Studies on solar flat plate collector evaporation systems for tannery effluent(soak liquor)

Heat and mass transfer analysis of an incompressible, laminar boundary layer over solar flat plate collector evapora- tion systems for tannery effluent (soak liquor) is investigated. The governing equations are solved for various liquid to air velocity ratios. Profiles of velocity, temperature and concentration as well as their gradients are presented. The heat transfer and mass transfer coefficients thus obtained are used to evaluate mass of water evaporated for an inclined fibre-reinforced plastic (FRP) solar flat plate collector (FPC) with and without cover. Comparison of these results with the experimental performance shows encouraging trend of good agreement between them.

Thermal Loss Analysis of a Flat Plate Solar Collector Using Numerical Simulation

In this paper,we studied theoretically and numerically heated losses of a flat solar collector to model the solar water heating system for the Kazakhstan climate condition.For different climatic zones with a growing cost for energy or lack of central heating systems,promising is to find ways to improve the energy efficiency of the solar system.The mathematical model(based on ordinary differential equation)simulated the solar system work process under different conditions.To bridge the modeling and real values results,we studied the important physical parameters such as loss coefficient,Nu,Ra,and Pr values.They impacted the efficiency of flat solar collectors and heat losses of the system.The developed mathematical models,the design and composition of the software and hardware complex,and automated control and monitoring systems allow solar hot water heating systems to increase the energy efficiency of life support systems and heat supply of buildings by reducing energy consumption for heat supply.The simulation result showed that during the daytime,the temperature of water in the collector is 70°C;the storage of heated water since heated water is cooled at night.We defined that a work period of the system can be extended with high efficiency(April-October)for Almaty region.

Numerical Investigation and Optimization of a Flat Plate Solar Collector Operating with Cu/CuO/Al_(2)O_(3)–Water Nanofluids

Nanofluids are a potential alternative to significantly improving the performance of heat transfer applications. In this work, a numerical analysis to examine the eff ect of dispersing copper(Cu), copper oxide(CuO), and aluminum(Al2O3) nanoparticles in pure water on the performance of a flat plate solar collector(FPSC) and a numerical model was proposed. The influence of the nanofluid type on the thermal efficiency was critically investigated and discussed. The eff ect of the mass flow rate on the performance was also analyzed and discussed. Based on correlations of the thermophysical properties of nanofluids, a sensitivity analysis was used to analyze the impact of the nanoparticles on the base fluid. The results indicate that the performance of the FPSC with Cu/water nanofluid was better than that of FPSCs using CuO/water or Al2O3/water nanofluids. When the mass flow rate of the nanofluids was 8.0 L/min, the efficiency of the FPSC was much greater than those at the flow rates of 5.0 L/min and 2.0 L/min. Mean enhancements in thermal efficiency of 4.44%, 4.27%, and 4.21% were observed when 2.0 L/min was applied using Cu/water, Cu O/water, and Al2O3/water nanofluids, respectively. Improvements in thermal efficiency of 2.76%, 2.53%, and 2.47% occurred when 8.0 L/min was applied.

Solar Thermal Systems Performances versus Flat Plate Solar Collectors Connected in Series

This paper shows the modeling of a solar collective heating system in order to predict the system performances. Two systems are proposed: 1) the first, Solar Direct Hot Water, which is composed of flat plate collectors and thermal storage tank, 2) the second, a Solar Indirect Hot Water in which we added an external heat exchanger of constant effectiveness to the first system. The mass flow rate by a collector is fixed to 0.04 Kg·s–1 and the total number of collectors is adjusted to 60. For the first system, the maximum average water temperature within the tank in a typical day in summer and annual performances are calculated by varying the number of collectors connected in series. For the second, this paper shows the detailed analysis of water temperature within the storage and annual performances by varying the mass flow rate on the cold side of the heat exchanger and the number of collectors in series on the hot side. It is shown that the stratification within the storage is strongly influenced by mass flow rate and the connections between collectors. It is also demonstrated that the number of collectors that can be connected in series is limited. The optimization of the mass flow rate on cold side of the heat exchanger is seen to be an important factor for the energy saving.

Thermodynamic Analysis and Optimization of Flat Plate Solar Collector Using TiO_(2)/Water Nanofluid

To research solar energy's efficiency and environmental benefits,the thermal efficiency,exergy,and entropy of solar collectors were calculated.The experiment involved two glass-topped collectors,fluid transfer tubes,and aluminum heat-absorbing plates.Glass wool insulation minimized heat loss.A 0.5% TiO_(2)/Water nanofluid was created using a mechanical and ultrasonic stirrer.Results showed that solar radiation increased thermal efficiency until midday,reaching 48.48% for water and 51.23% for the nanofluid.With increasing mass flow rates from 0.0045 kg/s to 0.02 kg/s,thermal efficiency improved from 16.26% to 47.37% for water and from 20.65% to 48.76% for the nanofluid.Filtered water provided 380 W and 395 W of energy in March and April,while the nanofluid increased it to 395 W and 415 W during these months.Mass flow generated energy,and the Reynolds number raised entropy.The noon exergy efficiency for nanofluids was 50%-55%,compared to 30% for water.At noon,the broken exergy measured 877.53 W for the nanofluid and 880.12 W for water.In Kirkuk,Iraq,the 0.5% TiO_(2)/Water nanofluid outperformed water in solar collectors.

Manufacturing and Thermal Performance Test of (Compound) Solar Collector in Damascus City

Solar water collectors that uses for domestic and industrial applications within temperature up to, are classified under two main types: Flat Plate collector (FP), and Evacuated Tube collector (ET). Thermal performance test results showed that each type have different thermal features. Comparison between (FP & ET) collectors showed that they could take advantages of different thermal features of two types when they work in the same climatic conditions and overlap of these thermal features when they work in different operational conditions. They can take advantage of these features through (compound) solar collector. Compound solar water Collector (CO) composed of a part of flat plate collector shape (FP), and a part of evacuated tube collector shape (ET). Booth have equal reference area, and connected together to be as one Solar collector (CO). Water entered first flat part (FP), then evacuated tube part (ET) then to tank or end-use. In this paper, present design and manufacturing as well the thermal performance test of (compound) solar collector, according to Standard Specification of tests, was EN12975:2001. Mechanical test for (CO) collector conducted successfully according to durability, reliability, and safety requirements. In addition, thermal performance was tested in steady state at the climatic conditions of Damascus city, and concluded the thermal performance of (FP & ET) that constitute (CO) collector. The results showed enhancement of thermal performance.

Performance and Optimization of a Small Hybrid Solar-Thermal Collector

A hybrid solar collector was designed to investigate the effects of combining two different solar collector techniques on the overall collector’s effectiveness. While most solar collectors focus only on one solar collection method, the small hybrid system uses a flat plate collector in conjunction with five evacuated tubes to absorb the most energy possible from both direct and diffuse solar radiation. Data was collected over four months while the system operated at different flow rates and with various levels of available insolation from the sun to evaluate the performance of the solar collector. To understand the relative contribution of the flat plate collector and the evacuated tubes, temperature differences across each part of the system were measured. The results indicate the average first law efficiency of the hybrid system is 43.3%, significantly higher than the performance of the flat plate alone. An exergy analysis was performed for this system to assess the performance of the flat plate system by itself. Results of the second law analysis were comparable to the exergetic efficiencies of other experimental collectors, around 4%. Though the efficiencies were in the expected range, they reveal that further improvements to the system are possible.

Developments of solar collectors in China

China has abundant solar energy resource. Solar thermal collectors, particularly all-glass evacuated tubular collectors, have been studied and developed for 30 years, and solar thermal industry has developed rapidly for 15 years. There are various solar thermal systems, with an operation area of around 108 million m2 in 2007. These systems mainly provide domestic hot water, but some other applications are under extensive study and development as well.

Flat Panel Solar Thermoelectric System Size Optimisation at Different Vacuum Levels

A systematic experimental investigation to understand the effect of heat loss and the thermoelectric aspect ratio (cross sectional area and length) on a flat plate solar thermoelectric system performance was carried out. The investigation involved a series of experiments on systems with 4 different sizes of thermoelectric generators, and it was tested in 5 different vacuum levels during the steady-state. The detailed experimental investigation provided a substantial amount of data, which revealed that the system performance of both heat and electricity power were improved when the heat lost was minimised. The system’s performance strongly depended on the aspect ratio of the thermoelectric generators. This finding might have a significant impact on the cost of the system by saving the user’s and the manufacturer’s time in examining different TEGs with different aspect ratios in order to get the optimum size optimisation of the hybrid system, as well as reduce the manufacturing cost.

高寒地区平板热管式太阳能集热系统热性能研究

基于呼和浩特地区高寒气候条件,搭建两组完全一致的平板热管式太阳能集热系统,通过实验对比分析太阳辐射强度、传热工质流量、集热板表面积尘等因素对集热器瞬时集热效率以及系统热性能的影响。结果表明,在同等外界条件下,集热器的集热效率随着工质流量的增加而增大,集热效率与太阳辐射强度变化趋势相近,随积尘密度的增加,集热板表面积尘导致系统的得热量减少,集热性能下降。

平板集热器冬季高流速运行数值模拟研究

针对平板集热器(FPSC)冬季热水收集温度不足等问题提出高流速运行方案,以期提高系统的集热性能以及全年利用率.通过CFD技术数值模拟FPSC系统在不同流速工况下(0.02~0.15 kg/s)各组件温度的变化情况,计算系统的集热效率,结合温度云图对比高流速运行的优势.结果显示,高流速运行能够减少集热损失,具有更佳的集热性能.

基于TRNSYS的太阳能耦合污水源热泵系统性能分析

以徐州市某地区某污水处理站为研究对象,为响应节能减排,寻求改造方案。为与建筑一体化,在其屋顶布置平板式太阳能集热器,可直接提供热能,或为污水源热泵机组提供低温热工质,提高热泵机组蒸发器进口温度,进而提高制热效率。基于TRNSYS搭建太阳能耦合污水源热泵系统运行模型,研究表明系统能耗为15.3 MW,系统COP值为4.0,性能较为优越。与污水源热泵系统相比,耦合系统运行较为稳定,系统性能得到较大提升,节能效果明显。耦合系统较污水源热泵系统COP值提高10.5%,能耗降低11.1%。耦合系统评价因子为0.983 2,是最优的制热方案,系统保证制热稳定的同时,兼顾其经济节能性、可靠安全性。

Application of entransy theory in the heat transfer optimization of flat-plate solar collectors

The flat-plate solar collector is an important component in solar-thermal systems,and its heat transfer optimization is of great significance in terms of the efficiency of energy utilization.However,most existing flat-plate collectors adopt metallic absorber plates with uniform thickness,which often works against energy conservation.In this paper,to achieve the optimal heat transfer performance,we optimized the thickness distribution of the absorber with the constraint of fixed total material volume employing entransy theory.We first established the correspondence between the collector efficiency and the loss of entransy,and then proposed the constrained extreme-value problem and deduced the optimization criterion,namely a uniform temperature gradient,employing a variational method.Finally,on the basis of the optimization criterion,we carried out numerical simulations,with the results showing remarkable optimization effects.When irradiation,the ambient temperature and the wind speed are 800 W/m2,300 K and 3 m/s,respectively,the collector efficiency is enhanced by 8.8% through optimization,which is equivalent to a copper saving of 30%.We also applied the thickness distribution optimized for wind speed of 3 m/s in heat transfer analysis with different wind speed conditions,and the collector efficiency was remarkably better than that for an absorber with uniform thickness.

Effect of Shape of the Absorber Surface on the Performance of Stepped Type Solar Still

In this work, we have selected three number of stepped type solar stills of the same overall dimensions 620 mm (W) × 808 mm (L) but with different absorber surface areas due to the variation in the shape of the basin surface. The other design parameters like depth of water, thickness of glass cover, insulation thickness, type of condensing cover, absorbing material provided over the basin, and angle of inclination of the still were kept constant to study the effect of shape of the absorber surface over the distillate yield obtained. The shape of the absorber surface provided in the basins of solar stills A, E and F was flat, convex and concave respectively. When the convex and concave type stepped solar stills are used, the average daily water production has been found to be 56.60% and 29.24% higher than that of flat type stepped solar still respectively. Also an economic analysis was made. The payback period of flat type, convex type and concave type stepped solar still is 823 days, 525 days and 637 days respectively. Thus, the convex type solar still gives the returns within the least possible time as compared to other two types of stepped solar stills. The laboratory tests were conducted to test the quality of water after distillation. The tests indicate that the quality of water in terms of pH, electrical conductivity, total hardness, TDS, Alkalinity, Nitrates etc. is well within the desirable limits as prescribed by WHO for Indian specific conditions.

Experimental investigations on the heat transfer characteristics of micro heat pipe array applied to flat plate solar collector

This paper introduces a novel flat plate solar collector(FPC) using micro heat pipe array(MHPA) as a key element.To analyze the thermal transfer behavior of flat plate solar collector with micro heat pipe array(MHPA-FPC),an indoor experiment for thermal transfer characteristic of MHPA applied to FPC was conducted by using an electrical heating film to simulate the solar radiation.Different cooling water flow rates,cooling water temperatures,slopes,and contact thermal resistances between the condenser of MHPA and the heat exchanger were tested at different heating powers.The experimental results indicate that MHPA-FPC exhibits the enhanced heat transfer capability with increased cooling water flow rate and temperature.Total thermal resistance has a maximum decline of approximately 10% when the flow rate increases from 180 to 360 L h 1 and 38% when the cooling water temperature increases from 20℃ to 40℃.When the inclination angle of MHPA-FPC exceeds 30°,the slope change has a negligible effect on the heat transfer performance of MHPA-FPC.In addition,contact thermal resistance significantly affects the heat transfer capability of MHPA-FPC.The total thermal resistances lowers to nearly half of the original level when contact material between the condenser of MHPA and the heat exchanger changes from conductive silicone to conductive grease.These results could provide useful information for the optimal design and operation of MHPA-FPC.

Analysis of Exergy of an Experimental Domestic Scale Solar Water Heating System Situated in Owerri

Exergy analysis is a critical aspect of Energy Engineering that can not be overstretched.The need for constant study in this area is very crucial due to it evolving nature.This study involved the analysis of exergy of an Experimental Domestic Scale Solar Water Heating System situated in Owerri,Imo State,Nigeria.There were couples of literature reviews done in relation to the study.It was aimed at analyzing the efficiency of solar water heating system.Basic materials involved in this study are solar radiation collector panel,storage tank,pump,heat exchanger,piping unit and heat transfer fluid.From the results,it recorded that collector outlet temperature is a function of solar radiation and time.Maximum Collector Efficiency occurred at 1 p.m.of the set up location time.It was further revealed that performance of the flat plate solar water heater(SWH)obtained maximum of 97%and minimum of 38%efficiencies at 1 p.m.and 5 p.m.respectively.The highest exergy efficiency gotten was 60%at 1 p.m.and the lowest was 1.9%at 9 a.m.Hence,exergy analysis is a useful method for optimizing performance of a flat plate solar water heating system due to it proportionality to basic quantities in solar studies.

基于Comsol和BBD的折流板太阳能空气集热器结构优化

太阳能空气集热器是太阳能干燥系统的重要部件,集热器结构设计对集热性能具有重要影响。设计一款基础折流板集热器,通过太阳能模拟器测试集热器在一定边界和材料参数条件下的出口温度。基于Solidworks和Comsol构建集热器三维实体模型,采用reliable-k-ε湍流模型数值研究集热器的集热性能。结果表明,出口温度试验值和模拟值相对误差小于0.70%,数值模拟有效,可靠性高。基于BBD(Box-Behnken Design)试验和响应面法,研究折流板不同倾斜角度组合对集热性能的影响,分析试验结果得到最佳参数组合:折流板1倾斜角度为-10°,折流板2倾斜角度为10°,折流板3倾斜角度为-10°,折流板4倾斜角度为10°,并以此优化集热器折流板布置,得到一款倾斜折流板集热器。与基础折流板集热器相比,倾斜折流板集热器出口温度升高1.63 K,集热效率提升4.01%,入口、出口压力损失降低44.80%。基于流体旁通效应,对折流板进行开孔,进一步优化吸热板的积热和流场分布,得到一款开孔型倾斜折流板集热器。与基础折流板集热器相比,开孔型倾斜折流板集热器出口温度升高2.03 K,集热效率提升4.99%,入口、出口压力损失降低43.13%。对开孔型倾斜折流板集热器入口风速条件进行单因素试验,得到较优的入口风速条件,即0.5~1.0 m/s,可以满足农产品太阳能干燥需求。

多孔介质辅助平板式太阳能集热器热性能强化的数值仿真研究

多孔介质材料具有良好的传热和蓄热性能。设计了新型多孔介质辅助平板式太阳能集热器的二维数值仿真模型,对其内部热性能进行了数值模拟,研究多孔介质块的形状(矩形、梯形、三角形结构)、布置数量和渗透率(达西数Da=10^(-5)~10^(-2))等因素对平板式太阳能集热器热性能强化的影响;然后考虑到插入多孔介质伴随的压降和摩擦阻力损失,提出了评价集热器传热性能与阻力损失的性能评估标准。研究结果表明:在平板式太阳能集热器换热通道插入4种不同形状的多孔介质块,矩形多孔介质块背部附近区域更易产生涡区,集热器内传热性能最强,但通道内流动阻力系数大,从而导致阻力损失大。当多孔介质区域总长度一定时,随着多孔介质块布置数量的增加,涡区数量相应增加,集热器内传热性能加强,且通道内流动阻力损失呈现先增加后降低的规律。多孔介质块渗透率对集热器传热性能的影响显著,当Da=10^(-2)时,集热器传热性能最强。集热器内多孔介质块布置任意数量、高渗透率(Da=10^(-2))条件下,矩形多孔介质块的性能评估标准最佳;在多孔介质块布置数量(N=6)较多、低渗透率(Da=10^(-5)、Da=10^(-4))条件下,三角形多孔介质块的性能评估标准最佳。

太阳能集热器研究进展

太阳能热水技术在太阳能利用技术中最为成熟、实际应用最多且在经济上能与常规能源竞争。太阳能集热器是太阳能热水器的核心部件,是用于吸收太阳辐射并使之转换为热能传递给热介质的装置。介绍了平板型太阳能集热器和真空管太阳能集热器,并对两者的优缺点进行对比,对其发展趋势进行了分析。