Flame-retardant ammonium polyphosphate/MXene decorated carbon foam materials as polysulfide traps for fire-safe and stable lithium-sulfur batteries

Lithium-sulfur(Li-S)batteries are one of the most promising modern-day energy supply systems because of their high theoretical energy density and low cost.However,the development of high-energy density Li-S batteries with high loading of flammable sulfur faces the challenges of electrochemical performance degradation owing to the shuttle effect and safety issues related to fire or explosion accidents.In this work,we report a three-dimensional(3D)conductive nitrogen-doped carbon foam supported electrostatic self-assembled MXene-ammonium polyphosphate(NCF-MXene-APP)layer as a heat-resistant,thermally-insulated,flame-retardant,and freestanding host for Li-S batteries with a facile and costeffective synthesis method.Consequently,through the use of NCF-MXene-APP hosts that strongly anchor polysulfides,the Li-S batteries demonstrate outstanding electrochemical properties,including a high initial discharge capacity of 1191.6 mA h g^(-1),excellent rate capacity of 755.0 mA h g^(-1)at 1 C,and long-term cycling stability with an extremely low-capacity decay rate of 0.12%per cycle at 2 C.More importantly,these batteries can continue to operate reliably under high temperature or flame attack conditions.Thus,this study provides valuable insights into the design of safe high-performance Li-S batteries.

Leakage Proof,Flame-Retardant,and Electromagnetic Shield Wood Morphology Genetic Composite Phase Change Materials for Solar Thermal Energy Harvesting

Phase change materials(PCMs)offer a promising solution to address the challenges posed by intermittency and fluctuations in solar thermal utilization.However,for organic solid-liquid PCMs,issues such as leakage,low thermal conductivity,lack of efficient solar-thermal media,and flamma-bility have constrained their broad applications.Herein,we present an innova-tive class of versatile composite phase change materials(CPCMs)developed through a facile and environmentally friendly synthesis approach,leveraging the inherent anisotropy and unidirectional porosity of wood aerogel(nanowood)to support polyethylene glycol(PEG).The wood modification process involves the incorporation of phytic acid(PA)and MXene hybrid structure through an evaporation-induced assembly method,which could impart non-leaking PEG filling while concurrently facilitating thermal conduction,light absorption,and flame-retardant.Consequently,the as-prepared wood-based CPCMs showcase enhanced thermal conductivity(0.82 W m^(-1)K^(-1),about 4.6 times than PEG)as well as high latent heat of 135.5 kJ kg^(-1)(91.5%encapsula-tion)with thermal durability and stability throughout at least 200 heating and cooling cycles,featuring dramatic solar-thermal conversion efficiency up to 98.58%.In addition,with the synergistic effect of phytic acid and MXene,the flame-retardant performance of the CPCMs has been significantly enhanced,showing a self-extinguishing behavior.Moreover,the excellent electromagnetic shielding of 44.45 dB was endowed to the CPCMs,relieving contemporary health hazards associated with electromagnetic waves.Overall,we capitalize on the exquisite wood cell structure with unidirectional transport inherent in the development of multifunctional CPCMs,showcasing the operational principle through a proof-of-concept prototype system.

Flame-retardant oligomeric electrolyte additive for self-extinguishing and highly-stable lithium-ion batteries:Beyond small molecules

Preparing both safe and high-performance lithium-ion batteries(LIBs) based on commonly used commercial electrolytes is highly desirable,yet challenging.To overcome the poor compatibility of conventional small-molecular flame-retardants as electrolyte additives for safe LIBs with graphite anodes,in this study,we propose and design a novel low-cost flame-retardant oligomer that achieves an accurate and complete reconciliation of fire safety and electrochemical performance in LIBs.Owing to the integration of phosphonate units and polyethylene glycol(PEG) chains,this oligomer,which is a phosphonatecontaining PEG-based oligomer(PPO),not only endows commercial electrolytes with excellent flame retardancy but also helps stabilize the electrodes and Li-ion migration.Specifically,adding 15 wt% of PPO can reduce 70% of the self-extinguishing time and 54% of total heat release for commercial electrolytes.Moreover,LiFePO_(4)/lithium and graphite/lithium cells as well as LiFePO_(4)/graphite pouch full cells exhibit good long-term cycling stability.

基于植被状态指数的中国干旱演变特征及遥相关驱动研究

干旱会引发植被绿度下降、农作物减产、生物栖息地破坏等诸多问题,对人类和自然环境均具有显著影响。以植被状态指数作为干旱指标,利用极点对称模态分解EPSMD方法对1999~2019年全国植被状态指数序列进行周期与趋势识别,采用网格化趋势检验法揭示网格化的干旱趋势特征,运用多变量小波相干方法探讨干旱与多种遥相关因素的内在关系。结果表明,1999~2019年基于植被状态指数的全国干旱大体呈减轻趋势,植被状态指数的线性倾向率为0.044/10a;不同分区的干旱变化特征各不相同,其中黄土高原区的干旱减轻趋势最为明显,植被状态指数线性倾向率为0.215/10a;网格尺度的植被状态指数趋势特征Z均值在春季、夏季、秋季、冬季分别为0.41、0.79、0.50、0.11,各季度旱情均呈减轻态势;遥相关因素组合PNA-ENSO对全国干旱的影响最为明显。未来可将PNA、ENSO作为干旱预警输入因子提高干旱预报精度。

Enhanced High-Temperature Cycling Stability of Garnet-Based All Solid-State Lithium Battery Using a Multi-Functional Catholyte Buffer Layer

The pursuit of safer and high-performance lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)has triggered extensive research activities on solid-state batteries,while challenges related to the unstable electrode-electrolyte interface hinder their practical implementation.Polymer has been used extensively to improve the cathode-electrolyte interface in garnet-based all-solid-state LIBs(ASSLBs),while it introduces new concerns about thermal stability.In this study,we propose the incorporation of a multi-functional flame-retardant triphenyl phos-phate additive into poly(ethylene oxide),acting as a thin buffer layer between LiNi_(0.8)Co_(0.1)Mn_(0.1)O_(2)(NCM811)cathode and garnet electro-lyte.Through electrochemical stability tests,cycling performance evaluations,interfacial thermal stability analysis and flammability tests,improved thermal stability(capacity retention of 98.5%after 100 cycles at 60℃,and 89.6%after 50 cycles at 80℃)and safety characteristics(safe and stable cycling up to 100℃)are demonstrated.Based on various materials characterizations,the mechanism for the improved thermal stability of the interface is proposed.The results highlight the potential of multi-functional flame-retardant additives to address the challenges associated with the electrode-electrolyte interface in ASSLBs at high temperature.Efficient thermal modification in ASSLBs operating at elevated temperatures is also essential for enabling large-scale energy storage with safety being the primary concern.

不同青檀种质资源生长及光合特性比较分析

为了解不同地域青檀种质资源生长特性的差异,为进一步开展青檀优良品种选育提供科学依据,对不同种源地的青檀当年生实生苗的生长指标、光合特性(包括净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度、胞间CO_(2)浓度4个参数)和色素含量进行测定与分析。结果显示:1号(河北涞水野三坡)青檀无论在生长指标、光合特性、还是色素含量方面,均表现出优于其他地域条件下的相同指标,其在石家庄地区生长适应性最强。

滇南医学流派的形成溯源与特色初探

滇南医学流派始于庄礄入滇,成形于明清时期,追溯其源可发现早在青铜器时代,白族土著居民便掌握了简单外科工具的制造技术,用于治疗简单的外科疾病。在中央集权制度的时代背景下,随着大量移民入滇及官办医学的推行,中原医药文化与技术自秦朝之始不断涌入滇南地区,并与本地医药文化冲撞融合、兼容并蓄,历经千百年,形成了具有鲜明地域特征的"滇南医学"。如今的滇南医学流派容纳着云南地区的各新兴医学流派,融地域性、民族性、兼容性、实用性和时代性于一体,具有源远流长、学派纷呈、守正创新、兼容并蓄等学术特色。

Flame-retardant Mechanism of Magnesium Oxychloride in Epoxy Resin

Flame-retardant mechanism of magnesium oxychloride （M OC） in EP was in-vestigated by limiting oxygen index （LOI）, XRD, SEM, TG-DTG and DSC. The results show that MOC performed well as an inorganic flame-retardant in EP. When the content of MOC is 50%, the LOI of EP reaches 29.6% and mass of residual char reaches 9.6%. The flame retarde mechanism of MOC is due to the synergies of diluting, cooling, catalyzing char forming and obstructing effects.

Porous Flame-retarded Asphalt Pavement for Highway Tunnel

A new way to improve the tunnel fire protection by using flame-retarded porous asphalt pavement containing ATH powders was introduced. Based on the miniature burning test designed and conducted, the burning time and temperature of porous asphalt （PA） and flame-retarded porous asphalt （FRPA） were studied comparing with cement concrete pavement, dense-graded lIMA and SMA. Results of burning test and pavement performance test indicate that FRPA is appropriate and suitable as the pavement material of highway tunnel.

Comparison of Flame-retardancy Property and Mechanism between a Phosphate Ester and a Phosphoramine Flame-retardants

A halogen-free flame-retardant (hydroquinone bis (N,N’-diarylphosphoramidate),4N-HDP) containing phosphorus-nitrogen was synthesized.Its structure was characterized by infrared spectroscopy (IR),nuclear magnetic resonance (^(1)H-NMR and^(31)P-NMR).Thermogravimetric analysis (TG),limiting oxygen index (LOI),UL-94 vertical burning test (UL-94),thermogravimetric-infrared instrument (TG-IR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to compare the flame-retarding performance and mechanism of hydroquinone bis (diphenyl phosphate) (HDP) and 4N-HDP.TG,IR and TG-IR were used for comparative analysis,indicating that both HDP and 4N-HDP are flame-retardants,and the gas phase and condensed phase act synergistically.In the pyrolysis process,it is divided into two steps:the first step is the breakage of large molecules to small molecules;the second step is the gasification and carbonization of small molecules,and eventually produces phosphate ester and non-flammable gases.Through the comparison of various results,it could be found that 4N-HDP has better flame-retarding performance compared to HDP in the composite with polycarbonate (PC).

Research on Alkaline Filler Flame-Retarded Asphalt Pavement

Used as flame returdant of tunnel asphalt pavement, organic bromides produce a large amount of poisons and smoke in construction and flame retardation stage. The alkaline filler was found to replace mineral filler, and the flame- retarded asphalt mixtures were produced. Experimental results show that these asphalt mixtures are smoke restrained ; the performances and construction technology of asphalt pavement are not influenced; also the alkaline filler is of low-price. So this kind of flame-retarded asphalt mixtures is suitable for tunnel patement.

3D flame-retardant skeleton reinforced polymer electrolyte for solid-state dendrite-free lithium metal batteries

For solid polymer electrolytes(SPEs),improving their mechanical and electrochemical properties is the key to obtaining batteries with higher safety and higher energy density.Herein,a novel synergistic strategy proposed is preparing a 3D flame-retardant skeleton(3DPA)and adding nano-multifunctional fillers(Li-ILs@ZIF-8).In addition to providing mechanical support for the polyethylene oxide(PEO)matrix,3DPA also has further contributed to the system’s flame retardancy and further improved the safety.Simultaneously,the electrochemical performance is fully guaranteed by rigid Li-ILs@ZIF-8,which provides fast migration channels forLi^(+),reduces the crystallinity of PEO and effectively inhibits lithium dendrites.The limiting oxygen index of the optimal sample(PL3Z/PA)is as high as 20.5%,and the ionic conductivity reaches 2.89×10^(-4) and 0.91×10^(-3) S cm^(-1) at 25 and 55°C,respectively.The assembled Li|PL3Z/PA|Li battery can be cycled stably for more than 1000 h at a current density of 0.1 m A cm^(-2) without short circuit being pierced by lithium dendrites.The specific capacity of the LFP|PL3Z/PA|Li battery was 160.5 m Ah g^(-1) under a current density of 0.5 C,and the capacity retention rate was 90.0%after 300 cycles.

A new flame-retardant polymer electrolyte with enhanced Li-ion conductivity for safe lithium-sulfur batteries

Flame-retardant polymer electrolytes(FRSPEs)are attractive due to their potential for fundamentally settling the safety issues of liquid electrolytes.However,the current FRSPEs have introduced large quantity of flame-retardant composition which cannot conduct lithium ions,thus decreasing the Li-ion conductivity.Here,we synthesize a novel liquid monomer 2-((bis((2-oxo-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl)methoxy)phosphoryl)oxy)ethyl acrylate(BDPA)for preparing FRSPE by in-situ polymerization,in which PBDPA polymer can not only conduct lithium ions,but also prevent burning.The prepared FRSPE demonstrated outstanding flame-retardant property,favorable lithium-ion conductivity of 5.65×10^(-4) S cm^(-1) at ambient temperature,and a wide electrochemical window up to 4.5 V.Moreover,the Li/in-situ FRSPE/S@pPAN cell exhibited favorable electrochemical performances.We believe that this work provides an effective strategy for establishing high-performance fireproof quasi-solid-state battery system.

Property of Polyimide/Flame-Retardant Viscose Blended Fabrics

Although polyimide fibers are excellent intrinsic flame-retardant fibers, their price is so high that they are rarely used in clothing. To expand their application, the polyimide fibers were blended with flame-retardant viscose fibers at a ratio of 30∶70, and the blended yarns were woven with flame-retardant polyester filaments. Fabrics with different parameters, including fabric weaves, warp yarn densities, and fabric layers, were designed, and the effects of those fabric parameters on mechanical properties and flame-retardant properties were tested and analyzed. The results show that the tearing load of the fabrics is affected by fabric weaves, warp yarn densities, and fabric layers, and the tearing load of the weft mountain weave fabric and the twill weave fabric is higher than that of the plain weave fabric. The bursting load of the fabric increases with the increase of warp yarn densities and layers. Among the tested fabric samples, the triple-layer twill fabric has the best flame-retardant performance, which meets the standard of flame-retardant protective fabric Grade B1 level. The research of this paper would provide guidance for the development and production of polyimide blended fabrics.

SYNTHESES AND CHARACTERIZATION OF CYCLIC ORGANIC BORONATE ESTERS AS FLAME-RETARDANTS

Some organoboron compounds as flame-retardants for fiber materials were prepared.Flame-retarding properties of these compounds determined by the Oxygen-Index Method weregood.These new compounds were characterized by IR,~1H NMR spectrum and elementalanalysis.

Drought and Waterlogging Characteristics during the Growth Period of Summer Maize in Luxi Plain Areas

In summer maize growth period,the water supply and demand ratio is regarded as the evaluation index of drought and waterlogging for the summer maize in Liaocheng City. Using GIS,statistics,agrometeorology and other methods,we analyze the precipitation during the summer maize growth period in Luxi Plains from 1961 to 2011. Through the calculation of drought and waterlogging index,it indicates that the disasters of drought and waterlogging frequently occur during the summer maize growth period,mainly affected by the drought; the frequency of occurrence of drought accounts for 80. 4%,that is,it is very prone to serious drought phenomenon,seriously affecting the normal growth and development of summer maize during the seedling period. With global warming,the industrial and domestic water demand is increasing year by year,so it is extremely difficult to increase the water diversion to solve the problem of water shortage for the growth of summer maize. Finally we put forth the following recommendations:( i) Selecting drought-resistant varieties,and improving the water resource use efficiency;( ii)Promoting the water and fertilizer coupling,sprinkler irrigation,drip irrigation,micro-irrigation and other water-saving irrigation technologies,and improving the water use efficiency;( iii) Promoting the ditch,ridge and laminating cultivation technology,reducing the field evapotranspiration,keeping warming and conserving moisture,and saving water resources;( iv) Strengthening the construction of water conservancy facilities,so that it can be irrigated during drought and drained during waterlogging;( v) During dry season,timely organizing artificial rainfall operation,and increasing precipitation in arid areas to ease drought;( vi) Rationally exploiting the groundwater,and improving the underground water use efficiency.

Organic Geochemical Characteristics of Time-Series Settling Particles in Northern South China Sea and Their Implications

Organic carbon, total nitrogen, amino acids, sugars, and chlorophyll were determined in < 1 mm fractions of the samples collected by successive large aperture time-series sediment traps (Honjo-Mark Ⅵ ) in northern China China Sea during September 1987 to October1988. The ratio of C/N and the relative abundance of amino acids and sugars show that organicmatter in the settling particles from northem South China Sea is derived mainly from marineplantkon (especially phytoplankton). The organic carbon fluxes in our sediment traps are lowerthan those in other sediment traps. But the relative contents of Corg/total particulate matter aregenerally similar to those in the Panama Basin, Arabian Sea and Subarctic Pacific. It is suggested that monsoon-caused changes of physical and chemical conditions in the upper euphoticlayer would contro the fluxes of organic matter as well as its composition and transport innorthern South China Sea.

塔里木盆地顺北4号走滑断裂带变形特征及有利区评价

顺北4号走滑断裂带位于塔里木盆地顺托果勒低隆起,向北延伸至沙雅隆起,具有埋藏深,平面分段、纵向分层、多期活动、结构复杂等特征。通过对顺北4号走滑断裂带高品质三维地震资料解释,开展了断裂带分层、分段、分期、活动性和有利区评价。结果表明,顺北4号走滑断裂带在古生界具有4层结构,大致以中奥陶统顶界面为界,其上发育雁列式断层,其下发育高陡走滑断层;走滑断裂带具有明显的分段特征,按走向可分为北段、中段和南段,整体具有南压北张的特征;走滑断裂带在古生界先后经历了加里东运动中期Ⅰ幕、加里东运动中期Ⅲ幕、加里东运动晚期和海西运动期4期活动;通过对影响顺北地区油气富集成藏的主控因素通源性、储集体规模和晚期调整性的叠加,对顺北4号走滑断裂带进行有利区评价,得到多个有利区,并在实钻中得到验证。

高速冲击下轨道车运动特性分析

针对轨道车高速冲击下复杂的运行状态及车体失稳等问题,采用现代控制理论状态空间轨迹的方法,构建车体撞击力与倾覆力的数学模型。使用Matlab语言编写程序,求解轨道车在高速冲击下的运动状态,得到车体在不同工况下运动状态的变化规律。结果表明,车体最大点头角与冲击速度和车体长高比相关,点头角随冲击速度增加而增加,随长高比的增加而减小;弯道半径影响摇头角的大小;侧击角度影响车体极限失稳状态,其影响随速度变化,速度越大允许值越小;运行冲击坡度降低,车体运动状态的稳定性降低,最大失稳极限速度降低;运行冲击坡度提升,车体运动状态的稳定性增大,最大失稳极限速度增大。

亚精胺对雷司令葡萄生理特性和果实品质的影响

【目的】探讨亚精胺(Spd)对葡萄生理特性和果实品质的影响。【方法】以雷司令葡萄为试材,通过不同浓度(0.3、0.6、0.9、1.2 mmol/L)亚精胺(Spd)处理,以喷施清水(CK)为对照,于开花期、坐果期、果实膨大期、转色期进行全树喷施。【结果】不同浓度Spd处理均可改善叶片的生理特性和果实品质,但随着处理浓度的升高,雷司令葡萄叶片生理特性及品质的变化趋势不同。其中,经T_(3)处理后,叶片叶绿素a含量、果实单粒质量、果实大小、可溶性固形物质量分数、VC、固酸比、单宁含量均得到显著提升,分别较CK增加32.00%、91.10%、99.68%、17.43%、102.86%、44.64%、64.29%;T_(2)处理下丙二醛(MDA)含量最低,且与CK呈显著性差异,较CK降低66.67%;T_(4)处理下叶片叶绿素b、SOD、POD、CAT活性最高,分别较CK增加59.62%、9.38%、387.55%、89.70%;T_(1)处理下总酚含量最高,较CK增加17.50%。经过主成分分析,喷施Spd浓度为0.9 mmol/L对提高雷司令葡萄生理活性和果实品质效果最佳。【结论】喷施Spd浓度为0.9 mmol/L可以减少雷司令葡萄叶绿素的降解和丙二醛(MDA)的积累,提高抗氧化酶活性,增加果实大小,提高可溶性固形物质量分数和VC含量,从而改善果实品质。