.02%和41.2%;钢纤维的添加能有效地抑制翼板裂缝的开展,钢纤维掺量从0提高到2%,试件的最大裂缝宽度从1.06 mm降低到0.92 mm,变形能力增强了23.61%,承载力则提高了4%。结论提出了考虑钢箱、UHPC翼板和充填混凝土贡献的组合梁抗剪承载力计算公式。

薄壁型钢UHPC组合箱梁受弯性能试验研究

提出一种新型薄壁型钢UHPC组合箱梁,开展了6根薄壁型钢UHPC组合箱梁与1根薄壁型钢箱梁对比梁的四点弯曲静载试验,利用三维数字图像相关测量技术对箱梁的应力-应变与变形及裂缝性能进行测试分析。研究结果表明:外包UHPC能使薄壁型钢箱梁的破坏形态由局部压屈破坏转变为底部薄壁型钢下翼缘及纵筋先后达到屈服后顶部UHPC压碎的正截面受弯破坏;外包50 mm厚UHPC的未配纵筋与箍筋的组合箱梁试件XL2的正截面受弯承载力比薄壁型钢箱梁试件XL1的对应值提升77.5%;薄壁型钢表面焊接了纵筋与箍筋的组合箱梁试件XL3~XL7的整体协同工作性能得到了大幅度提升,其中,XL4试件的正截面受弯承载力比未配纵筋与箍筋的XL2试件的对应值提升了178.8%;增大薄壁型钢壁厚与外包UHPC层厚度也能在一定程度上提高薄壁型钢UHPC组合箱梁的正截面受弯承载力与抗裂能力。

简支波形腹板钢箱组合截面与传统截面箱梁桥抗震性能对比分析

为研究波形腹板钢箱-混凝土组合梁桥(CW-SBCCGB)与传统箱梁桥抗震性能的异同,基于截面等效原理,根据某实际工程CW-SBCCGB的单箱截面,等效出波形腹板混凝土箱梁桥(CW-CBGB)和混凝土箱梁桥(CBGB)的单箱截面,再结合动力分析理论和ABAQUS有限元模型对比分析3种截面简支梁桥动力特性和抗震性能的不同。结果表明:3种截面简支梁桥前五阶振型不变,CW-CBGB和CBGB前三阶频率相比于CW-SBCCGB有所下降,但相差不超过1Hz,第四阶及以后频率差异逐渐变大;剪滞效应对CW-SBCCGB和CW-CBGB动力特性影响较大,对CBGB影响较小;在纵桥向+竖桥向和横桥向+竖桥向地震作用下,CW-SBCCGB和CBGB的墩顶位移和跨中位移均大于CW-CBGB结构,CW-SBCCGB主梁跨中截面剪力最小,CW-CBGB跨中截面弯矩最小,说明CW-SBCCGB和CW-CBGB的抗震性能均优于CBGB的抗震性能。

大跨长挑臂钢箱组合梁桥抗风性能试验研究

为了解大跨长挑臂钢箱组合梁桥抗风性能及选取合适的声屏障形式,以挑臂长7.5 m的钢箱组合梁桥——临猗黄河大桥为背景,基于有限元计算的施工及成桥阶段桥梁动力特性指标,制作1个缩尺比1∶50的最大悬臂施工状态钢箱梁、2个缩尺比1∶60的成桥状态不同声屏障设置形式(直线形、折线形,高度均为2.5 m)钢箱组合梁节段模型进行风洞试验,分析施工和成桥状态主梁断面的涡振、颤振和驰振性能。结果表明:施工状态的钢箱梁抗风稳定性良好,涡振、颤振和驰振性能均满足设计要求;常遇风攻角为0°、±3°时,成桥状态下,设置2.5 m高折线形声屏障可有效抑制主梁涡振响应,且颤振与驰振稳定性均满足规范要求;设置2.5 m高直线形声屏障的主梁发生明显的竖向涡振现象。该桥主梁最终采用2.5 m高折线形声屏障。

配筋率对钢箱-UHPC组合梁裂缝特征的影响

为研究钢箱-超高性能混凝土(UHPC)组合梁负弯矩区裂缝特征,设计制作了3根配筋率分别为1%、2%和3%的UHPC翼板部分充填砼窄幅钢箱组合梁,通过对不同配筋率的试验梁进行反向加载试验研究组合梁的裂缝发展特征,并对最大裂缝宽度、裂缝间距及开裂荷载进行对比分析。研究结果表明:试验梁在不同配筋率条件下,UHPC面层裂缝发展明显不同,配筋率越高最大裂缝宽度越小,裂缝越密集,开裂荷载越大;与配筋率为1%的试验梁相比,配筋率为2%和3%的试验梁的开裂弯矩分别提高了30.3%和65.2%;可根据《公路钢筋混凝土及预应力混凝土桥涵设计规范》(JTG 3362—2018)中的裂缝宽度计算公式乘以0.78的修正系数,来计算窄幅钢箱-UHPC组合梁负弯矩区的裂缝宽度。

大跨环形矮塔斜拉桥主塔力学性能分析

以大跨度环形矮塔斜拉桥的主塔为研究对象,借助大型有限元程序midas进行了静力及地震动时程分析,通过提取杆系模型中的最不利内力,对索塔锚固区及下塔柱钢混结合段空间应力进行分析。结果表明:1)钢塔在静力及地震工况下强度及稳定均满足要求;2)索塔锚固区及钢混结合段应力状态良好、构造细节处理较为合理。

窄幅钢箱-UHPC组合梁负弯矩下抗弯性能试验研究

为改善钢-混凝土组合梁负弯矩下的受力性能,提出一种新型窄幅钢箱-超高性能混凝土(UHPC)组合梁。通过6根试验梁的反向静力加载试验,得到试验梁受力全过程跨中荷载-挠度、荷载-应变、荷载-最大裂缝宽度关系曲线、裂缝发生发展及破坏形态等,基于简化塑性理论推导出了组合梁极限抗弯承载力计算公式。结果表明:窄幅钢箱-UHPC组合梁在负弯矩下具有良好的受力性能;提高配筋率、钢纤维掺量和UHPC相对板厚都可在一定程度上改善组合梁延性,提高其极限抗弯承载力;翼板配筋率对承载力影响较大,配筋率由1%增加至2%时,其极限抗弯承载力提高了15%;钢纤维掺量和UHPC相对板厚对初始开裂荷载影响较大,钢纤维掺量从1%增加到2%时,初始开裂荷载提高32%,UHPC相对板厚由0增加到0.5时,初始开裂荷载提高56%;增加钢纤维掺量和UHPC相对板厚可有效控制裂缝宽度,减少结构主裂缝数量,改善组合梁耐久性;组合梁极限抗弯承载力计算公式计算值与试验值吻合较好,表明塑性理论适用于窄幅钢箱-UHPC组合梁的承载力计算。

波形钢腹板-钢底板组合箱梁耐火极限与设计

研究目的:近年来交通量的增加,由车辆碰撞或易燃物品运输车辆引起的桥梁火灾时有发生,不容忽视。为了解火灾下波形钢腹板-钢底板组合箱梁的火灾响应,采用ANSYS建立三维热-力耦合分析模型,分析火灾下组合箱梁温度场分布状态与抗弯承载力衰变规律,研究不同受火场景对组合箱梁耐火极限的影响,提出抗火设计方法。研究结论:(1)火灾下组合箱梁截面抗弯承载力呈三阶段发展;不同受火范围下跨中挠度随受火时间延长均呈两阶段发展;随着受火长度的增加,组合箱梁挠度增长幅度越大,受火初期受热弯曲效应作用越显著;(2)与抗力准则相比,采用挠度破坏准则判定组合箱梁的耐火极限较安全;(3)在组合箱梁底板增设不同类型的加劲肋形式,均可提高组合箱梁的耐火极限,当加劲肋材料用量相同时,与增设通长加劲肋相比,增设底板局部加劲肋对组合箱梁的耐火极限改善效果更好;(4)本研究成果可为波形钢腹板-钢底板组合箱梁的耐火极限理论分析与抗火设计提供参考。

单箱双室变截面波形钢腹板组合梁剪应力分析

为了研究单箱双室变截面波形钢腹板组合箱梁(CBBCSW)的剪应力分布规律,分析了单箱双室变截面CBBCSW的顶底板与波形钢腹板(CSW)的承剪问题。基于微元体平衡和切应力互等定理推导了变截面CSW的剪应力计算公式,并与等截面CSW剪应力计算公式进行了对比。对各项剪应力的性质展开了研究,针对变截面CBBCSW的顶底板和参与承剪机理进行了分析,提出了底板承剪比例计算公式。以室内模型试验梁和一座单箱双室变截面CBBCSW为例,采用ANSYS有限元软件分别建立了试验梁与实桥的有限元模型,研究了不同约束体系下,剪应力在CSW上的分布以及顶底板与CSW参与承剪的规律。对比不同荷载情况下,有限元计算结果与理论公式计算结果的差异,分析不同荷载工况对顶底板与CSW参与承剪的影响。此外,分析了横隔板对单箱多室CBBCSW剪力分配的影响。研究结果表明:所提公式的理论结果与试验实测结果和有限元结果吻合较好,且底板参与承剪的比例不可忽视;变截面引起的“附加剪应力”是影响剪力传递的直接原因,弯矩的大小会直接影响底板参与承剪的比例;对称荷载下中腹板与边腹板的剪力分布几乎相同,而横隔板会改变CSW上剪力分配,靠近横隔板处的部位剪应力分布更均匀。研究结果可以为实际工程中变截面CSW的剪应力和承剪比的分析提供参考依据。

波形腹板钢箱-混凝土组合梁横向内力计算与分析

为精确分析波形腹板钢箱-混凝土组合梁(SBCCGCW)的横向内力,考虑波形钢腹板特性和箱梁的畸变效应,利用框架分析法推导SBCCGCW的横向弯矩计算公式;通过两座实桥横向弯矩的有限元和实测结果对所提公式的正确性进行验证;对SBCCGCW横向内力的影响因素进行研究,并根据有限元分析结果提出SBCCGCW横向内力的简化计算公式。结果表明:利用所提公式获取的横向弯矩值与有限元结果和实测结果吻合较好,误差在10%以内;横隔板会大幅度减少荷载作用点处的横向弯矩;宽高比、混凝土顶板厚度、荷载作用位置对混凝土顶板横向弯矩的影响较大,钢底板厚度变化对混凝土顶板横向弯矩的影响较小。研究成果可为SBCCGCW的横向内力计算与分析提供参考。