The NAC transcription factor LuNAC61 negatively regulates fiber development in flax (Linum usitatissimum L.)

Flax is a crucial fiber crop that exhibits excellent textile properties and serves as a model plant for investigating phloem fiber development. The regulation of multiple genes significantly influences fiber development, notably involving NAC(NAM, ATAF1/2, CUC2) transcription factors in forming the fiber secondary cell wall(SCW).Overexpression of LuNAC61 in flax resulted in sparse top meristematic zone leaves and significantly reduced stem cellulose content. Scanning electron microscopy and staining observations revealed a significant reduction in fiber bundles. β-Glucuronidase(GUS) staining analysis demonstrated high activity of the LuNAC61 promoter in the bast fibers of the flax stem. Additionally, several members of the LuPLATZ and LuCesA families exhibited significant coexpression with LuNAC61. Subcellular localization indicated the presence of LuPLATZ24 protein in the nucleus and cytoplasm, LuNAC61 protein exclusively in the nucleus, and LuCesA10 in the nucleus and endoplasmic reticulum. LuPLATZ24 positively regulates LuNAC61, whereas LuNAC61 negatively affects LuCesA10, suggesting the involvement of a metabolic network in regulating flax fiber development. In conclusion, this study provides a critical opportunity for a comprehensive and in-depth analysis of the mechanisms governing flax fiber development and the potential use of biotechnology to enhance flax fiber yield.

Effectiveness of biofertilizers foliar application on yield and quality traits of flax(Linum usitatissimum L.)

Flax is considered to be one of the most significant dual-purpose crops for oil and fiber production in Egypt and worldwide.Biofertilizers have a substantial impact on various metabolic processes,including increased photo-synthesis,endogenous hormone levels,ion absorption,nucleic acid synthesis,and protein synthesis.These factors collectively contribute to the growth and development of plants.Therefore,this study aims to investigate how three biofertilizers(Algae extract,CMS as a by-product of yeast,and Metalosate multi minerals as amino acids)can enhance both the quantity and quality of flax seed yield under sandy soil conditions.Two field experiments were conducted at the Experimental Station of National Research Centre in Nubaria District,Behira Governorate,Egypt during two seasons(2021/2022)using a randomized complete block design(RCBD).The results revealed significant differences among all tested biofertilizers in terms of various characteristics studied in flax.Foliar application of algae extract at a rate of 1.50 mL/L resulted in an increase in seed yield(ton/ha)by 26.69%&19.89%,straw yield(ton/ha)by 8.08%&17.12%,and oil yield(kg/ha)by 47.72%&33.69%compared to the control group during both seasons respectively.Foliar applications of algae extract at a rate of 1.50 mL/L along with CMS at a rate of 5 m L/L and amino acids at a rate of 1.50 mL/L demonstrated significantly higher macronutrient contents(N,P,K),micronutrient contents(Fe,Zn,Mn),seed oil content,and protein content in flax seeds during both seasons.The highest values for seed oil content and protein content%were obtained through foliar application of amino acids at a rate of 1.50 mL/L.It can be concluded that foliar sprays with these bio-fertilizers effectively improved flax performance by increasing seed straw and oil yields,nutrients oil,protein and fatty acids seeds contents.

Systematic analysis of MYB transcription factors and the role of LuMYB216 in regulating anthocyanin biosynthesis in the flowers of flax(Linum usitatissimum L.)

Anthocyanin is an important pigment that affects plant color and nutritional quality.MYBs play an important role in plant anthocyanin synthesis and accumulation.However,the regulatory function of MYB transcription factors in anthocyanin synthesis in flax flowers is still unclear.In this study,402 MYB transcription factors were identified in the flax genome.These MYB members are unevenly distributed on 15 chromosomes.The R2R3-LuMYB members were divided into 32phylogenetic subfamilies.qRT-PCR analysis showed that seven R2R3-LuMYB genes in the adjacent subfamily of the evolutionary tree had similar expression patterns,among which Lu MYB216 was highly expressed in the petals of different colors.Moreover,gene editing of LuMYB216 in flax showed that the petal color,anther color and seed coat color of mutant plants were significantly lighter than those of wild-type plants,and the anthocyanin content of lumyb216 mutant plants was significantly reduced.Correlation analysis indicated that LuMYB216 was significantly positively correlated with the upstream regulator bHLH30.This study systematically analyzed the MYB gene family in flax,laying a foundation for studying the regulation of LuMYB216 in flax flower anthocyanin synthesis.

Experimental Testing of Cellular Construction Materials Containing Flax Particles

The feasibility of a sustainable non-autoclaved cellular concrete,based on flax vegetable co-products,for the production of usable specimen in the lightweight construction field,has been investigated experimentally.The produced specimen,containing various volume ratios of flax particles with respect to preformulatd Tradical PF70 lime binder of 0,1,and 2,were lightened by creating a porous structure in the matrix through the addition of 0.3%wt.Aluminium powder(able to react with calcium hydroxide from the binder and result in microscopic air-bubbles).Fresh and hardened specimen properties,including hydration,fresh density,porosity,hardened density,compressive and flexural strengths,toughness energy,and dry thermal conductivity at different temperatures,were assessed for varying flax-to-binder ratios.Results have shown that the addition of Aluminum powder leads to restrain the setting time delay of binder-based lime.Moreover,the hardened material displays a significant decrease in specimen density,thereby resulting in a compressive strength level compatible with that required in the cellular construction materials sector.Results also highlighted the ability of added flax to induce a change in the specimen from brittle to ductile behavior.Moreover,a high degree of thermal insulation can be achieved,which makes the cellular specimen based on flax particle suitable as insulated-bearing walls material.

Preparation and Investigation of Mechanical and Physical Properties of Flax/Glass Fabric Reinforced Polymer Hybrid Composites

Synthetic reinforced composites affect the environment adversely and have become a global concern, causing increased natural composite demand for sustainability and cost effectiveness. Glass is a popular material that is highly consumed in reinforced composites for its superior mechanical strength. As opposed to that, flax obtained from flax stalks can be used as an alternative reinforcing material with synthetic fibers to minimize manmade fiber consumption. Hence, this research work addresses a few flax/glass-reinforced hybrid composites by using a thermoset polyester matrix. Here, six categories of samples are made, like neat flax, neat glass, and flax/glass fabric reinforced hybrid composite, followed by different stacking layer sequences and hand layout techniques during processing. Afterwards, the mechanical behavior, thermal stability, morphological behavior, and water absorption of hybrid samples were investigated. Among the developed samples, neat glass (NG) composite exhibits superior mechanical properties, while neat flax (NF) shows the lowest result. It is apparent that the mechanical properties and thermal stability of hybrid samples are in between NF and NG because, by adding glass with flax fabric, the strength of hybrid samples is increased. Moreover, it is noticeable that, due to multiple stacking layers of flax and glass, hybrid 3 and hybrid 4 show better strength than consecutive single stacking layers in hybrid 1 and hybrid 2. Among all hybrid composites, the H4 shows comparatively better mechanical and thermal properties due to having the glass layers on the outermost surface. In summary, this research work demonstrated the feasibility of flax fabric with glass fabric as a reinforced hybrid composite that can be used in automobile inner bodies, household furnishing, and home interior decoration.

Preparation and Investigation of Mechanical and Physical Properties of Flax/Glass Fabric Reinforced Polymer Hybrid Composites

Synthetic reinforced composites affect the environment adversely and have become a global concern, causing increased natural composite demand for sustainability and cost effectiveness. Glass is a popular material that is highly consumed in reinforced composites for its superior mechanical strength. As opposed to that, flax obtained from flax stalks can be used as an alternative reinforcing material with synthetic fibers to minimize manmade fiber consumption. Hence, this research work addresses a few flax/glass-reinforced hybrid composites by using a thermoset polyester matrix. Here, six categories of samples are made, like neat flax, neat glass, and flax/glass fabric reinforced hybrid composite, followed by different stacking layer sequences and hand layout techniques during processing. Afterwards, the mechanical behavior, thermal stability, morphological behavior, and water absorption of hybrid samples were investigated. Among the developed samples, neat glass (NG) composite exhibits superior mechanical properties, while neat flax (NF) shows the lowest result. It is apparent that the mechanical properties and thermal stability of hybrid samples are in between NF and NG because, by adding glass with flax fabric, the strength of hybrid samples is increased. Moreover, it is noticeable that, due to multiple stacking layers of flax and glass, hybrid 3 and hybrid 4 show better strength than consecutive single stacking layers in hybrid 1 and hybrid 2. Among all hybrid composites, the H4 shows comparatively better mechanical and thermal properties due to having the glass layers on the outermost surface. In summary, this research work demonstrated the feasibility of flax fabric with glass fabric as a reinforced hybrid composite that can be used in automobile inner bodies, household furnishing, and home interior decoration.

纤维表面改性对PLA/Flax复合材料性能的影响

目的研究纤维表面改性对复合材料结晶、热稳定性、动态力学性能、尺寸稳定性、吸水率等的影响。方法采用碱、碱+马来酸酐、碱+KH550这3种处理方法对纤维表面进行改性,通过熔融挤出与聚乳酸(PLA)混合制备聚乳酸/亚麻纤维(PLA/Flax)复合材料。结果亚麻纤维经表面改性后使PLA更容易发生冷结晶,结晶结构更加致密、完善,PLA/Flax尺寸稳定性优于PLA。纤维的加入提高了PLA的吸水率,但热稳定性能有所降低。纤维表面改性降低了PLA/Flax的储能模量。结论碱+KH550处理纤维与PLA共混所得复合材料的结晶性、尺寸稳定性最佳,为高性能PLA/Flax复合材料的制备提供了一定的实验及理论依据。

The properties of flax fiber reinforced wood flour/high density polyethylene composites

Flax fiber(FF) was used to reinforce wood flour/high density polyethylene composites(WF/PE).WF/PE particles were uniformly mixed with FF via high-speed mixing and then extruded with a single screw extruder to prepare FF reinforced WF/PE composites(FF/WF/PE).Mechanical testing,dynamic mechanical analysis,scanning electron microscopy(SEM),creep measurement and Torque rheology were used to characterize the resulting composites.The results indicate that the mechanical performance of the composites could be remarkably improved by adding a limited amount of FF.The flexural strength and modulus increased by 14.6 and 51.4%,respectively(FF content of 9 wt%),while the unnotched impact strength could be increased by 26.5%(FF content of12 wt%).The creep resistance and toughness of thecomposite was markedly improved without changing the plastic content of the composite material.

The Role of Humic Acid and Proline on Growth, Chemical Constituents and Yield Quantity and Quality of Three Flax Cultivars Grown under Saline Soil Conditions

In order to mitigate the salinity effects on flax grown on moderate saline sandy soil (3275 - 3430 ppm) and irrigated with moderate saline water (2300 - 2460 ppm) field experiments were carried out at the experimental Station of the Faculty of Agriculture, Wadi El-Natrun district El-Behera Governorate—Egypt, during two successive winter seasons of 2012/2013 and 2013/2014. Three flax varieties (Opal, Giza-8 and Mayic) were grown and treated with some chemical additives humic acid (50 kg/fed) and/or foliar applied proline (Control, 50 and 100 mg/L). The results showed the positive responses of Giza-8 variety to the combined application of humic acid and proline and mitigated the salinity effects of soil and irrigation water and reflected on most of the studied characters. Such results indicate the potentiality of mitigation the hazardous effect of salinity with these chemical additives. The data indicated that the highest seed yield, straw yield and oil yield were obtained at humic acid (50 kg/fed) with foliar treatment of proline at rate of (100 mg/L). The interaction of proline at (100 mg/L) with humic acid at rate of (50 kg/fed) improved plant fresh and dry weight in all flax cultivars under salinity conditions. Fresh weight increased by 66.6%, 48.7% and 65.5% over controls for Opal, Giza-8 and Mayic varieties, respectively. The interaction of proline at (100 mg/L) with humic acid at rate of (50 kg/fed) with Giza-8 variety gave the highest values of seed yield, straw yield and oil yield.

Production of Pectinolytic Enzymes by Two Bacillus spp. Strains and Their Application in Flax Degumming

This study demonstrated that Bacillus licheniformis HDYM-03 and Bacillus megaterium HDYM-09, isolated from a liquid sample of fl ax retting pool, were able to produce pectinolytic enzymes using polysaccharides as substrates. Bacillus megaterium HDYM-09 produced pectin lyase that exhibited the highest activity of 2116.71 ± 11.55 U/mL. Bacillus licheniformis HDYM-03 produced pectate lyase that exhibited the highest activity of 611.21 ± 14.54 U/mL. Based on these fi ndings, we constructed four retting systems to degrade the pectin substance. The results showed that the content of galacturonic acid in the mixed system was 529.21 μg/mL, the content of reducing sugar was 98.14 mg/mL, and the weight loss ratio of cells reached 19.49%, which were signifi cantly higher than those in other systems. The mixed system has more advantages, and the utilization rate of degumming was higher, which further ensured that the degumming can be carried out effi ciently and quickly. The mixed system exhibits feasible applications in the fi ber and textile industry.

Effect of Humic Acid, Mycorrhiza Inoculation, and Biochar on Yield and Water Use Efficiency of Flax under Newly Reclaimed Sandy Soil

In order to examine the application of different soil and foliar organic fertilizers as well as biofertilizing flax under sandy soil conditions, two field experiments were carried out at the Research and Production Station of the National Research Centre (NRC), Al Nubaria district, El-Behaira Governorate, Egypt during 2012/2013 and 2013/2014 winter seasons. The trials aimed to study the effect of humic acid (HA) as low cost natural fertilizer, inoculation with mycorrhiza, and biocharcoal on on yield, quality and water use efficiency of flax variety (Amon) under newly reclaimed sandy soil. The treatments consisted of HA (25 kg/feddan), inoculation with mycorrhiza (1 kg/ feddan), and biochar (4 tons/feddan) and all the combinations among the treatments. Results showed that the treatment combination of (humic acid + mycorrhiza + biochar) was significantly superior compared to all the other treatments in number of capsules/plant, biological yield/plant (g), seed yield/plant (g), seed yield (kg/feddan), straw yield (tons/feddan), oil percent (%), and oil yield (kg/feddan). However, it gave the highest fruiting zone length (cm) but not significantly different from (mycorrhiza + biochar) and (humic acid + biochar), also it gave the highest seed index (g) but not significantly different from humic acid and (humic acid + mycorrhiza). The treatment combination of (humic acid + biochar) gave the highest plant height (cm), technical stem length (cm), and number of branches/plant.

Setting kinetics and mechanical properties of flax fibre reinforced glass ionomer restorative materials

Regardless of the excellent properties of glass ionomer cements,their poor mechanical properties limit their applications to non-load bearing areas.This study aimed to investigate the effect of incorporated short,chopped and randomly distributed flax fibers（0,0.5,1,2.5,5 and 25 wt%） on setting reaction kinetics,and mechanical and morphological properties of glass ionomer cements.Addition of flax fibers did not significantly affect the setting reaction extent.According to their content,flax fibers increased the compressive（from 148 to 250 MPa） and flexure strength（from 20 to 42 MPa）.They also changed the brittle behavior of glass ionomer cements to a plastic one.They significantly reduced the compressive（from 3 to 1.3 GPa） and flexure modulus（from 19 to 14 GPa）.Accordingly,flax fiber-modified glass ionomer cements could be potentially used in high-stress bearing areas.

Research Status of Molecular Biology in Flax

Flax is a kind of worldwide fiber and oil crops, and it has a very important role in economic crop production in the world. With the development of molecular biology techniques, the research of flax molecular level has a very big breakthrough. But, flax molecular biology researches are less reported due to the later starting. This paper summarized the latest research progress of molecular biology of flax, including molecular marker technology, construction of genetic map, gene engineering and omits researches, in order to provide the reference to understand the development and research status for flax molecular breeding researchers.

Egg quality, fatty acid composition and immunoglobulin Y content in eggs from laying hens fed full fat camelina or flax seed

Background： The current study was conducted to evaluate egg quality and egg yolk fatty acids and immunoglobulin（Ig Y） content from laying hens fed full fat camelina or flax seed.Methods： A total of 75, 48-week-old Lohman brown hens were randomly allocated to 3 treatments, with 5replicates containing 5 laying hens each replicate. The hens were fed corn-soybean basal diet（Control）, or Control diet with 10 % of full fat camelina（Camelina） or flax seed（Flax） for a period of 16 wk. Hen production performance egg quality, egg yolk lipids, fatty acids and Ig Y were determined every 28 d during the experimental period.Results： Egg production was higher in hens fed Camelina and Flax than in Control hens（P 〈 0.05）. Egg weight and albumen weight was lowest in eggs from hens fed Camelina（P 〈 0.05）. Shell weight relative to egg weight（shell weight %）, and shell thickness was lowest in eggs from hens fed Flax（P 〈 0.05）. No difference was noted in Haugh unit, yolk：albumen ratio, and yolk weight. Significant increase in α-linolenic（18：3 n-3）, docosapentaenoic（22：5 n-3）and docoshexaenoic（22：6 n-3） acids were observed in egg yolk from hens fed Camelina and Flax. Total n-3 fatty acids constituted 1.19 % in Control eggs compared to 3.12 and 3.09 % in Camelina and Flax eggs, respectively（P 〈 0.05）. Eggs from hens fed Camelina and Flax had the higher Ig Y concentration than those hens fed Control diet when expressed on a mg/g of yolk basis（P 〈 0.05）. Although the egg weight was significantly lower in Camelina-fed hens, the total egg content of Ig Y was highest in eggs from hens fed Camelina（P 〈 0.05）.Conclusions： The egg n-3 fatty acid and Ig Y enhancing effect of dietary camelina seed warrants further attention into the potential of using camelina as a functional feed ingredient in poultry feeding.

Optimization of SRAP-PCR Reaction System in Flax

Part of wild flax species and cultivated species were used as materials for optimizing SRAP-PCR reaction system, and concentration gradient test was made for all factors in order to select and establish the optimal program and system fitting for amplifying high diversity, good reproducible and clear bands. This program and system could well meet the requirement of flax SRAP and prove that SRAP marker was feasible for researching genetic polymorphism of flax.

Agronomic cultivation measures on productivity of oilseed flax:A review

Oilseed flax is one of the most important oil crops in China.With the improvement of people's living standards and the deepening knowledge of the nutritional value of oilseed flax,the demand and economic value of oilseed flax are increasing,and the cultivated area in China is expanding.However,the grain yield of oilseed flax is lower than other oil crops.It varies significantly from year to year,combined with a lower degree of mechanization,which has greatly limited the healthy development of the flax industry.Some of the effects of agronomic measures on productivity and water use efficiency of oilseed flax are reviewed in this paper.The major agronomic strategies for the productivity of oilseed flax were presented based on fertilization,plant density,irrigation,cropping pattern and weed control.Future research should investigate the effect of silicon and potassium fertilizers on the mechanism of lodging resistance of oilseed flax,the effects of diversified cropping systems(strip intercropping and crop rotation)on high and stable productivity and efficient utilization of resources.

Perspective on oil flax yield and dry biomass with reduced nitrogen supply

Field experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design to determine effects of nitrogen(N)application levels(J0:150 kg/hm^2,J1:120 kg/hm^2,J2:90 kg/hm^2,J3:60 kg/hm^2)on regulating dry biomass accumulation,allocation and translocation,and grain yield of oil flax during 2018 cropping season.Significant promotion was observed in dry matter during accumulation stage of oil flax,when N rate was reduced by 40%(from 150 to 90 kg/hm^2).Under J2 treatment,translocation of dry matter from vegetative organs to pod increased by 38.46%and 61.54%respectively,when compared with J1 and J0 treatment Dry matter distribution proportion of pod at maturity increased 4.47%-7.61%,contribution rate of leaf to grain upgraded 5.09%-8.77%,and number of effective pods and grains per pod increased by 27.16%-45.38%and 6.49%-26.59%respectively compared to other treatments.As a result,seed yield of oil flax under J2 treatment was 2.23%-18.21%higher than those of other treatments.Our study recommended 90 kg/hm^2 as the best N fertilizer level to improve seed yield of oil flax.

Potassium and Zinc in Relation to Improve Flax Varieties Yield and Yield Components as Grown under Sandy Soil Conditions

Two field experiments were carried out at the experimental station of National Research Centre, Al-Nubaria District, El-Behira Governorate, Egypt during winter seasons of 2011/2012 and 2012/2013 to study the effect of potassium soil application at the rates (0, 50, 75 and 100 kg/fed.) with or without chelated zinc foliar application 5% at the rate of (0.03 kg/fed.) on the yield and quality of two flax varieties (Sakha-2 and Amon) in newly reclaimed sandy soil. The obtained results could be summarized as follow: Sakha-2 variety significantly surpassed Amon in plant height, technical length, number of branches/plant, seed yield/plant, straw yield/plant, 1000 seed weight, seed yield/fed., straw yield/fed., fiber %, fiber yield/fed. and oil yield/fed. Amon variety surpassed Sakha-2 in fruiting zone length, number of capsules/plant and oil % in both seasons. Potassium soil application at the rate of (100 kg/fed.) with chelated zinc foliar application 5% at the rate of (0.03 kg/fed.) gave the highest value for all studied characters.

Effect of different film color mulching on dry matter and grain yield of oil flax in dry-land

Mulching can effectively maintain soil moisture;color of mulching film affects soil water storage capacity and further promote crop growth to improve grain yield.Field experiment was conducted to study effects of different film colors on dry matter accumulation(DMA)and grain yield of oil flax.Results showed that white plastic film mulching could increase leaf area,chlorophyll content and DMA.DMA of white film mulching and micro-ridge with soil covering was 53.0%higher than that of CK,and 7.8%higher than that of black film mulching.Mulching method also influenced DMA.Micro-ridge alone increased it by 13.7%than flat cultivation and soil covering improved another 7.6%under white film mulching.Both white and black film mulching with microridge could significantly improve grain yield.Black film mulching with micro-ridge and soil covering,white film mulching with micro-ridge and no soil covering significantly increased capsule number per plant,1,000-grain weight and grain yield of oil flax,compared with CK.Grain yield increased 29.0%and 28.9%respectively.These results indicated that the above mulching methods were suitable for high yield cropping pattern in dry-farming regions.

Seed filling dynamic traits of oil flax in response to nitrogen and phosphorus

Crop yield is primarily seed-filling-limited in production system under field conditions.This study was aimed to determine whether seed filling traits of oil flax(Linum usitatissimum L.)could be controlled by phosphorus(P),nitrogen(N),and phosphorus and nitrogen(NP)supply.Effects on seed filling traits were investigated in 2 years including capsule diameter,capsule height,capsule dry matter(DM),seed DM per capsule,pericarp DM per capsule,protein content and oil content.DM translocation from pericarps to seed,translocation efficiency,and contribution of photoassimilates during seed filling period were also detected.In a randomized complete block design,cultivar'Longyaza 1'was grown under P(33 kg P/ha),N(75 kg N/ha),and NP(33 kg P/ha and 75 kg N/ha)along with a zerofertilizer(CK)treatment in 2013 and 2014.Results suggested that DM translocation efficiency and contribution efficiency increased to different extent due to P,N or NP application.At 42 DAA(days after anthesis),seed DM per capsule reached the greatest,while protein content and pericarp DM obtained the least level.However,the highest oil content was detected at 35 DAA.A significant positive linear relationship was observed between seed DM,capsule DM and DM translocation in both years.Protein content showed inconsistent relation with oil content.The results indicated that appropriate N and P management could be an effective approach to increase oil flax production.